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Preserve the original documents and digital records, build a dated chronology, and report suspected criminal conduct to the police. Under section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), information about a cognizable offence may be given orally or electronically to the officer in charge of a police station, regardless of where the offence occurred; electronic information must be signed within three days. If money, a fake website, digital impersonation or another online element is involved, report it immediately through the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal or by calling 1930. Police reporting does not by itself cancel a deed, decide title or restore possession, so local civil, land-record or regulatory advice may also be necessary.
What to do first when you suspect property fraud
Do not alter, discard or hand over the only copy of any record. Start by securing the evidence you already have and preventing further financial loss.
- Preserve originals. Keep original sale agreements, conveyances, powers of attorney, registration papers, revenue extracts, tax receipts, possession letters, identity documents and notices in a safe place. Make working copies for police, lawyers and authorities.
- Save digital material in its original form. Download emails and attachments, retain complete chat threads, export transaction records, save webpage addresses and keep the original photographs, videos and documents. Do not crop, annotate, overwrite or repeatedly recompress the only copy of an image or file.
- Contact your bank or payment provider immediately if money moved. Ask what emergency recall, freezing or dispute process is available and obtain a written complaint or ticket number. A police or cybercrime report should still be made; a bank request is not a substitute for reporting suspected criminal conduct.
- Write a chronology while events are fresh. Record the date, time, people involved, what was represented, what you paid or signed, which record changed and how you discovered the problem. Note how each item was obtained.
- Do not confront suspected offenders with threats or publish allegations online. Preserve evidence, communicate factually and let investigators assess authenticity and intent.
Understand which problem you are reporting
“Property fraud” can describe different issues. Correctly identifying the suspected conduct determines which report to make and what result that route can deliver.
| Situation | Primary report | What that route can do | What it cannot decide alone |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alleged forged deed, impersonation, cheating or fabricated land record | Police complaint to the officer in charge of a police station | Record suspected criminal conduct and investigate under applicable law | Automatically cancel a registered instrument, determine title or deliver possession |
| Online payment, fake property website, digital impersonation, phishing or other cyber element | National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal or telephone 1930, plus a police report where appropriate | Route the cyber complaint to police or law-enforcement agencies and support urgent financial intervention | Resolve a title dispute or correct a state land register by itself |
| Suspected alteration or substitution in registration or revenue records | Police report and the relevant state registrar or revenue authority | Investigate suspected criminal alteration and identify the office process for checking or correcting records | Provide one nationwide correction procedure; the responsible office varies by state or Union Territory |
| Dispute over ownership, cancellation, declaration or possession | Advice from a local property lawyer or legal-aid service on civil remedies | Assess the appropriate court or statutory application for the facts and location | Be replaced by a police complaint alone |
| Complaint about a regulated real-estate project or builder | Relevant State or UT RERA process, alongside police reporting if criminal conduct is suspected | Use the project-regulator process available in that jurisdiction | Be assumed to follow one identical national filing route without knowing the state and project |
These routes can run in parallel. A cyber report can address an online payment while police and civil or regulatory processes address forged instruments, title and possession. State and Union Territory procedures matter because the responsible registrar, revenue office, police online service and RERA forum depend on the property’s location and facts.
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Preserve documents, financial records and digital evidence
Property and identity records
- Sale agreements, conveyances, gift deeds, wills, powers of attorney and loan or mortgage papers.
- Registration receipts, document numbers, certified copies, encumbrance or index extracts, mutation orders, survey, khasra, plot or municipal references and tax records.
- Possession letters, site photographs, boundary measurements, notices, correspondence with a builder, broker, registrar or revenue office, and earlier complaints.
- Identity and address documents used in the transaction, while limiting circulation to the investigating authority, lawyer or other legitimate recipient.
Money and communications
- Bank statements, card receipts, online-transfer confirmations, UPI or wallet references, cancelled cheques and payment schedules.
- Emails with full headers where available, text messages, chat transcripts, call details, letters, brochures, pamphlets and the envelope in which a mailed item arrived.
- Phone numbers, email addresses, account identifiers, meeting dates, witness names and the exact words or promises that induced a payment or signature.
Web, image and video material
- Complete webpage URLs, screenshots showing the address bar and date or time where available, downloaded pages, advertisements and profiles.
- Original photographs and videos of the property, document pages, signs, visits, notices or damaged records. Keep the file metadata when practical.
- Images of a suspect number, account or profile, together with the unedited source file and a note explaining when and how it was captured.
The National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal lists credit-card receipts, bank statements, mailed-item envelopes, brochures or pamphlets, online money-transfer receipts, emails, webpage URLs, chat transcripts, suspect-number screenshots, videos, images and other documents as possible evidence. Its guidance and Ministry of Home Affairs material also emphasize proper collection and preservation of cybercrime evidence. The practical rule is to keep an untouched original and make a separate copy for annotation or submission; the official pages do not prescribe a complete citizen chain-of-custody protocol.
Make an evidence index and dated chronology
A clear index lets an investigator connect each allegation to a record without searching through an unlabelled file dump. Use a simple numbering system and keep the same numbers in the complaint.
| Item number | Date and source | What it shows | Where the original is kept |
|---|---|---|---|
| E-01 | 12 March 2026, bank statement downloaded from the account | Payment of the stated amount to the recipient account | Original PDF in read-only archive; printed copy in folder |
| E-02 | 14 March 2026, email from the sender’s address | Representation about ownership or registration | Original mailbox and exported message file |
| E-03 | 20 March 2026, certified extract obtained from the relevant office | Record identifier and the discrepancy noticed | Certified paper copy and scanned working copy |
Use the dates actually supported by your records. Distinguish a fact (“the extract issued on 20 March names a different person”) from an inference (“I suspect the earlier copy was fabricated”). Do not state that a document is forged unless an authorized examination or other reliable evidence establishes that conclusion; report the observable discrepancy and why it raises suspicion.
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Report suspected criminal conduct to the police
What section 173 of the BNSS provides
The BNSS came into force on 1 July 2024. Section 173(1) states: “Every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, irrespective of the area where the offence is committed, may be given orally or by electronic communication to an officer in charge of a police station”. If information is sent electronically, it must be signed within three days to be taken on record. The provision concerns information about a suspected cognizable offence; it does not mean every ownership or contract disagreement is criminal.
Give the complaint to the officer in charge of a police station and retain proof of submission. Ask for an acknowledgement, diary or reference number and keep a copy of exactly what you submitted. If you use an electronic channel offered by your state police, follow its identity, attachment and signature instructions and complete the three-day signature requirement for electronic information under section 173.
What to put in the complaint
- Subject: identify the suspected conduct, such as suspected forged property document, impersonation, cheating or alteration of a land record.
- Your details: name, safe contact details and relationship to the property. State if you fear retaliation or need communication through a particular channel.
- Property identifiers: address, village, district, survey, khasra, plot, flat, registration or municipal references available to you.
- Chronology: list the transaction, representations, payments, signatures, discovery of the discrepancy and subsequent contacts in date order.
- People and entities: identify the persons, brokers, companies, witnesses, account holders or officials involved as far as you know, without guessing identities.
- Evidence index: attach a numbered list and copies, while stating where originals can be produced.
- Requested action: ask that the information be recorded, the suspected criminal conduct investigated, relevant records preserved and urgent financial or digital steps considered where applicable.
Write accurately and completely. The cybercrime portal warns that false information can have consequences. Avoid exaggeration, threatening language, unsupported legal conclusions and unrelated allegations.
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Use the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal for online elements
Use the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal FAQ and the Government Services Portal description when the suspected fraud includes an online payment, fake website, digital impersonation, phishing, manipulated online record or another cybercrime element. The emergency reporting number is 1930.
- Open cybercrime.gov.in and choose the complaint route that matches the incident, such as financial fraud or other cybercrime.
- Enter accurate incident, victim, suspect, transaction and contact information. Use the exact account, phone, email, URL and payment references shown in your records.
- Upload readable copies of the indexed evidence. Keep the originals and a local copy of every file submitted.
- Submit the complaint, save the acknowledgement or reference number and retain a PDF or screenshot of the completed submission.
- Call 1930 as soon as possible for a financial cyber incident, then provide the reference and transaction details requested by the operator or investigating agency.
The portal says complaints are handled by police and law-enforcement agencies on the basis of the information supplied. A portal report complements, rather than automatically replaces, a direct police report about suspected forged property or revenue records. Report the offline document and title aspects to the police and relevant local authority as well.
Check registration, revenue and RERA channels locally
For an allegedly altered registration entry, substituted deed, false mutation or suspicious revenue extract, keep the document number, issuing office, copy date and source. Ask the relevant state registrar or revenue authority how to verify the record and what correction or objection process exists. Do not assume that a registrar can decide criminal liability or that a police complaint will correct the register automatically.
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If the matter concerns a regulated real-estate project, identify the RERA authority for the state or Union Territory where the project is located and check its current filing instructions. The national material does not identify one universal RERA form, fee, portal or escalation route. The same local limitation applies to state police complaint systems, district offices and registrar appeals.
States and Union Territories carry primary responsibility for crime reporting and investigation. The Press Information Bureau’s explanation is available at its Ministry of Home Affairs release. Provide the location and identifiers that allow the receiving office to route the matter correctly, even when the suspected offender or transaction occurred elsewhere.
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Keep criminal reporting separate from title and possession relief
A police complaint asks investigators to examine suspected offences such as forgery, impersonation or cheating. It does not itself declare who owns the property, cancel a deed, order mutation, set aside a contract or restore possession. Those outcomes may require a civil case, statutory application, injunction or other remedy selected for the state, document and facts involved.
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Obtain advice from a local property lawyer or legal-aid service if you need to protect possession, challenge a registered instrument, seek a declaration, recover money or stop a transfer. Take the indexed evidence set and police or cyber acknowledgement to that consultation. No single nationwide remedy can be specified without the property’s state or Union Territory and the precise dispute.
Follow up without weakening your evidence
- Maintain a contact log with the date, office, officer or reference number, what was submitted and the response received.
- Give copies, not irreplaceable originals, unless an authorized officer provides a receipt for taking an original.
- Keep separate folders for originals, working copies, submitted copies and acknowledgements.
- Preserve new messages, calls, notices or attempted transfers in the same chronological system.
- Tell the investigating officer promptly if a bank, registrar, revenue office or platform has a short retention period for relevant records.
- Do not edit files after submission. If an error is discovered, submit a corrected copy with an explanation and retain the earlier version.
Why document provenance matters
A 31 August 2024 Directorate of Enforcement release describes a Uttarakhand investigation arising from police FIRs into fabricated property-registration records in revenue archives. It reports that fabricated documents were substituted for originals with assistance from workers in offices. That reported case is not proof that any particular reader’s document is forged and is not a general procedure manual. Its practical lesson is to record the identifier, date, issuing office and source of every copy, and to preserve the version originally obtained.
The release is available at the Directorate of Enforcement website.
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Quick Recap
Common mistakes that damage a property-fraud report
- Submitting only screenshots: a screenshot may omit the URL, metadata or surrounding conversation. Keep the complete original page, message or export as well.
- Editing the only file: cropping, highlighting or renaming can remove useful context. Annotate a copy and retain the source.
- Mixing suspicion with fact: identify the discrepancy and its source instead of asserting an unproved forgery.
- Waiting to report an online payment: contact 1930 and the bank promptly because delay can reduce the chance of intervention.
- Assuming the nearest office decides everything: police, cybercrime, registrar, revenue, RERA and civil forums have different functions.
- Ignoring geography: state and Union Territory rules determine the appropriate local office and procedure.
- Failing to save acknowledgements: a reference number and submitted copy make later follow-up possible.
A practical submission checklist
- Original documents secured and working copies made.
- Property address and survey, khasra, plot, flat or registration identifiers listed.
- Dated chronology completed, with facts separated from suspicions.
- Payments reconciled to bank statements, receipts and transfer references.
- Emails, chats, URLs, phone numbers, screenshots, photographs and videos preserved in original form.
- Evidence index prepared and cross-referenced in the complaint.
- Police complaint submitted and acknowledgement or reference retained.
- Cyber report and 1930 call completed for an online or financial element.
- Relevant state registrar, revenue or RERA route identified for the property’s location.
- Local legal advice considered for title, cancellation, injunction, recovery or possession.
Official sources and legal text
- India Code: Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, section 173
- India Code: BNSS metadata and enforcement date
- National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal FAQ
- Government Services Portal: National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal
- Ministry of Home Affairs: cybercrime evidence and forensic guidance
- Directorate of Enforcement: 31 August 2024 fake registry and land fraud case release
- Press Information Bureau: state responsibility for crime reporting and investigation
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