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Put every source hostname in a dedicated Nginx server block and return a redirect to the single canonical host:
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.example-one.com www.example-two.com www.example-three.com;
return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;
}The $request_uri variable carries the original path and query string, so a request such as /docs/setup?lang=en arrives at https://example.com/docs/setup?lang=en. Configure the canonical non-www site separately, and add an HTTPS redirect block with certificates when clients can connect to the www names over TLS.
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Nginx selects a virtual server by matching the request’s Host header against server_name. When the set of www domains is known, list each exact hostname in one redirecting block. This is clearer and easier to audit than conditional rewrite logic.
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.example-one.com www.example-two.com www.example-three.com;
return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;
}Every hostname on the server_name line receives the same permanent redirect. The destination is the non-www HTTPS hostname, while $request_uri preserves the complete original URI, including its query arguments.
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Keep the canonical site in its own block
The destination should have a normal site configuration rather than sharing the redirect block:
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/example.com/privkey.pem;
# Use the configuration appropriate for your application:
# root /var/www/example;
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:3000;
}Replace the certificate paths and application directives with the values used by your deployment. The canonical block is where Nginx serves files, proxies to an application, or applies the rest of your production policy.
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Why $request_uri preserves links correctly
Nginx’s return directive can issue a 301 response directly from the server context. In the target URL, $request_uri represents the original URI, including the path and arguments. That means these requests map as follows:
| Request | Location returned |
|---|---|
http://www.example-one.com/ |
https://example.com/ |
http://www.example-two.com/products/item-7 |
https://example.com/products/item-7 |
http://www.example-three.com/search?q=nginx&page=2 |
https://example.com/search?q=nginx&page=2 |
Do not replace $request_uri with only a slash unless you intentionally want every source URL to land on the home page. A redirect that drops the path can break bookmarks, inbound links, feeds, and application routes.
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Configure HTTP and HTTPS source names
An HTTP redirect block handles connections received on port 80. An HTTPS client first performs a TLS handshake on port 443, before Nginx can send an HTTP redirect. Therefore, every www hostname that users can access over HTTPS needs a certificate covering that name and a matching HTTPS server block.
HTTP source requests
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.example-one.com www.example-two.com www.example-three.com;
return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;
}This is a one-hop conversion from an HTTP www URL to the final HTTPS non-www URL.
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server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.example-one.com www.example-two.com www.example-three.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/www-example/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/www-example/privkey.pem;
return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;
}The certificate presented in this block must be valid for all names covered by the block. You can use a certificate with multiple subject alternative names or an appropriate wildcard, provided it actually covers the hostnames clients request. Without certificate coverage, browsers and other TLS clients can reject the connection before receiving the redirect.
One hop versus two hops
Some deployments first redirect HTTP to HTTPS on the same www hostname and then redirect the HTTPS www URL to the non-www host. Others send HTTP directly to the final canonical HTTPS URL. Choose deliberately:
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| Design | Responses | Requirements | When it fits |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct canonical redirect | One 301 response from HTTP www to https://example.com$request_uri |
Port 80 source block; canonical HTTPS site; no TLS handshake is needed for the HTTP request | Most efficient path when the final URL is known and you want to avoid an extra round trip |
| HTTP upgrade, then host redirect | Two responses: HTTP www to HTTPS www, then HTTPS www to HTTPS non-www | HTTPS source block and a certificate for every www name | Useful when an existing policy or tooling requires a separate protocol upgrade |
For HTTPS www traffic, both designs still require the TLS certificate before any redirect can be returned.
Exact names, wildcards, and regular expressions
Nginx supports exact names, wildcard names, and regular-expression names. Matching method affects how narrowly the redirect applies and how easy it is to review.
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| Explicit names | server_name www.alpha.example www.beta.example www.gamma.example; |
Only the listed hosts redirect; the mapping is immediately visible and difficult to overmatch | Most efficient for a finite set of frequently used names |
| Wildcard | server_name *.example.com; |
Covers a deliberate subdomain pattern; review whether every matching subdomain should become the same canonical host | Efficient, but broader than an explicit list |
| Regular expression | server_name ~^www.(.+).example.net$; |
Can express complex patterns, but may capture hosts you did not intend to redirect | Regular expressions are evaluated sequentially and are slower and less scalable than exact or wildcard matching |
Use the explicit list when the domains are known. A wildcard or regex is appropriate only when the broad set is intentional and documented. With regex rules, order matters because Nginx tests them sequentially; keep the expression narrow and place it where it cannot unexpectedly intercept another site.
Handling several domains that share one canonical host
A complete configuration commonly has four roles: HTTP redirects for the source names, HTTPS redirects for those names, the canonical HTTPS site, and (optionally) a policy for unknown hosts.
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# HTTP www aliases
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.example-one.com www.example-two.com www.example-three.com;
return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;
}
# HTTPS www aliases
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.example-one.com www.example-two.com www.example-three.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/www-example/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/www-example/privkey.pem;
return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;
}
# Canonical non-www site
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/example.com/privkey.pem;
root /var/www/example;
}If the same certificate covers the aliases and canonical host, you may reference the corresponding certificate files in each TLS block. The important boundaries are the host matching and the separate destination site, not a particular certificate-file layout.
Decide what to do with unknown hosts
A request can arrive with a host that is not one of your intended domains. Nginx can designate a default_server to provide a controlled response:
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name _;
return 444;
}The status code and behavior are policy choices. You could return a normal error response, serve a quarantine page, or redirect to a canonical host when that is genuinely appropriate. Treat this block as a rule for unmatched hosts; it is not a substitute for listing each www domain that must redirect. An overly broad catch-all can hide DNS mistakes or send unrelated hostnames to your site.
Choose the redirect status during rollout
Use 301 when the hostname change is permanent. Browsers, caches, crawlers, and intermediary systems can retain that result, so verify the mapping before switching from a temporary status.
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- 302: temporary redirect that is useful while checking routing and application behavior.
- 307: temporary redirect that preserves the request method and body semantics; it is useful when you are testing non-GET requests and do not want a method change.
- 301: permanent redirect for the settled canonical-host policy.
For ordinary page requests, a 301 is the final production choice. If you test with a temporary response, change the status deliberately after validation and account for cached 301 results from earlier tests.
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- List the source names. Write down every www hostname that should map to the canonical non-www host. Include spelling, hyphenation, and top-level domain exactly as users request them.
- Check DNS and reachability. Each source name must resolve to the Nginx server or load balancer that will issue the redirect. DNS changes are separate from Nginx configuration.
- Create the HTTP block. Add the exact
server_namelist on a port 80 listener and return the final canonical HTTPS URL with$request_uri. - Create the HTTPS block if needed. If clients can request
https://www..., install a certificate that covers every source name and add the port 443 redirect block. - Keep the destination separate. Configure the non-www HTTPS site in its own block with the normal
root,proxy_pass, application, and TLS settings. - Validate syntax. Run
nginx -t. Do not reload if Nginx reports a syntax error, an unknown directive, a missing include, or an unreadable certificate file. - Reload without stopping the service. After a successful test, reload Nginx using the service manager used by your system, for example
sudo systemctl reload nginx. - Test every path class. Check each source hostname over HTTP and, where enabled, HTTPS. Test the root path, a deep path, and a URL containing a query string.
Verify the response and diagnose failures
Use a client that displays response headers, such as:
curl -I http://www.example-one.com/
curl -I 'http://www.example-two.com/docs/setup?lang=en'
curl -I https://www.example-three.com/products/item-7For each request, inspect the status and Location header. A correct result is a redirect to https://example.com with the original path and arguments intact. Follow redirects separately when you want to inspect the final response:
curl -IL 'http://www.example-two.com/docs/setup?lang=en'The request serves the application instead of redirecting
- Confirm the hostname appears in the intended
server_namelist, with no typo. - Check that another server block is not the more specific or earlier match for that listener.
- Run
nginx -Tto inspect the fully expanded configuration and verify that the file you edited is included. - Reload Nginx after a successful
nginx -t; editing a file alone does not change the running workers.
HTTP redirects but HTTPS fails before a 301
- Verify that DNS for the HTTPS www hostname reaches this Nginx instance.
- Check the certificate’s names and validity period. TLS negotiation occurs before Nginx can evaluate the HTTP request and emit a redirect.
- Confirm that the HTTPS block listens on port 443 and contains the source hostname.
- Inspect firewall, load-balancer, or CDN TLS termination settings if Nginx is not the public TLS endpoint.
The path or query string disappears
Ensure the target is exactly https://example.com$request_uri. A hard-coded destination such as https://example.com/ intentionally discards the requested path; an incorrectly constructed rewrite can also alter arguments.
There are two or more redirects
Use the Location header from each response to identify the extra policy. A common sequence is HTTP www to HTTPS www, followed by HTTPS www to HTTPS non-www. If one-hop canonicalization is preferred, have the port 80 source block point directly to https://example.com$request_uri, while retaining the HTTPS source block for clients that start with TLS.
Operational and SEO considerations
Canonical-host redirects should be consistent across all aliases. Internal links, XML sitemaps, feeds, canonical tags, and application-generated URLs should use the non-www HTTPS host so visitors and crawlers do not repeatedly encounter redirects. Keep old paths intact with $request_uri unless a separate application-level migration requires a different mapping.
Monitor access logs after deployment for unexpected hostnames, redirect loops, certificate errors, and spikes in 4xx or 5xx responses. A redirect block should not proxy requests or execute application code; doing so adds work and creates more failure points than a direct return.
Quick Recap
Configuration checklist
- Every intended www hostname is explicitly listed, or a deliberately scoped wildcard/regex is documented.
- The redirect uses
return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;after validation. - The canonical non-www HTTPS host has its own server block and valid certificate.
- HTTPS source names have certificate coverage before the TLS redirect is expected to work.
- An optional
default_serverpolicy is kept separate from named-host redirects. nginx -tsucceeds before reload.- HTTP, HTTPS, root, deep-path, and query-string requests have been checked for every source hostname.
- The
Locationheader points to one canonical host without an unintended loop.
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