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For a production Rails application supervised by systemd, restart Puma—not a separate foreground Rails process. SSH to the VPS and run sudo systemctl restart puma.service, then verify it with sudo systemctl status puma.service. Your deployment may use an application-specific unit such as myapp-puma.service; use the exact unit name configured on the server. If the unit file changed, run sudo systemctl daemon-reload before restarting.
First identify how Rails is running
“Rails server” can mean two different things on a Linux VPS. A production deployment normally runs Puma as a supervised service, commonly under systemd. A development or temporary deployment may have been started directly with bin/rails server in a shell. The correct restart action depends on which process owns the application.
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If the application starts automatically after boot, is managed by a service manager, or has a unit file under /etc/systemd/system/, restart the service. Stopping and starting an unrelated shell process will not replace the process serving public traffic.
A foreground Rails process
If someone started the application from the Rails directory with bin/rails server and left it attached to a terminal, stop that process with Ctrl-C and start it again from the application directory. The Rails command line runs in the application context, so running the command from an unrelated directory can select the wrong application or fail to load its configuration.
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Restart Puma with systemd
Use this sequence when Puma is the systemd-managed service:
-
Connect to the VPS over SSH with an account that can manage the service.
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Identify the configured unit name if you do not already know it.
systemctl list-units --type=service | grep -i pumaThe result may be
puma.service,myapp-puma.service, or another deployment-specific name. Copy that exact name, including any application prefix. -
Change to the application directory when you need to inspect deployment files, environment configuration, or application logs. The directory itself is not required for the systemd command if the unit already contains a
WorkingDirectory. -
If the systemd unit was edited, ask systemd to reread unit files.
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Restart the configured unit.
sudo systemctl restart puma.serviceSubstitute your real unit name, for example:
sudo systemctl restart myapp-puma.service -
Immediately check the service state.
sudo systemctl status puma.serviceA successful command only means systemd accepted the restart request. The status check tells you whether the replacement Puma process remains active or exited during initialization.
How to find the right systemd unit
Do not assume that every server uses the generic name puma.service. Deployment tools and multi-application VPSs often give each application its own unit. Start with the service list:
systemctl list-units --type=service | grep -i pumaIf the service is not currently active, it may not appear in the default list. Inspect the deployment’s service definition and the files in /etc/systemd/system/ or the system-wide unit locations used by the distribution. The unit’s ExecStart line identifies the Puma executable, and WorkingDirectory identifies the application directory. An official Puma systemd example uses an absolute Puma executable path, an application WorkingDirectory, and Restart=always; these settings explain which application and process systemd will operate.
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sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart <unit>.service
sudo systemctl status <unit>.serviceReplace <unit> with the real name. Do not type the angle brackets literally.
Why daemon-reload is sometimes necessary
Systemd keeps a loaded representation of each unit. Editing a service file on disk does not automatically make the running system manager reread it. Run:
sudo systemctl daemon-reloadwhenever you change the unit’s command, working directory, environment references, restart policy, dependencies, or another unit setting. Then restart the service. If you changed only application code while leaving the unit unchanged, a daemon reload is not needed; restart Puma directly.
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A daemon reload does not restart Puma and does not prove that the unit is valid. It only makes the manager reread definitions. The following restart and status commands are still required.
Verify the process and investigate failures
Read the service status
Run status immediately after the restart:
sudo systemctl status <unit>.serviceLook for an active/running state and the most recent process messages. If the unit is inactive, failed, or repeatedly restarting, do not keep issuing restart commands without reading the error.
Read the boot’s journal entries
Use the systemd journal for the current boot:
sudo journalctl -u <unit>.service -bThis commonly reveals a bad executable path, an invalid option, a missing environment value, a permission problem, an application boot exception, or a listener-binding failure. Correct the reported cause, then retry the restart and status check.
Check the Rails application log
Systemd output and Rails application output may be separate. Inspect the application log location configured by your deployment after checking the unit and journal. A Puma process can be running while the application is still failing during boot, so a green service state is not a substitute for an application-level check.
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Test the public endpoint last
Only after systemd reports a healthy service should you test the site’s public URL or an internal health endpoint. If the URL still fails, distinguish an application boot problem from a reverse-proxy, DNS, TLS, or network issue rather than repeatedly restarting Puma.
Restarting a foreground Rails server
A process launched directly with Rails is not controlled by the Puma systemd unit unless you deliberately wired it into that unit. In the terminal where it is running:
- Press
Ctrl-Cand wait for the process to exit. - Change to the Rails application’s directory.
- Start the server again with the command used by that deployment, typically
bin/rails server. - Keep the terminal attached or arrange an appropriate supervisor before treating the process as production service.
If the original terminal is gone, identify the process using the server’s process-management method and terminate that process through the method already used on the VPS. Do not kill an arbitrary Ruby process: a host may run several Rails applications, background jobs, or administrative commands.
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Restart methods and interruption behavior
A systemd restart and Puma’s built-in restart mechanisms do not have identical connection behavior. Choose based on whether a brief listener interruption is acceptable, whether Puma runs in cluster mode, and whether old and new application versions can safely coexist.
| Method | How it behaves | Important conditions |
|---|---|---|
| Normal systemd restart | Stops and replaces the service process. Listener sockets close while the replacement Puma process initializes unless socket activation is being used. | Simple and appropriate for many deployments, but a short interruption is possible. |
| Puma hot restart (SIGUSR2) | Starts a replacement process while keeping the server socket open, so requests are not deliberately discarded during the handoff. | New code still has to load successfully; requests can wait while initialization occurs. |
| Puma phased restart (SIGUSR1) | Replaces workers one at a time in cluster mode, allowing old workers to serve while new workers start. | Old and new application versions must coexist safely, especially across database changes. |
Status-server /restart request |
Uses Puma’s status server to request a restart through its configured endpoint. | The status server must be enabled and protected; the endpoint and access controls are deployment-specific. |
| Systemd socket activation | Keeps the listening socket managed by systemd while Puma is replaced, reducing listener interruption during a service restart. | It must be configured in advance and is not currently available on JRuby according to Puma’s documentation. |
Normal systemd restart
sudo systemctl restart is the most predictable operational action when systemd owns Puma. It closes the service process and starts it again according to the unit definition. Without socket activation, the listener can be unavailable while Puma initializes. Plan this for a maintenance window when even a short interruption is unacceptable.
Hot restart
Puma describes a hot restart as keeping the server socket open between restarts so requests are not lost solely because the process is being replaced. It can still take time for the new code to boot, and a request may wait during that initialization. Treat it as reduced interruption, not a guarantee that every request completes instantly.
Phased restart
A phased restart replaces workers individually in cluster mode. It can avoid hanging requests because other workers continue serving while each replacement starts. The trade-off is deployment compatibility: both the old and new code may run at the same time. Database migrations and schema changes must therefore be backward-compatible with both versions until the old workers are gone.
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Puma also documents requesting a restart through its /restart status-server endpoint. Use this only when the status server is intentionally enabled and access is restricted. An exposed administrative endpoint can become an operational and security risk, so its address, authentication, and network reachability must match the deployment’s configuration.
Planning a restart with no avoidable downtime
“Without downtime” depends on the complete serving path, not only on the command used to replace Puma. Before a production deployment, check the following:
- Supervision: Confirm which systemd unit or Puma control mechanism owns the live process.
- Cluster mode: A phased restart requires Puma cluster mode; it is not a property of every single-process deployment.
- Socket handling: Determine whether systemd socket activation is configured. A normal restart without it can briefly close the listener.
- Boot time: Ensure the new process can load configuration, dependencies, and application code promptly.
- Database compatibility: During a phased restart, old and new workers can overlap. Deploy schema changes in steps that both versions understand.
- Rollback: Know which unit definition, application release, and environment values you would restore if the new process fails.
- Observability: Keep the service status, journal, application log, and a health check available while the restart runs.
A phased or hot restart reduces a particular class of interruption; it does not repair a broken release. If the new application cannot boot, the supervisor may repeatedly replace a failing process while the endpoint remains unhealthy.
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Troubleshooting common restart problems
“Unit not found”
The name is probably different from the one you typed, or the service is not installed as a systemd unit. Search for Puma units, inspect the deployment definition, and rerun the command with the exact identifier. Do not create a second unit merely to make the generic command work; that can leave two processes competing for the same listener.
The service becomes inactive immediately
Read both status output and the current-boot journal. An incorrect ExecStart path, missing executable, wrong WorkingDirectory, unavailable environment value, or application exception can make Puma exit during startup. Fix the reported configuration or application problem before restarting again.
Permission denied
Use an account authorized to manage the service, commonly through sudo. Also check permissions for the executable, application directory, log destinations, sockets, and any files read during boot. Changing ownership blindly can create a different deployment problem; use the service definition and journal message to identify the specific path.
Address or socket already in use
A second Rails or Puma process may still own the listener, or the unit may be configured for a binding already used by another service. Identify which process the deployment intends to supervise, stop the duplicate through its own supervisor, and then restart the correct unit. Avoid terminating unrelated services on a shared VPS.
The service is running but requests fail
Compare the unit’s configured working directory, executable, environment, and binding with the release you meant to deploy. Then inspect the Rails log and the reverse-proxy path. A running Puma process can still serve an application that failed to load the expected code or configuration.
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A phased restart exposes migration errors
This indicates that old and new workers are not compatible with the database state during overlap. Pause the rollout, restore a compatible application/database combination, and redesign the migration as backward-compatible steps before attempting another phased restart.
Quick Recap
Command reference
| Purpose | Command |
|---|---|
| Find Puma services | systemctl list-units --type=service | grep -i puma |
| Reload changed unit files | sudo systemctl daemon-reload |
| Restart the generic unit | sudo systemctl restart puma.service |
| Restart an application-specific unit | sudo systemctl restart myapp-puma.service |
| Check service state | sudo systemctl status <unit>.service |
| Read current-boot service logs | sudo journalctl -u <unit>.service -b |
| Start a foreground Rails server | bin/rails server |
Recommended decision path
- Live production app under systemd: discover the exact Puma unit, run
daemon-reloadonly if the unit changed, restart it, and check status and logs. - Foreground process: stop it with
Ctrl-C, return to the Rails application directory, and run the deployment’s Rails server command again. - Brief interruption acceptable: use the normal systemd restart.
- Interruption must be minimized: use a configured Puma hot or phased restart, or systemd socket activation, while meeting their respective compatibility requirements.
- Restart failed: stop retrying, read
systemctl statusandjournalctl, correct the reported cause, and then verify the public endpoint.
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