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Restricting Metabase securely requires two controls working together: Metabase permissions determine what a signed-in person can open, query, or manage, while embedding authorization determines whether an external page may load a particular dashboard or component. Remove unnecessary access inherited from broad groups, grant only the database, collection, and feature privileges each role needs, and choose authenticated or guest embedding according to whether Metabase must know the viewer’s identity.
Understand what “restrict access” means in Metabase
A dashboard being hidden is not the same as a secure data boundary. Metabase separates permissions into several surfaces, and each can expose a different capability:
- Data permissions control access to databases, schemas, and tables.
- Collection permissions control which saved questions, models, dashboards, and collections people can view, curate, or modify.
- Application permissions govern product features and actions, such as administration or other interface capabilities.
Review all three surfaces for every role instead of treating dashboard visibility as the whole security model. Metabase describes these categories in its permissions overview.
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Inventory your audience and data layout first
Write down the answers before changing permissions or generating tokens. The correct design depends on the identity available at request time and on how tenant data is stored.
- Are viewers employees or customers who can have Metabase accounts, or are they anonymous visitors to your application?
- Do multiple customers share the same tables, schemas, or database?
- Does each customer have a separate database?
- Which users can build or run native SQL questions?
- Which dashboards, models, and collections does each role actually need?
- Must users see different rows or columns in the same question, or is a fixed read-only dashboard sufficient?
Metabase’s data-isolation guidance maps these layouts to different controls. A shared table generally calls for row and column security or database impersonation; separate databases can use database routing; guest viewers require locked parameters controlled by your application.
Remove broad access before adding exceptions
Metabase permissions are cumulative across group memberships. A user can receive a broader privilege through another group even when a purpose-built restricted group looks correct in isolation. Metabase states that the most permissive group privilege applies, so review each person’s combined memberships rather than relying on a single group assignment.
Audit the All Users group
Start with the built-in All Users group. Remove database, table, collection, and feature access that is not genuinely required by every account. Leaving a database broadly available can defeat a carefully designed customer or department group.
Create narrowly scoped groups
Use groups that represent a real access role, such as sales analysts, finance viewers, or customer-support managers. Grant each group only the databases, schemas, tables, collections, and application capabilities needed for its work. Keep administrative privileges in a separate administrator group.
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Check saved-content permissions separately
A person may be allowed to query a table but not open the collection containing a dashboard, or may be able to view a dashboard while lacking permission to edit its questions. Verify view, curate, and edit rights on every collection used by an embed. The embedding permission model is documented in Configuring permissions for embedding.
Use an effective-permission review
For every representative account, record the groups it belongs to and the resulting access. Look for accidental membership in an all-staff, contractor, or legacy group. Remove obsolete memberships instead of trying to counteract them with a more restrictive setting elsewhere.
Choose an embedding mode that matches viewer identity
| Viewer situation | Suitable pattern | What Metabase can enforce |
|---|---|---|
| An employee or customer has a Metabase identity | SSO, modular embedding, or full-app embedding | Metabase can apply that account’s groups, data permissions, collection permissions, and user attributes. |
| An external viewer needs one fixed, read-only dashboard and has no Metabase account | Guest embedding with a server-signed JWT | The token authorizes the embed resource and its signed parameters; it does not identify the viewer to Metabase. |
| A guest dashboard must show tenant-specific rows | Guest embedding with locked parameters plus host-application authentication and authorization | Your application must identify the user, decide the tenant, and issue parameters that cannot be changed by the browser. |
| Users need different slices of shared tables | Authenticated embedding with row and column security or database impersonation | Metabase can evaluate user attributes or database credentials, subject to feature and SQL limitations. |
| Each tenant has a separate database | Database routing | Metabase routes the request to the tenant’s database when routing is configured and eligible on the deployed plan. |
| Users need native SQL access | Database-enforced controls or impersonation | Do not treat Metabase row and column security as the SQL safeguard; native SQL can use the database connection account’s authority. |
The distinctions between signed-in and guest approaches are covered in Metabase’s embedding introduction.
Authenticated embedding: use it when identity matters
SSO, modular embedding, and full-app embedding sign the viewer into a Metabase account. That lets Metabase evaluate the account’s group memberships and user attributes on each request. It is the appropriate pattern when two viewers must receive different permissions, collections, rows, or columns based on who they are.
Configure the identity provider and account mapping, then verify that each account lands in the intended Metabase groups. Full-app embedding exposes more of the Metabase experience, while modular embedding focuses on selected components; the security principle is the same: the embedded request runs in the signed-in user’s context. Metabase’s full-app embedding guide includes a quickstart that specifically calls for testing as a non-admin account.
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Guest embedding: authorization without a Metabase identity
A guest embed is view-only and is authorized by a JWT generated on your server. The token identifies the permitted resource and can carry locked parameters, but it does not create a Metabase session or end-user identity. A valid token therefore cannot make Metabase apply that viewer’s group permissions, row security, or column security.
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Use guest embedding for a fixed dashboard that does not require Metabase to distinguish viewers. For tenant-specific data, your host application must authenticate the user, authorize the requested tenant, and generate a token containing the correct locked filter values. Never let the browser choose or alter those values after the token is issued. Metabase explains this boundary in Securing embedded Metabase.
Static embeds and public sharing are not substitutes for user security
Static embedding is legacy guidance. Metabase recommends the newer guest approach, and static embeds do not provide row and column security or user-specific session analytics. Publicly shared questions are also unsuitable for user-specific authorization: a public viewer is not logged in, so access cannot be secured from that person’s group or user-attribute values. Keep sensitive questions and dashboards behind authenticated or properly authorized embeds instead of a public link.
Protect a guest dashboard with an end-to-end authorization flow
Guest security depends on the system around Metabase as much as on the JWT itself. Use this sequence:
- Authenticate in the host application. Establish who the customer or employee is using your application’s normal sign-in process. Do not infer identity from a dashboard URL or from a value supplied by the browser.
- Authorize the tenant and resource. Check that the authenticated user may view the requested dashboard and tenant. Keep this decision in server-side application code.
- Resolve the filter values. Derive the tenant identifier and any other restrictions from the authorized account and server-side records, not from an untrusted query-string value.
- Sign the guest JWT on the backend. Include only the resource and parameters needed for the view. Protect the signing secret and never ship it to client-side JavaScript.
- Lock tenant parameters. Configure the embed so the signed filter values cannot be edited by the viewer. Locked parameters are the guest mechanism for constraining a shared dashboard to a tenant.
- Expire and revoke access operationally. Use short-lived tokens where practical, rotate signing material according to your incident policy, and disable the host account when its application access is revoked.
This flow prevents a viewer from changing a visible filter to another customer, but it does not turn the viewer into a Metabase user. The host application’s authentication and authorization checks remain essential.
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Pick tenant isolation according to your data layout
Shared tables: row and column security
When tenants share tables, authenticated embedding can use row and column security to filter records or hide fields according to user attributes. Attribute matching must be exact, and Metabase notes that matching can be case-sensitive, so normalize and test values such as tenant identifiers before rollout.
Row and column security is evaluated in the authenticated Metabase context. It is not a control for guest sessions, and it does not protect native SQL questions. Follow the feature’s configuration and limitations in Metabase’s row and column security documentation.
Shared tables: database impersonation
Database impersonation, also called connection impersonation, shifts enforcement to database credentials or roles selected for the signed-in user. This can be a better fit when the database already contains mature row-level policies or when native SQL must remain within a database-enforced boundary. Verify that the connector, identity mapping, and deployed Metabase plan support the required configuration.
Separate databases: database routing
If every tenant has its own database, database routing can direct an authenticated request to the correct connection. This avoids placing all tenants in one table, but it adds operational work: provisioning, migrations, credentials, monitoring, and routing rules must remain synchronized. Confirm routing eligibility and setup for your Metabase edition before committing to this architecture.
Native SQL: treat it as a separate trust boundary
Metabase row and column security does not apply to native SQL queries. A user who can write or run SQL may be able to use the database connection account’s authority rather than the restrictions applied to GUI-built questions. Place sensitive SQL questions in admin-only collections, restrict native-query capability to trusted groups, or enforce isolation in the database through roles, views, policies, or impersonation. Metabase’s troubleshooting guidance calls out this limitation in Troubleshooting row and column security access.
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Implementation sequence
- Document identities and storage. Classify viewers as Metabase users or guests, map shared versus separate tenant data, and list every role that can run native SQL.
- Minimize defaults. Audit All Users and other broad groups. Remove unnecessary database, table, collection, and feature permissions before creating restricted groups.
- Build role-specific groups. Grant the minimum data and collection privileges required for each job. Check effective permissions after accounting for overlapping memberships.
- Select authentication. Use SSO, modular, or full-app embedding when access must follow a person’s Metabase identity. Use guest JWT embedding for fixed read-only views without Metabase accounts.
- Implement isolation at the correct layer. Use row and column security or impersonation for authenticated users sharing tables, routing for separate databases, and locked parameters plus host authorization for guests.
- Restrict SQL separately. Remove native-query capability from untrusted groups and use database controls or admin-only collections for sensitive SQL.
- Test representative non-admins. Test each role against its intended dashboard, an unauthorized dashboard, another tenant’s data, collection actions, parameter changes, and SQL paths. Include users who belong to multiple groups.
- Recheck edition and version. Confirm that the deployed Metabase release and plan include the isolation and embedding features you selected.
Validation checklist and failure diagnosis
- A user sees too much data: inspect every group membership, especially All Users, then check whether the question is native SQL or public.
- A tenant filter can be changed: verify that the parameter is locked and that the backend, not the browser, chooses its value.
- Row security appears not to work: confirm the viewer is authenticated to Metabase, the user attribute is populated exactly (including capitalization), and the query is not native SQL.
- A dashboard is visible but fails to load: check both collection permission and underlying database, schema, and table permission. An embed needs access to each relevant surface.
- A guest token works for the wrong customer: review host-application authorization and token-generation logic. Metabase cannot identify the guest and cannot correct an incorrect tenant claim.
- An SQL-capable user bypasses restrictions: move the question to an admin-only collection or enforce the policy in the database; do not rely on Metabase row and column security for SQL.
- A public link exposes sensitive content: disable public sharing and replace it with authenticated embedding or a properly constrained guest embed.
Run these checks with non-admin accounts that represent real roles. Administrative visibility can conceal missing permissions and produce a false sense of security.
Plan and edition considerations
Feature eligibility changes over time and can differ by plan. Current Metabase documentation identifies row and column security and several data-isolation methods as Pro or Enterprise capabilities, while guest authentication is available on OSS and Starter as well. Confirm entitlements for the exact Metabase version and plan you deploy by checking the relevant embedding permissions documentation, row and column security documentation, and data-isolation documentation.
Recheck those pages whenever you upgrade or change plans. A design that depends on a paid isolation feature should fail closed or block deployment if that feature is unavailable, rather than silently falling back to a guest filter or broad database access.
What a secure final design looks like
For internal users and customers with Metabase accounts, least-privilege groups plus authenticated embedding let Metabase enforce data, collection, and user-attribute rules. For viewers without Metabase accounts, a backend-signed guest JWT can authorize a read-only dashboard, but tenant isolation comes from your application’s identity checks and locked parameters. Shared-table, separate-database, and native-SQL architectures each require their own enforcement layer. The reliable approach is to minimize inherited permissions, keep guest authorization distinct from user identity, and test every path with non-admin and cross-tenant cases before release.
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