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Start with the platform’s own Report or Flag control, identify the exact item, and explain why you believe it violates EU or applicable national law. For suspected copyright infringement, use the platform’s dedicated copyright form when one exists and identify both the protected work and the allegedly infringing copy.
If the platform rejects, ignores, or mishandles the report, use its internal complaint process. Depending on the issue and your country, you may then contact the national Digital Services Coordinator, use an available out-of-court dispute process, or seek judicial redress. A report is an allegation for the platform to assess—not a legal finding—and EU law does not make every offensive, harmful, or misleading item illegal.
Choose the right reporting route
Two EU frameworks matter most, and they do not cover exactly the same situations.
General illegal-content notice under the Digital Services Act
The Digital Services Act (DSA) requires online platforms to offer an easy-to-find, user-friendly mechanism for notifying them about allegedly illegal content. The underlying illegality may come from EU law or from the law of a particular Member State. The DSA itself does not classify every unpleasant, dangerous, or objectionable post as illegal.
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This route can cover many types of suspected violations, such as unlawful sales listings, fraud-related material, threats, or content that breaches a national prohibition. Whether a particular item is unlawful depends on its facts, the service involved, and the relevant jurisdiction.
Copyright notice under Article 17
Copyright has an additional framework in Article 17 of Directive (EU) 2019/790. It applies to the category of online content-sharing service providers defined by that Directive, not automatically to every website, marketplace, forum, or social service.
For a covered service, a sufficiently substantiated rightsholder notice can require the provider to act expeditiously to disable access to, or remove, the notified work under the Directive’s conditions. Copyright law also protects lawful uses, so a notice does not by itself prove infringement.
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When the item is harmful but not clearly illegal
Describe the conduct accurately rather than labelling it illegal without a legal basis. A platform may have separate rules against harassment, spam, graphic material, or misinformation even when the material does not violate a law. Use the ordinary community-guidelines route for those cases, and reserve an illegal-content notice for a reasoned legal allegation.
Prepare the information before you report
Capture the exact item
Save the item’s URL or other locator before it changes. Record the account, seller, channel, or profile name; the post or listing title; and any identifier shown by the platform. If the item is in a video, image carousel, advertisement, or comment thread, note the precise part that matters.
Keep copies of supporting material that you can lawfully retain, such as screenshots, transaction references, or the original file. These are practical ways to help the platform find and assess the content, not a universal legal requirement for every report. Do not alter evidence in a way that could obscure what was published.
Separate facts from conclusions
Write down what the item says or displays, when you saw it, and why you believe it violates a specified rule or law. If you know the relevant legal provision, identify it accurately; if you do not, describe the conduct and the harm without inventing a citation. The platform, not the reporter, decides whether its legal threshold is met.
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Consider immediate safety
If the content suggests an imminent threat, exploitation, or another emergency, contact the appropriate emergency or law-enforcement channel in your country as well as the platform. Do not wait for an ordinary moderation queue to address an immediate danger.
Submit a DSA notice through the platform
The interface differs by service, but the DSA mechanism is commonly next to the item or account under a Report, Flag, or three-dot menu. A typical process is:
- Open the item’s reporting control. Choose the option for illegal content if the platform distinguishes it from ordinary rule violations.
- Select the closest category. Pick the most specific available reason. If no category fits, use the explanation field instead of choosing an inaccurate one.
- Identify the location. Paste the item’s direct URL or other exact electronic locator. Include a comment ID, timestamp, or seller and listing identifier when relevant.
- Explain the alleged illegality. State what the content is, which legal concern you are raising, and the facts connecting the two. Keep the description concise, factual, and specific.
- Provide notifier details. Article 16 of the DSA calls for your name and email, subject to the regulation’s stated exception for certain offences. Use an address you can monitor for the decision.
- Make the good-faith declaration and submit. The notice must include a statement that the information and allegations are accurate and complete to the best of your knowledge. Save the confirmation, reference number, and submitted text.
Article 16 requires the provider to process a notice and decide about the information “in a timely, diligent and non-arbitrary manner.” That wording does not promise a particular response time or require removal in every case.
Write a notice the platform can assess
A useful notice answers five questions without speculation:
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- Where is it? Give the direct URL and any account, post, comment, or transaction identifier.
- Why is it allegedly illegal? Explain the conduct and, where known, the applicable EU or national rule.
- Who is notifying? Supply your name and email unless a stated legal exception applies.
- Is the statement made in good faith? Confirm that the information and allegations are accurate and complete to the best of your knowledge.
You can adapt this structure to the platform’s form:
Exact item: [describe the post, listing, account, or file]Location: [direct URL and identifier]Observed facts: [what it contains and when you saw it]Legal concern: [why these facts allegedly violate EU or national law]Supporting material: [accurate, relevant attachments or links]Notifier: [name and email, as requested by the form]Good-faith statement: I believe the information and allegations above are accurate and complete.
Do not threaten the platform, exaggerate the harm, or report an entire account when only one item is at issue. A narrow notice helps the reviewer locate the material and reduces the risk that an otherwise valid concern is dismissed as vague.
Make a separate copyright report when appropriate
Identify the protected work
State what you own or represent: for example, a specific photograph, article, song, film, illustration, software work, or video. Give the title, creation or publication details, and a location where the original or an authorized version can be verified. If you are acting for the rightsholder, explain that relationship when the form asks.
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Identify the allegedly infringing use
Give the URL of the copy and describe how it reproduces, communicates, or makes the work available. Distinguish the protected work from the allegedly infringing material; saying only “this account steals content” is not sufficiently specific. Include the relevant timestamp or segment when the material is embedded in a longer upload.
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Use the service’s copyright channel
Many services provide a copyright form separate from their general illegal-content form. Use that route when available and follow its requested declarations. Article 17’s framework is limited to covered online content-sharing service providers, so do not assume that every platform has the same statutory duties.
Account for lawful uses
Copyright exceptions and limitations can protect quotation, criticism, review, caricature, parody, and pastiche under the relevant national implementation. A short excerpt used for criticism may require a different assessment from an upload that substitutes for the entire original. Describe the use and let the service apply the law; do not present a disputed claim as conclusively established.
Understand what happens after submission
Keep the platform’s confirmation and watch the email address or account inbox you provided. A decision may explain whether the item was removed, restricted, left available, or referred for further review. The platform should also tell you how to reach its internal complaint system; the route may appear in the decision message, a support inbox, account settings, or the help centre.
Do not assume silence means that the platform agreed with you, and do not repeatedly submit identical notices without new information. If the item changes, disappears, or moves, update the existing case with the new locator rather than creating contradictory reports.
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If the platform rejects your notice, leaves the material online, removes your own content, or restricts your account, read the decision for the applicable complaint route. Explain why the decision is wrong, identify the original case number, and attach only information that addresses the stated reason.
For a user upload disabled or removed under the Article 17 copyright framework, covered services must provide an effective and expeditious complaint and redress mechanism. This process is designed to address disputes about the removal, including situations in which a lawful use was wrongly restricted.
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Follow the platform’s deadline if one is stated, and retain a copy of the complaint and the response. Internal review is usually the most direct way to correct a mistaken classification because the service has the original moderation record.
Escalate a disputed or ignored case
Contact the national Digital Services Coordinator
The DSA provides for national Digital Services Coordinators. The relevant authority depends on the issue, the service, and your circumstances; an authority in one Member State may not be the correct contact for every complaint. Explain what you reported, when you used the platform’s mechanism, what decision or non-response you received, and which DSA obligation you believe is involved.
A Coordinator can address regulatory concerns, but it does not automatically decide that the underlying content is illegal or guarantee that the platform will remove it. Use the authority’s current official contact instructions because forms and jurisdictional arrangements can change.
Consider out-of-court dispute settlement
For qualifying DSA disputes, an out-of-court dispute settlement body may be available. Check whether the body covers your type of dispute and whether its procedure, language, and geographic rules fit your case. This is distinct from the platform’s own complaint system and from a court proceeding.
Seek judicial redress
You may have a court remedy under EU or national law, depending on the right involved, the parties, and the country. A court can apply the relevant law to the specific facts; neither a platform report nor a regulator contact replaces legal advice where substantial rights, money, or safety are at stake.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Trusted flaggers are not required for ordinary reports
Trusted flaggers are designated expert entities, not a special status that an individual user must obtain. Qualifying organisations apply to the Digital Services Coordinator where they are established. Platforms must give priority to notices submitted by trusted flaggers within their designated area of expertise.
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An ordinary user can submit a notice through the same platform mechanism without trusted-flagger status. The European Commission’s trusted-flagger information page reported its list as last updated on 5 October 2026; verify the current list before relying on an entity’s designation. Draft guidance mentioned in Commission material, including a consultation that closed on 10 July 2026, should not be treated as a final rule unless a current official version confirms it.
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General illegal-content notices and copyright notices compared
| Question | DSA illegal-content notice | Copyright notice under Article 17 |
|---|---|---|
| Who can submit? | An individual or other notifier using the platform’s mechanism, with the required details. | Typically a rightsholder or authorised representative using the covered service’s copyright route. |
| Which services are covered? | Online platforms subject to the DSA notice-and-action duties. | The online content-sharing service providers defined by Directive (EU) 2019/790; not every platform. |
| What must be identified? | The allegedly illegal item, its exact location, a substantiated explanation, notifier details, and a good-faith accuracy statement. | The protected work, the allegedly infringing copy or use, its location, and the declarations or evidence requested by the service. |
| How is the notice handled? | The provider must process it and decide in a timely, diligent, and non-arbitrary manner. | A sufficiently substantiated notice can trigger expeditious action under Article 17’s conditions. |
| What review is available? | The platform should explain its internal complaint route; qualifying DSA disputes may also involve out-of-court settlement or judicial redress. | Covered services must provide an effective, expeditious complaint and redress mechanism for relevant user-upload removals. |
| Does national law matter? | Yes. EU or Member State law may determine whether the conduct is illegal. | Yes. Copyright exceptions and national implementation affect whether a use is lawful. |
Common mistakes and how to correct them
Reporting a profile instead of the specific violation
Give the exact post, listing, advertisement, or file whenever the form permits. If several items are involved, list each locator and explain the connection rather than relying on a broad accusation.
Using the wrong category
A copyright dispute submitted as generic spam may reach the wrong review team. Conversely, a complaint about a threat should not be framed solely as a copyright claim. Use separate reports when different legal issues require different forms.
Making unsupported legal claims
Do not cite a criminal offence, court ruling, or EU rule unless it actually fits the facts. Explain what happened and identify the jurisdictional uncertainty where necessary.
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Do not demand removal of every appearance of a work without considering quotation, criticism, review, parody, caricature, or pastiche. Explain why the particular use goes beyond the lawful context you have considered.
Assuming a report guarantees removal
The platform must assess the notice, but it may find the content lawful, determine that the service is outside a specific framework, or request more information. Keep the case record and use the complaint or escalation options if the decision appears erroneous.
Submitting private or excessive personal data
Provide the name, email, and supporting material the form requires, but avoid uploading unrelated identity documents, private conversations, or sensitive information. Read the platform’s privacy notice before attaching material and redact data that is not needed to assess the alleged violation.
Account for changing interfaces and national rules
Buttons, form names, support locations, and authority contact details can change. If you cannot find the reporting control, search the platform’s current help centre for “illegal content,” “notice and action,” or “copyright infringement,” and retain the page showing the route you used.
The specific Member State, platform, content type, and facts determine which authority and legal remedy apply. No general guide can conclude that a particular item is unlawful throughout the EU. State the country and legal basis in your notice when the platform asks for them, and obtain local legal advice for a high-stakes dispute.
A practical record for your case
Keep one folder or note containing the original URL, screenshots with dates, the account or seller name, your submitted notice, confirmation number, platform decision, internal complaint, and any authority correspondence. Write a short timeline while events are fresh. This record makes it easier to show what the platform knew, which item it assessed, and how it responded if you later pursue a complaint or legal remedy.
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