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Use one canonical hostname—usually https://example.com—and permanently redirect every www request to it. In Nginx, put a return 301 in a dedicated www server block. In Apache, put a permanent Redirect in the www virtual host. Configure TLS for www as well, because an HTTPS connection must complete its certificate handshake before the server can issue the redirect.
What the redirect should accomplish
A canonical-host redirect makes one URL the authoritative address for the site. A request for http://www.example.com/, http://www.example.com/docs/start, or https://www.example.com/search?q=nginx should end at the corresponding HTTPS URL on the bare domain:
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https://example.com/https://example.com/docs/starthttps://example.com/search?q=nginx
Use an HTTP 301 (permanent) response and preserve the original request URI. This keeps deep links, file paths, and query strings usable while telling browsers and crawlers that the hostname change is permanent. A single canonical hostname also avoids maintaining separate cache and search-engine versions of the same site.
Plan the hostnames, ports, and certificates first
Replace example.com in every example with your real domain. Decide that the bare domain is canonical before editing configuration. The redirect design normally has four entry points:
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| Request | Expected action | Where it is handled |
|---|---|---|
http://www.example.com |
301 to https://example.com, preserving path and query |
Port 80 www server or virtual host |
http://example.com |
301 to https://example.com when HTTPS is mandatory |
Port 80 canonical server or virtual host |
https://www.example.com |
301 to https://example.com, preserving path and query |
Port 443 www TLS server or virtual host |
https://example.com |
Serve the application without redirecting back to www |
Port 443 canonical server or virtual host |
The HTTPS www endpoint must have a certificate whose names cover www.example.com (or a suitable wildcard/SAN certificate). The browser performs TLS before it can receive an HTTP 301, so a certificate that covers only the bare domain cannot reliably redirect HTTPS www traffic.
Make sure DNS for both names reaches the server or proxy that owns these configurations. Back up the active configuration and identify the normal syntax-check, reload, and rollback procedures for your deployment.
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Redirect www to non-www in Nginx
Use a separate HTTP redirect server
Nginx selects a server block from the listening address, port, and server_name. Define the alternate hostname explicitly and keep its job limited to redirecting:
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.example.com;
return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;
}$request_uri contains the original path and arguments, so /docs/start?lang=en remains /docs/start?lang=en after the host and scheme change. Nginx’s return directive is the simple mechanism for this case and avoids unnecessary rewrite processing.
Redirect the bare HTTP hostname when HTTPS is required
If the entire site must use HTTPS, give the canonical HTTP name its own block:
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;
}If your application intentionally serves HTTP on the bare domain, this block can instead contain the site’s normal root, proxy, and location rules. Do not put the www redirect inside that application block; keeping the alternate hostname separate makes the routing unambiguous.
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Terminate TLS and redirect HTTPS www
Create a certificate-bearing port 443 block for www. It terminates TLS and then returns the same permanent redirect:
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;
}The certificate paths above are an example layout; use the paths installed by your certificate-management process. The certificate must include www.example.com, even though the server immediately redirects that name.
Serve the canonical HTTPS site
The bare-domain TLS block is the only block in this design that serves the application:
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
root /var/www/example;
# application-specific location/proxy rules go here
}For a reverse-proxied application, put the existing location and proxy_pass rules in this canonical block. Do not duplicate the application rules in the redirect block.
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For this hostname-only case, a dedicated www server is clearer and safer than a combined conditional rule. Nginx documentation describes a separate server as the right structure for converting this kind of rewrite. It also keeps the canonical block free of a rule that could accidentally redirect canonical requests back to themselves.
Redirect www to non-www in Apache
Preferred method: mod_alias in virtual hosts
Apache’s simplest hostname redirect uses Redirect permanent in the virtual host for the non-canonical name. Create an HTTP virtual host for www and, when HTTPS is enforced, one for the canonical HTTP name:
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<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName www.example.com
Redirect permanent / https://example.com/
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName example.com
Redirect permanent / https://example.com/
</VirtualHost>With a Redirect whose source is /, Apache appends the path matched after that prefix to the target. A request for /docs/start therefore becomes https://example.com/docs/start. The original query string is retained when Apache performs this redirect.
Configure the HTTPS virtual hosts
The www TLS virtual host must load a certificate covering www.example.com and issue the redirect:
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ServerName www.example.com
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /path/to/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/privkey.pem
Redirect permanent / https://example.com/
</VirtualHost>Use the certificate-file directives and paths required by your Apache build and certificate provider. The canonical TLS virtual host serves the application:
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName example.com
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /path/to/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/privkey.pem
DocumentRoot /var/www/example
# application-specific Directory, proxy, and other rules go here
</VirtualHost>Apache documentation recommends this virtual-host Redirect approach for a straightforward canonical-host change rather than using mod_rewrite. Keep the redirect in the non-canonical virtual host so the canonical host never evaluates it.
Use mod_rewrite only when conditional logic is needed
If the redirect depends on a condition that Redirect cannot express, use a rewrite rule in the www virtual host or an appropriately scoped document root:
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www.example.com$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^ https://example.com%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L,NE]RewriteCondlimits the rule to the alternate hostname, case-insensitively.%{REQUEST_URI}carries the requested path into the destination.R=301makes the redirect permanent.Lstops further rewrite processing for that request.NEprevents Apache from unnecessarily escaping characters already present in the redirect target.
Do not activate this rule in the canonical host without the hostname condition. A rule that runs on both names can create a loop or repeatedly rewrite an already-canonical request. Apache normally retains the original query string when the substitution does not introduce a new query component.
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Prevent HTTPS and hostname redirect loops
A loop occurs when each host redirects to the other, or when the canonical HTTPS virtual host still contains a rule intended only for www. The safe flow is one-way:
- The client requests a URL.
- The appropriate HTTP or HTTPS endpoint identifies whether the host is
www. - A
wwwrequest receives one 301 to the same path onhttps://example.com. - The canonical HTTPS host serves the response and does not redirect back.
Do not rely on an HTTP redirect to fix an invalid HTTPS certificate: TLS negotiation happens first. Install a certificate that covers the www name on the port 443 redirect endpoint. Also check that a load balancer or reverse proxy in front of Nginx or Apache is not adding a second, conflicting host rule.
The desired result for http://www.example.com/docs/start?lang=en is one redirect directly to https://example.com/docs/start?lang=en, not a chain through HTTP bare, HTTPS www, and finally HTTPS bare. Fewer hops make diagnostics and cache behavior more predictable.
Validate the configuration safely
1. Check syntax before reloading
Run the normal configuration test for the server that is actually handling traffic. For Nginx, the standard check is:
sudo nginx -tFor Apache, use the configuration test command provided by your installation, commonly:
sudo apachectl configtestResolve every syntax error, duplicate directive, missing certificate file, and unknown module before reloading.
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2. Reload gracefully
Use your deployment’s standard service manager or control command to reload the validated configuration. A graceful reload lets existing connections finish while new connections use the new virtual hosts. Keep the previous configuration available so you can restore it if the listener or certificate setup is wrong.
3. Test redirects with headers only
Use curl without following redirects first, so you can inspect the status and Location header:
curl -I http://www.example.com/
curl -I http://www.example.com/docs/start?lang=en
curl -I https://www.example.com/
curl -I http://example.com/docs/start?lang=enEach www request should return 301 and a Location beginning with https://example.com/. The deep path and query string should be present in the location value. The HTTPS www request must complete its certificate handshake before returning that header.
4. Confirm the canonical host serves content
curl -I https://example.com/
curl -I https://example.com/docs/start?lang=enThese requests should return the application’s normal response—such as 200, or an application-specific status—not a redirect back to www. To see the complete chain during troubleshooting, use curl -IL, but verify that production traffic normally needs only the one canonicalization redirect.
5. Test unmatched host headers
Send a request with an unknown Host value or inspect the default server behavior. Nginx can route unmatched names to a default server; do not let that fallback unintentionally expose the application or redirect arbitrary hostnames to it. Configure a deliberate default response or a separate default server according to your security policy.
Common failures and fixes
| Symptom | Likely cause | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Browser reports a certificate error before any 301 | The port 443 www endpoint lacks a certificate covering www.example.com. |
Install a matching certificate and ensure the www TLS server or virtual host selects it. |
www redirects to itself |
The destination still contains www, or proxy headers cause the application to think the canonical host is different. |
Set the destination explicitly to https://example.com$request_uri in Nginx or https://example.com/ in Apache, then inspect upstream host handling. |
Canonical host redirects back to www |
The redirect rule is active in the canonical server or virtual host. | Move the rule to the dedicated www endpoint and leave the canonical HTTPS block serving content. |
| Deep links lose their path | The target was hard-coded as the domain root, or the Apache redirect is scoped incorrectly. | Use Nginx $request_uri; with Apache Redirect permanent / https://example.com/, verify the source prefix and test a nested path. |
| Query parameters disappear | A rewrite substitution replaced the query string or application middleware rebuilt the URL. | Use the original request URI in Nginx and avoid adding an unintended ? in Apache rewrite substitutions; test a URL containing ?key=value. |
Requests work on HTTP but fail on HTTPS www |
No matching 443 server or virtual host is enabled, or TLS is terminated elsewhere. | Configure the certificate-bearing 443 www endpoint at the layer that receives the connection. |
| Unexpected content appears for an unrelated hostname | An unmatched name is falling into the application’s default server. | Define deliberate default-server behavior and test an unknown Host separately. |
| Two or more 301 responses occur | Separate layers are redirecting HTTP, www, and HTTPS one at a time. |
Make the first www response point directly to the final HTTPS bare URL and remove overlapping rules. |
Nginx and Apache approaches compared
| Concern | Nginx | Apache |
|---|---|---|
| Configuration location | Separate server blocks selected by server_name. |
Separate virtual hosts selected by ServerName. |
| Simple redirect directive | return 301 https://example.com$request_uri; |
Redirect permanent / https://example.com/ |
| Conditional rules | Possible with rewrite features, but unnecessary for a hostname-only redirect. | mod_rewrite supports conditions such as an exact HTTP_HOST match. |
| Path and query preservation | $request_uri explicitly carries the path and arguments. |
Redirect appends the matched path; the original query string is retained. A rewrite substitution should avoid unintentionally replacing it. |
| TLS requirement | Port 443 www block must terminate TLS with a certificate covering www. |
Port 443 www virtual host must do the same before Redirect runs. |
| Loop prevention | Keep the redirect block separate from the canonical application block. | Scope Redirect or RewriteCond to the non-canonical virtual host. |
| Operational validation | Run nginx -t, reload, then test with curl -I. |
Run apachectl configtest (or the installation’s equivalent), reload, then test with curl -I. |
Deployment checklist
- Choose exactly one canonical hostname and use it consistently in redirects and application settings.
- Define both
wwwand bare names explicitly on every relevant port. - Install a certificate covering
www.example.combefore testing HTTPS redirects. - Use a permanent 301 that points directly to the final HTTPS bare URL.
- Preserve the original path and query string.
- Keep the redirect endpoint separate from the canonical application endpoint.
- Check syntax before reload and retain a rollback configuration.
- Test root URLs, nested paths, query strings, both schemes, and an unknown host.
- Verify that
https://example.comserves content without redirecting towww. - Inspect the full redirect chain and remove any unnecessary intermediate hop.
How to choose between the two implementations
Use Nginx’s dedicated server blocks when Nginx terminates the connection or acts as the reverse proxy. Use Apache virtual hosts with Redirect permanent when Apache owns the HTTP and HTTPS listeners. In either server, the hostname-level redirect is deliberately small: the important operational work is selecting the correct virtual host, covering the TLS name, preserving the URI, and ensuring that the canonical host serves rather than redirects.
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