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After a supply-chain attack, contain credentials confirmed to be compromised, then replace them in a coordinated way that accounts for every identity and service they could reach. Rotating one exposed token is not enough if an attacker used it to create another credential, access a different system, or obtain a short-lived token that remains valid after its issuer is disabled.
Use the incident’s evidence and impact to choose the order: revoke known-compromised access promptly, but plan a controlled cutover when disabling a production credential would cause an outage and another effective containment measure is available. Then update every consumer, verify the new access, and investigate for persistence.
Which credentials should you rotate?
Start with the compromised identity and the route by which it was exposed—not just the token or key named in an alert. A compromised package, repository, build workflow, runner, or deployment system may expose credentials belonging to several services. A credential may also have been used to issue or create other credentials.
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Build an inventory for the incident window. For each item, record its owner, type, privileges, consumers, last use if available, expiration, and whether it can issue or modify other credentials. Include credentials that could have been read by the compromised process, not only those known to have been exfiltrated.
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- npm: account and automation tokens, maintainers’ access, organization or team permissions, and any package or publishing configuration the credential could change.
- GitHub: exposed tokens, repository or organization secrets available to affected workflows, and credentials accessible to compromised runners or accounts.
- Cloud: keys, service-account or application credentials, temporary access tokens, sessions, federation or workload-identity access, and any additional keys or trust changes the affected principal could create.
- Downstream systems: deployment environments, secret stores, developer machines, integrations, and services that received or used the original credential.
Scope the affected package, account, repository, workflow, runner, cloud principal, and time window. Preserve relevant logs and incident records before changing state when doing so will not delay urgent containment. The inventory should distinguish a persistent signing key or token from short-lived credentials already issued by it.
Should you revoke first or replace first?
There is no single safe order for every credential. If a credential is known to be actively compromised, promptly block the attacker’s access using the narrowest action that is effective. If immediate disablement would take a critical service offline, arrange a controlled replacement and cutover while applying another effective restriction where available. Do not leave a known-compromised credential active merely to avoid planning a migration.
| Situation | Safer response pattern | What to verify |
|---|---|---|
| Known-compromised token with a targeted revocation control | Revoke or contain it promptly, then issue a replacement and update consumers. | Whether revocation has taken effect, whether the token was used to create additional access, and whether all legitimate consumers have moved. |
| Production key whose immediate disablement could interrupt service | Restrict attacker access through another effective control if possible; prepare and deploy a replacement to dependent services, then disable the old key when the cutover is confirmed. | Which workloads still depend on the old key, whether the replacement works with required permissions, and whether the old key remains usable. |
| Short-lived token issued by a compromised identity or key | Contain the issuer or identity as appropriate, and separately account for already-issued tokens until they expire or are otherwise blocked. | Token lifetime, issue time, applicable identity controls, and whether any dependent workload will be affected by those controls. |
GitHub’s incident-response guidance recommends revoking exposed or exploited credentials, while selecting containment actions according to the threat, scope, and evidence. Depending on the credential and administrative authority, the action may target one credential, a user, or a credential type across an organization. Avoid applying every possible containment measure mechanically: choose the action that blocks the observed attack without creating unnecessary blast radius.
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How do you investigate npm and GitHub exposure?
Check npm access and publishing activity
Use the npm account’s Access Tokens page or the CLI to inspect and revoke affected tokens. The npm token list command can help identify tokens; revoke using the full token ID or an accepted token value, not a truncated display fragment. npm documentation says revocation may take up to an hour in some cases, so verify status and account for that propagation window when assessing residual access.
Revocation does not reset the account. Review maintainers and organization or team permissions, and determine whether the credential could change package configuration or publish altered artifacts. Decide from the evidence whether a package version, workflow, or related identity also needs remediation.
Review GitHub evidence
Check relevant audit-log events associated with the credential, secret-scanning alerts, Security Overview, and code search for exposed credentials in source, .env files, or configuration. Correlate findings with the repository, workflow, runner, and incident time window. An alert or search result is an investigative lead, not proof by itself that a credential was used.
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Review cloud identity and activity evidence
For Microsoft Entra applications, review service-principal sign-ins and coordinate with the service owner before disabling a non-human identity that may support production. Cloud sign-in and resource activity logs can help establish use, but their availability and contents depend on tenant configuration and retention. Preserve incident identifiers, alerts, sign-in evidence, and relevant activity records in line with your organization’s evidence-retention process.
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How do you replace npm publishing credentials?
Use a narrowly scoped granular token when a token is still needed
As of November 2025, npm documents that only Granular Access Tokens are supported; legacy access tokens have been removed. Granular tokens can be constrained by package or scope, organization, permission level, expiration, and IP range, and cannot grant more permissions than the user who creates them. Choose only the access the workflow requires. A stage-only token is a narrower publishing route: staged content still needs a maintainer to review and promote it.
Consider trusted publishing for supported CI/CD
npm’s current documentation lists GitHub Actions on GitHub-hosted runners, GitLab.com shared runners, and CircleCI cloud as supported trusted-publishing providers. Trusted publishing uses short-lived, workflow-specific credentials. Configure and validate the relationship before restricting traditional token publishing access; npm recommends testing the trusted-publishing workflow first.
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Trusted publishing is not a general replacement for every npm token use case: it does not establish support for every CI provider or cover private dependency installation. When a token remains necessary to install private dependencies, npm recommends a read-only granular token.
npm also documents two dated policy changes: starting August 2026, bypass-2FA tokens cannot perform account-identity or account-governance actions; direct publishing by bypass-2FA tokens is scheduled for removal in January 2027. The latter is a prospective policy date and may change, so check npm’s current policy before relying on it.
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Cloud credentials differ in how they are issued, disabled, and consumed. Identify the exact credential type and principal before acting; a procedure for a static key on one identity type should not be assumed to cover roles, federation, or every service.
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| Provider and credential type | Rotation or containment approach | Important operational caveat |
|---|---|---|
| Google Cloud service-account key | Google’s general reissue pattern is to create a replacement, deploy it to every service and user that needs it, then revoke the old credential. | Dependent workloads may fail if the old key is disabled before cutover. Verify project policy and the permissions of the replacement. |
| Google Cloud service-account access token | Contain the issuing identity or apply an appropriate IAM deny policy when necessary; track the token separately from the persistent key. | These tokens cannot be revoked in the same way as persistent key files and remain valid until expiry. Google documents a default lifetime of up to 60 minutes, or up to 12 hours with an extended token lifetime policy. After disabling a service account, an affected token may still need to expire before the account is re-enabled. |
| Microsoft Azure Key Vault key | Contain the breach, rotate to a new key in a clean vault, migrate dependent services, then disable the compromised key. | Disabling or deleting the original may not invalidate an independently restored copy, and can take dependent services offline. |
| Microsoft Entra application credential | Consider disabling sign-in as a containment option; coordinate with the service owner and investigate associated service principals and accessible secrets. | Weigh service impact before deleting an application or rolling keys. Microsoft’s guidance favors planned secret management, including use of Azure Key Vault where appropriate. |
| AWS IAM access key or temporary credential | Use the current AWS incident-response guide for the specific principal and credential type. The guide discusses revoking IAM access keys and, in relevant cases, limiting temporary credentials issued before a specified time. | The documented guidance does not establish one complete command-level procedure for all AWS principal types. Do not apply an IAM-user procedure automatically to roles, federation, or every service. |
Google Cloud access-token lifetime and behavior are distinct from the lifetime of a service-account key. If active tokens could still be used, disabling the service account or applying an IAM deny policy may be necessary, but either can affect dependent workloads. Check the configured lifetime and permissions before selecting the control.
For Microsoft Entra applications, treat identity containment as an operational change as well as a security action. Microsoft’s incident playbook presents disabling sign-in as an option and advises weighing business impact before deleting an application or rolling keys. Coordinate with the service owner, then investigate what the principal could access and whether it created other credentials.
AWS’s reviewed incident-response guidance describes revoking IAM access keys and limiting temporary credentials issued before a specified time; in relevant cases, it discusses an inline policy keyed to token issue time or deleting and recreating an IAM user. Those actions are not a universal runbook for other AWS identity types. Follow the current AWS guide for the affected principal and validate the service impact before applying a control.
How do you update consumers and confirm the rotation?
- Deploy replacements to every legitimate consumer. Update CI secret stores, deployment environments, workloads, developer machines, and integrations that used the old credential. Keep a record of each consumer and its cutover status.
- Test required access. Confirm that the replacement authenticates and supports the least-required functionality for each workflow or service. Do not infer success from creating the credential alone.
- Remove old access when the transition is confirmed. Disable or revoke the old credential when it is safe to do so, while accounting for provider-specific propagation and any already-issued token lifetime.
- Search for persistence and secondary exposure. Check for additional secrets reachable by the compromised principal, unauthorized token creation, new keys, altered trust policies, and unexpected package or repository changes.
- Continue monitoring the incident window and aftermath. Review available audit, sign-in, API, and package or repository activity for suspicious use, and preserve evidence under the organization’s incident process.
Record what each credential could access, what action contained it, whether a replacement was deployed, and what evidence supports closing the rotation. If logs cannot associate activity with a particular token, state that uncertainty rather than treating the absence of a direct match as proof that it was unused.
Quick Recap
How can you reduce the chance of another credential exposure?
- Limit credentials by permission, package or project scope, expiration, and network range where supported.
- Prefer workflow-specific short-lived credentials or supported workload identity over long-lived static secrets when the deployment path supports them.
- Use npm trusted publishing only after the workflow is configured and validated; retain a separate, appropriately restricted approach for private dependency installation when required.
- Keep secret access out of untrusted build steps, and review which workflows, runners, repositories, and maintainers can read or change production credentials.
- Maintain an inventory of credential owners, consumers, expiry, rotation method, and emergency containment action so responders can act without guessing during an incident.
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