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If a government-looking website seems fake, hacked, or designed to collect money or personal data, preserve the evidence first, then report it through a trusted channel. In the United States, notify the affected agency when you can identify it safely; report a broader cyber incident to CISA; send suspected online crime to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) or an FBI field office; and use the FTC, IdentityTheft.gov, or the IRS for the relevant fraud or tax issue. If you entered credentials, payment details, or identity information, secure those accounts immediately.
Take these steps before reporting
Your first objective is to preserve useful evidence without giving the site another opportunity to harm you.
- Stop interacting with the page. Do not log in, upload documents, enter a one-time code, download a file, or make a payment. Do not revisit a suspected malicious page just to collect more proof.
- Record the exact address. Copy the complete URL as displayed, including the domain, path, and any visible parameters. Record the date and time, including your time zone if known.
- Describe what looked wrong. Note the request you saw, such as an unexpected fee, urgent identity check, unusual spelling, a request for a password, or a page that differed from the agency’s normal service.
- Preserve the route that brought you there. Save the original email, text message, social-media post, search advertisement, QR-code destination, or other message. Keep its sender information and timestamp.
- Save screenshots. Capture the address bar and the suspicious content. Store the original files without editing them; copies can be made for attachments.
- Do not send secrets to an address found on the suspicious page. Use a separately verified agency address, telephone number, or reporting portal.
CISA’s Reporting a Cybercrime Complaint Tip Card advises people to keep and record evidence of the incident and its suspected source. Evidence is useful even when you are unsure whether the site is fake.
Decide what kind of problem you found
The correct destination depends on what happened. A fraudulent lookalike, a legitimate agency site that appears altered, a payment scam, and an identity-theft incident can overlap, but they are not the same report.
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A fake or lookalike government site
The page may imitate an agency, offer a government service for an unnecessary fee, or collect personal information without being operated by the government. CISA has documented fake government-services sites built to steal personally identifiable information or collect fees for services that are never delivered.
A legitimate government site that may be compromised
The domain may belong to the real agency, but pages, downloads, accounts, or forms appear changed, defaced, or infected. This is primarily a security incident. The affected agency’s security contact is the most useful first destination because its staff can investigate its own systems.
A crime, fraud, or identity-theft event
If someone used impersonation to take money, steal information, or commit another crime, the matter may require an FBI report. If your personal information was exposed or misused, use the identity-theft route as well as any technical or criminal report.
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For U.S. public-sector organizations, the .gov top-level domain is reserved for verified government organizations. That makes it a useful signal, not an absolute guarantee. A lookalike can use a confusing non-.gov domain, and a real .gov site can still be compromised.
Verify through a route you already trust
- Open a known official government directory, a previously trusted bookmark, or an agency address you obtained independently.
- Compare the complete domain character by character. Watch for extra words, substituted letters, misleading subdomains, and lookalike spellings.
- Reach the agency’s security contact,
security.txtfile, or vulnerability-disclosure policy from that trusted route. - Use a separately verified telephone number or mailing address if you need to confirm the page.
Never use a phone number, email address, or link displayed only on the suspicious page. A padlock or HTTPS indicator shows that a connection is encrypted; it does not prove that the organization behind the site is genuine.
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Choose the right reporting destination
These services are complementary rather than competing. You may need more than one report when a site has both a technical problem and a victim.
| Destination | Use it when | What to provide | Important qualification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Affected agency’s security contact | The agency’s real site appears compromised, or you can identify the agency being impersonated. | Exact URL, timestamps, screenshots, what changed or was requested, and the message or ad that led you there. | Find the contact through a trusted official route, security.txt, or the agency’s vulnerability-disclosure policy. |
| CISA | You are reporting a cyber incident or suspicious cyber activity, including a problem affecting public infrastructure. | Incident description, timing, indicators you observed, affected systems or agency, and a safe contact method. | Check CISA’s live incident-reporting page for current submission channels because contact methods can change. |
| FBI IC3 or an FBI field office | The site appears to involve online crime, payment theft, information theft, or deliberate agency impersonation. | URL, communications, payment information without unnecessary secrets, losses, and a chronological account. | IC3 and field offices are U.S. law-enforcement routes; they do not replace an agency security report. |
| FTC | You encountered consumer fraud, a deceptive service, or an impostor scheme. | How you were contacted, what was promised, what you paid or disclosed, and copies of the solicitation. | Use the FTC route for the consumer-fraud aspect. |
| IdentityTheft.gov | Your personal information was used or exposed in an identity-theft incident. | What information was disclosed or misused and any resulting account activity. | Follow its recovery instructions for the affected identity information. |
| IRS | The message or website concerns tax filing, refunds, tax debt, or another tax-related phishing attempt. | The original tax-themed message, destination URL, and any information you submitted. | Use the IRS’s current phishing-reporting instructions rather than replying to the sender. |
CISA’s September 2024 Reporting Cybercrime guidance identifies these categories. Its older tip materials contain legacy contact details; do not copy old email addresses or telephone numbers from archived documents as if they were current.
Report the affected agency safely
When you can identify the agency, start with its official website reached through an independent route. Look for a security contact, a security.txt file, or a vulnerability-disclosure policy. CISA and FBI guidance describes these contacts as a way to report suspected vulnerabilities, compromised accounts, unsolicited email, and routing problems.
What to say
Use a short, factual description. State that you are reporting a suspected impersonation or compromise, give the exact address, explain how you encountered it, and identify what the page requested or displayed. Say whether you entered information or paid money. Attach screenshots and the original message when the reporting system accepts them.
Do not attempt your own investigation
Do not scan the site, test credentials, bypass access controls, upload malware samples through an ordinary contact form, or repeatedly submit the form. A vulnerability-disclosure policy may specify a safe testing scope; stay within it. Your role is to preserve observations and notify the people responsible for the system.
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Report a cyber incident to CISA
CISA provides federal cyber-incident reporting channels and directs the public to its current reporting page. Check that live page immediately before submitting because addresses and intake methods can change.
Include the URL, discovery time, screenshots, the delivery route, and any technical clues visible without probing the site. If the site represents a state, local, tribal, or territorial agency, identify that organization and explain why you believe the page is connected to it. If you already notified the agency, include the date and any case or ticket number.
Do not email passwords, full payment-card numbers, or other unnecessary secrets. If CISA needs sensitive material, use the protected method specified in its current instructions.
Report suspected online crime to the FBI
A fake government portal that takes payment, steals credentials, or harvests identity documents can be an online crime. Submit a complaint to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) or contact an FBI field office through a separately verified official route.
Give investigators a chronological account: how you found the site, what it claimed to be, what you were asked to do, what you entered or paid, and what happened afterward. Preserve transaction records, receipts, bank alerts, emails, texts, and screenshots. Do not include more sensitive information than the reporting form requests.
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IC3 is a U.S. reporting channel. If there is an immediate physical threat or an urgent financial loss, contact local law enforcement and your financial institution rather than waiting for an online complaint to be processed.
Use the fraud, identity-theft, or tax route when appropriate
Consumer fraud
Report an impostor service or deceptive government-fee request to the Federal Trade Commission. Explain the claim made by the site, the amount requested, whether you paid, and how the solicitation reached you. Keep the original ad, message, and receipt.
Identity theft
If the incident involved your Social Security number, account credentials, identity documents, or other personal information, report it through IdentityTheft.gov and follow its recovery plan. A technical report alone does not create an identity-theft recovery record.
Tax phishing
For a fake tax portal, refund notice, or tax-debt message, use the IRS’s current phishing instructions. Preserve the complete message and destination address, and do not respond to the sender.
If you entered information or paid money
Contain the exposure before investigating further. Use the real agency or financial institution’s contact details, not anything supplied by the suspicious page.
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- Change exposed passwords. Change the password anywhere it was used, starting with email and financial accounts. Use a different password for every service.
- Protect account access. Review recovery email addresses, phone numbers, active sessions, forwarding rules, and multifactor-authentication settings. Remove changes you did not make.
- Contact the financial institution promptly. Ask about unauthorized charges, card replacement, account restrictions, or a transfer recall when relevant.
- Monitor activity. Watch bank, card, email, tax, and government-service accounts for unfamiliar logins, notices, or transactions.
- Preserve evidence of the exposure. Record what you entered, when you entered it, and any subsequent alerts. Add those facts to your agency, CISA, FBI, FTC, or identity-theft report as appropriate.
CISA scam guidance recommends contacting institutions promptly about unauthorized charges and changing passwords disclosed in a scam. Do not send a password or full payment-card number in an ordinary report.
Build a useful report
A clear report lets the recipient triage the incident without repeatedly asking you for basic facts. Include the following where available:
- Exact URL, including the full domain and path.
- Date and time of discovery, with time zone if known.
- How you reached the page: email, text, advertisement, search result, QR code, social post, or another route.
- What the page claimed to be and what made it suspicious.
- What information, payment, download, or action it requested.
- Whether you entered credentials, personal information, payment details, or a one-time code.
- Screenshots and the original message or advertisement.
- Known financial loss, account alerts, or other consequences.
- Your preferred safe contact method and any case number from another report.
CISA and FBI organizational guidance also lists date, time, location, activity type, people and equipment involved, the submitting organization, and a designated contact as useful report details. Those fields help organizations coordinate an incident; they are not a mandatory checklist for every member of the public.
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Common mistakes that make reports less useful
- Relying on the domain ending alone: A non-
.govaddress may be an impersonator, but a real government domain can still be compromised. - Trusting HTTPS: Encryption protects the connection, not the identity or intent of the operator.
- Using contact details supplied by the suspect: Verify every destination independently.
- Deleting the original message: Preserve the sender, headers or message details available to you, links, and timestamp.
- Sending excessive secrets: Report what happened without attaching passwords, full card numbers, or unrelated identity documents.
- Reporting only one aspect: A compromised agency page may need an agency-security and CISA report; a payment scam may also require IC3 and FTC reports; identity misuse needs IdentityTheft.gov.
- Continuing to test the site: Repeated visits, scans, or login attempts can increase risk and complicate an investigation.
What a vulnerability-disclosure policy means
Federal agencies use vulnerability-disclosure policies to explain how researchers and members of the public can report security weaknesses legally. CISA’s final federal VDP directive, released September 2, 2020 and revised January 24, 2022, established that policy context. In that release, then-CISA Assistant Director for Cybersecurity Bryan Ware said: “Cybersecurity is strongest when the public is given the ability to contribute, and a key component to receiving cybersecurity help from the public is to establish a formal policy that describes how to find and report vulnerabilities legally.”
A policy is an invitation to report within stated boundaries, not permission to access data, disrupt services, or test unrelated systems. If the policy specifies scope, methods, or prohibited actions, follow those limits exactly.
If you are outside the United States
This guidance is U.S.-focused. CISA, IC3, the FTC, IdentityTheft.gov, and the IRS are U.S. routes. In another country, preserve the same evidence and contact the affected government agency through its verified official website, then use your national cyber-incident reporting service and local police or fraud authority. Do not assume a U.S. report will be routed to your country’s agency.
Quick Recap
A concise reporting sequence
- Stop interacting with the suspicious page.
- Record the complete URL, time, symptoms, and delivery route.
- Save screenshots and the original message.
- Verify the agency independently and report the site to its security contact when identifiable.
- Send a cyber-incident report to CISA when appropriate.
- Send suspected online crime to IC3 or an FBI field office.
- Use the FTC, IdentityTheft.gov, or IRS route for the matching fraud, identity-theft, or tax issue.
- If information or money was exposed, change passwords, contact financial institutions, and monitor accounts immediately.
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