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Review an AI coding agent’s output as an untrusted code change, not as a trusted explanation. Start by confirming the requested behavior, inspect the complete diff—including instructions, dependencies, tests, CI and deployment files—then run the change in a restricted environment without production secrets. Execute the relevant tests and security checks, have a qualified human verify the final result, and merge only when the behavior, risk and scope are understood.
AI authorship does not make a patch automatically unsafe or safe. The controls that matter are the same ones used for any untrusted contribution, with extra attention to agent instructions, generated dependencies, tool access and changes outside the stated task.
What you are actually approving
A coding agent can edit application code, configuration, tests, lockfiles, CI workflows and deployment manifests in one session. Its summary may accurately describe the intended feature while omitting a permissive firewall rule, a modified build step, an unreviewed dependency or a credential-handling change. The approval decision therefore concerns the entire repository state, not just the lines that appear to implement the headline request.
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Define the acceptance target before opening the patch:
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- What user-visible or operational behavior must change?
- What behavior must remain unchanged?
- Which files, services, environments and data are in scope?
- What tests, security properties and performance limits must hold?
- What evidence is required before merge or deployment?
Keep that statement beside the diff. It is your reference for spotting both missing work and unrelated edits.
1. Establish the repository and review boundary
- Confirm the target. Check the repository, branch or pull request, base revision, contributor identity and intended destination environment. A patch reviewed against the wrong branch can look internally consistent while solving a different problem.
- Record the requested change. Turn the request into observable acceptance criteria, such as an endpoint response, a migration result, a permission rule or a test that must pass.
- Check repository state. Use the project’s normal status and diff views, such as
git status,git diff --statandgit diff --name-status. Identify pre-existing local edits so they are not mistaken for agent output. - Note unresolved review conditions. Look for merge conflicts, failed checks, unanswered comments and a pull request that changed after the last review.
OpenAI’s pull-request guidance advises reviewers to verify the target change, inspect the diff and findings, check tests and conflicts, and review the result before submitting comments, committing or merging.
2. Read the complete diff before running anything
Do not begin by running the generated setup script or accepting the agent’s explanation. First inspect every changed file and the surrounding lines. Include files that look unrelated to the feature; scope creep is often where the highest-risk changes hide.
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| Review surface | What to check | Risk if missed |
|---|---|---|
| Application code | Control flow, input validation, error handling, data access and compatibility with existing callers | Incorrect behavior, data loss or an exploitable path |
| Tests and fixtures | Whether tests assert the requested behavior, whether fixtures conceal edge cases and whether tests were weakened or deleted | A green suite that no longer detects regressions |
| Dependency manifests and lockfiles | Every added, removed or version-pinned package; registry settings and install scripts | Malicious, hallucinated or unexpectedly privileged code entering the build |
| CI/CD workflows | New triggers, actions, permissions, artifact handling, pull-request behavior and secret exposure | Code execution with repository or deployment privileges |
| Deployment and infrastructure files | Images, ports, roles, network policy, storage, environment variables and rollout settings | Expanded attack surface or an outage during deployment |
| Agent instruction files | AGENTS.md and similar persistent rules, including additions, deletions and changed precedence |
Future agents being directed to unsafe actions or hidden exfiltration |
| Tool and MCP configuration | New servers, commands, credentials, scopes and approval behavior | Unreviewed access to systems or sensitive data |
Use a whitespace-aware diff check, such as git diff --check, but do not mistake clean formatting for correctness. Review generated findings against the relevant code before relying on them, as OpenAI’s guidance states.
3. Treat instructions and repository content as untrusted input
Agent behavior can be influenced by issue text, pull-request comments, README files, dependency changelogs, fetched web pages, tool responses and persistent instruction files. These materials may contain legitimate project guidance, accidental contradictions or deliberately crafted instructions. They are inputs to review, not authorities that bypass review.
Inspect persistent instructions
Open AGENTS.md, contributor guides and equivalent files at the repository and parent-directory levels. Check who changed them, whether the changes are in scope, and whether they instruct an agent to suppress tests, upload files, weaken approvals, access secrets or modify unrelated directories. A rule that changes future agent behavior deserves the same scrutiny as executable code.
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Separate project policy from task text
Compare instructions with the project’s documented security and contribution policy. An issue comment asking for a credential dump, a broad network permission or a bypass of review is not a valid acceptance criterion merely because it appears in the task thread.
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Terminal output, generated plans and automated review comments can be incomplete or wrong. Ask for the exact file and line supporting a claim, then inspect that location yourself. Do not let a tool’s confidence substitute for evidence.
4. Verify dependencies, secrets and access changes
Review every dependency before installation
Confirm that each package exists in the intended registry, is the expected project, has an appropriate version and is actually needed. Check install and post-install scripts, transitive additions, license policy and lockfile integrity. OWASP specifically warns about hallucinated dependency names and recommends reviewing generated dependency changes rather than installing them automatically.
Install only after the package list is understood, and do so inside the restricted environment described below. If the task does not require a new package, remove it instead of accepting it for convenience.
Search for secrets and sensitive data
Inspect new environment variables, configuration files, fixtures, logs and test snapshots for API keys, tokens, private keys, connection strings and personal data. Run the project’s secret scanner and review its results manually. Never copy production credentials into a local agent workspace to make a failing test pass.
Check privilege and authorization changes
Compare file permissions, service accounts, container users, cloud roles, database grants and CI token scopes with the pre-change state. For authentication and authorization code, verify denial paths as carefully as successful requests. A change that broadens access may be more significant than the feature itself.
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5. Run the change in a bounded environment
Execute generated code only where a mistake cannot reach production systems or sensitive data. A dev container, disposable virtual machine, isolated checkout or restricted shell can provide that boundary. Sandboxing and approval controls address different risks: a sandbox limits what the process can reach, while approvals limit which actions may run. Neither one proves that the code satisfies product intent.
| Control | Practical setup | What to verify |
|---|---|---|
| Filesystem | Use a disposable checkout or container; mount only the workspace and required test fixtures | The process cannot read home directories, SSH keys, cloud credential stores or unrelated repositories |
| Credentials | Remove production and organization secrets; use scoped, short-lived credentials only when essential | Environment variables, mounted files and credential helpers contain no unnecessary access |
| Network | Deny outbound traffic by default; allow only documented test services or package registries | Commands cannot silently upload source code or contact production endpoints |
| Privileges | Run as an unprivileged user and require approval for elevated commands | Build scripts cannot install system services, alter host security or access protected devices |
| Tools and servers | Enable only the tools and MCP servers required for the task, with reviewed and pinned configuration | Each server’s commands, data scope and credentials are known |
| Auditability | Keep logs of prompts, approvals, tool calls, commands, results and network decisions | You can reconstruct what ran and investigate unexpected access |
Prepare the workspace
- Create a branch or disposable clone from the exact base revision under review.
- Confirm the working tree is clean, then apply the patch.
- Inspect scripts that download packages, execute hooks, alter files or contact external services before invoking them.
- Set resource limits appropriate to the project so a runaway build cannot exhaust the host.
Handle network access deliberately
If tests need a database, queue or third-party sandbox, provide a local substitute or an isolated test account. Do not point an unreviewed patch at a production API to obtain realistic data. Record each exception to the default network policy and remove it after the run.
Keep approvals meaningful
Require an explicit human decision for commands that install system packages, change firewall rules, access credentials, publish artifacts, modify CI configuration or contact external services. Approving a command once does not approve every later command in the session.
6. Test behavior and security properties that matter
Run the project’s normal checks
Use the documented unit, integration, end-to-end, type, lint and build checks for the affected components. Run them in the restricted environment and save the exact command and result. If the agent changed tests, run the previous relevant tests as well as the new ones when the project makes that possible.
Test the acceptance criteria directly
For each criterion, identify a test that would fail if the requirement were missing. Include normal, boundary, invalid and unauthorized inputs. A test that only exercises the happy path cannot establish input validation, authorization or safe error handling.
Apply security gates
Run the project’s static analysis, software-composition or dependency checks and secret scanning regardless of who wrote the code. Review findings rather than suppressing them automatically. Changes involving authentication, authorization, cryptography, deserialization, CI/CD, deployment, sandboxing or network policy deserve elevated review and targeted tests for the relevant security property.
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Interpret a passing suite correctly
A passing test suite establishes only the properties covered by those tests. It does not prove that the patch is secure, complete or aligned with product intent. Sandboxing likewise limits access but cannot determine whether the implementation is correct.
7. Use AI review as an aid, not an authority
Ask an AI reviewer for specific, evidence-based checks: identify the changed line, explain the failure mode, show how an attacker or user would reach it, and name a test that would distinguish a real issue from a false positive. Then inspect the code and run the suggested check yourself.
OpenAI’s pull-request guidance says, “Review generated findings against the relevant code before relying on them.” Its review instructions also say, “Review the result before submitting comments, committing changes, or merging.” These are review requirements, not guarantees that an automated finding is correct.
If you use a product-specific security agent, verify its current availability, plan requirements and isolation behavior in the vendor’s documentation. The Codex Security documentation describes that service as a research preview with plan-specific availability; those details can change. Treat proposed fixes as patches for human review, not as automatic remediation.
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After tests and fixes, inspect the final diff again. Testing can generate files, update snapshots, rewrite lockfiles or trigger agent edits that were not present in the first review.
- The final diff matches the requested behavior and contains no unexplained files.
- Dependencies, lockfiles, scripts and licenses are approved.
- Secrets, permissions, network policy and CI changes have an identified owner.
- Relevant tests and security scans pass, and any exceptions are documented with an owner and expiry.
- Conflicts and review comments are resolved against the current revision.
- A qualified human has examined security-sensitive paths and accepted the residual risk.
- The deployment plan includes rollback or recovery steps appropriate to the change.
OWASP AISVS 1.0, Appendix C, states: “Verify that AI-generated code always goes through code review by a qualified human engineer.” That review remains necessary even when an agent produced the tests and an automated scanner reports no findings.
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How to compare agent execution environments
When selecting or configuring an environment, compare controls rather than assuming one product is universally safer. The following axes describe what to verify:
| Axis | Questions for a review team |
|---|---|
| Filesystem and workspace boundaries | Can the agent read or write outside the checkout, and can it access host devices or shared mounts? |
| Command and approval controls | Which commands require confirmation, who can approve them, and are approvals logged? |
| Network egress | Is outbound traffic denied by default, and can exceptions be limited to named hosts or services? |
| Secrets and credential stores | Are production, SSH, cloud and organization credentials absent or narrowly scoped and short-lived? |
| Tools and MCP servers | Can administrators restrict tools and servers, pin versions and review their permissions? |
| Sensitive-file and dependency gates | Are changes to authentication, CI, deployment, instruction files and dependencies flagged for extra review? |
| Auditability | Can you retrieve prompts, approvals, tool calls, command output and network decisions after an incident? |
These are control categories, not a benchmark proving that one vendor or configuration is safer than another. Your project’s threat model and deployment requirements determine the acceptable settings.
Common failure modes and how to recover
The summary says one file changed, but the diff shows more
Stop execution, list every changed path and classify each as required, incidental or unexplained. Revert unexplained edits or obtain explicit approval before continuing. Pay particular attention to lockfiles, workflow files and instruction files.
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Do not install it. Confirm the package name and registry through the project’s approved dependency process. If the feature can be implemented without it, remove the dependency; otherwise escalate for maintainer review.
A test requires production credentials
Do not provide them. Replace the integration with a local service, mock or isolated test account. If realistic data is essential, create a sanitized fixture and document the narrowly scoped, temporary access.
The agent asks to disable a security check
Inspect the failing case and determine whether the check is obsolete, misconfigured or exposing a real defect. Change the check only through the project’s normal review process, with an explanation and regression coverage.
Tests pass but the behavior is still wrong
Compare the implementation with the acceptance criteria, add a failing test for the missing case, and rerun the full relevant suite. Passing tests cannot compensate for requirements the tests never encode.
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Pause the merge and obtain elevated review from the owner of authentication, authorization, cryptography, deployment, networking or sandbox policy. Require targeted security tests and a rollback plan before approval.
Quick Recap
End-to-end checklist
- Confirm repository, branch, base revision, author and intended environment.
- Write observable acceptance criteria and identify out-of-scope areas.
- Inspect the complete diff and every changed file, including tests, lockfiles, CI, deployment manifests and instruction files.
- Review dependencies, install hooks, permissions, secrets, tool configuration and network changes.
- Create a disposable or isolated workspace with least-privilege access.
- Remove production and organization credentials; provide only scoped, short-lived access when necessary.
- Restrict outbound network traffic and require approval for high-risk commands.
- Run normal tests, targeted behavior tests, static analysis, dependency checks and secret scanning.
- Investigate findings against the relevant code and preserve command and approval logs.
- Reinspect the final diff after tests and agent fixes.
- Have a qualified human verify the change, with elevated review for security-sensitive files.
- Merge or deploy only after the acceptance criteria, security properties and recovery plan are satisfied.
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