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Choose one canonical origin—https://www.example.com in the examples below—and send every other scheme and host combination directly to it. That means http://example.com, http://www.example.com, and https://example.com each return one permanent redirect to the matching HTTPS-and-www URL, while https://www.example.com serves the request. Keep the original path and query string, such as /docs/setup?step=2, during that single hop.
The same pattern works when Nginx or Apache sits behind a load balancer, CDN, or TLS terminator, but the redirect must run at a layer that can reliably identify the original scheme and host. A fixed destination is safer than constructing a URL from an incoming Host header.
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A canonical redirect prevents four public URL variants from representing the same page. Search engines, bookmarks, APIs, and browsers receive one stable address, and internal links do not split traffic between the bare domain and the www host. Decide the canonical origin before writing a rule; the examples here consistently use https://www.example.com.
| Request | Expected result |
|---|---|
http://example.com/path?x=1 |
One redirect with Location: https://www.example.com/path?x=1 |
http://www.example.com/path?x=1 |
One redirect with Location: https://www.example.com/path?x=1 |
https://example.com/path?x=1 |
One redirect with Location: https://www.example.com/path?x=1 |
https://www.example.com/path?x=1 |
The application serves the content without a redirect |
Use a 301 status when this choice is intended to be permanent. A redirect rule should point directly to the final origin rather than first changing HTTP to HTTPS and then changing the hostname. Direct targeting avoids an unnecessary extra request and makes failures easier to diagnose. Every internal link and generated absolute URL should also use the canonical origin; otherwise users will continue to encounter avoidable redirects.
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One origin, two decisions
Canonicalization combines a scheme decision and a hostname decision. The scheme is always HTTPS, and the hostname is always www.example.com. A request is canonical only when both values match. Testing only HTTP misses the important case where the bare host is already using HTTPS, while testing only the bare host misses HTTP requests made to www.
Check these prerequisites first
- DNS: Both
example.comandwww.example.commust resolve to the service that will issue the redirect or serve the site. Include IPv6 records if clients can reach your server over IPv6. Verify that both address families reach the same intended configuration. - TLS certificate: The certificate presented by the HTTPS virtual host must contain
www.example.com. If you want to accept HTTPS connections for the bare host before redirecting them, the certificate must also coverexample.com; otherwise a browser can reject the connection before it ever receives a redirect. A redirect cannot repair a failed TLS handshake. - Configuration access: Nginx requires server-level configuration. Apache’s preferred method also requires access to the main virtual-host configuration; use
.htaccessonly when that access is unavailable. - Proxy awareness: If a load balancer, CDN, or TLS terminator sits in front of Nginx or Apache, determine which layer receives the original host and scheme. Apply the rule where those values are reliable, and test the complete path through the proxy. A backend that sees every request as plain HTTP can create a loop when the client is already using HTTPS.
- Rollback: Save the current configuration and know how to restore it before enabling a permanent redirect. Browsers and intermediaries can cache a 301, making a mistaken rule persist after the server is corrected.
Make a short inventory before editing: the public DNS names, the listener that receives port 80, the TLS listener that receives port 443, and any intermediary that rewrites the host or scheme. This prevents a correct rule from being installed on a machine that never sees the relevant request.
Nginx: use separate server blocks and a direct return
Nginx’s documented canonical-host pattern is a separate server for each non-canonical name. A return directive in the server context ends processing immediately and sends the final URL. Keeping redirect blocks separate from the content-serving TLS block prevents an accidental redirect loop and makes the intended host mapping visible during review.
HTTP bare host to HTTPS www
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
return 301 https://www.example.com$request_uri;
}HTTP www host to HTTPS www
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.example.com;
return 301 https://www.example.com$request_uri;
}Canonical HTTPS site
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/tls/www.example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/tls/www.example.com/privkey.pem;
root /var/www/example;
# application locations go here
}Replace the example domain, certificate paths, document root, and application locations with the values used by your deployment. The certificate directives shown are illustrative paths; the important requirement is that the certificate is valid for the canonical host. The port-80 blocks do not need certificate directives because they only issue the redirect; the port-443 block does.
Why $request_uri matters
Nginx’s $request_uri variable contains the request URI as received, including the path and query string. Therefore a request for /images/logo.svg?size=2 becomes https://www.example.com/images/logo.svg?size=2 in the Location header. Do not replace it with a hand-written slash if the destination must retain arbitrary paths and parameters. Using the same variable in both port-80 blocks gives bare and www requests identical path handling.
Handling unexpected host headers
Requests can arrive with a hostname that is not one of the names listed above. If you need to catch them, add a deliberate default server that returns a controlled response or a fixed, known destination. Do not construct a redirect from an untrusted Host header; reflecting it can create an open-redirect or host-header attack. Decide whether unknown names should be rejected, logged, or redirected, and make that behavior explicit. A fixed canonical URL is preferable to echoing arbitrary input.
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Validate and reload Nginx
- Place the redirect blocks and the TLS block in the configuration location used by your installation.
- Run
nginx -t. Correct syntax errors, duplicate listen settings, missing certificate files, or an invalidserver_namebefore reloading. - Reload the service with your system’s service manager, for example
systemctl reload nginx. A reload applies the new configuration without dropping existing connections. - Test all four host-and-scheme combinations, including a path and query string, from a client that can reach the real proxy and TLS endpoint.
If another Nginx file already defines a default listener for port 80 or 443, inspect how the server blocks are included and ordered. The redirect must be selected for both names, while the canonical TLS block must be selected for www.example.com. Do not solve an unexpected match by adding a second, conflicting rule without first identifying which block currently answers.
Apache: preferred virtual-host configuration
Apache’s preferred HTTP-to-HTTPS solution is a dedicated port-80 virtual host using the Redirect directive, rather than a rewrite rule. The canonical site then lives in a separate port-443 virtual host. This keeps a simple redirect in the virtual-host layer and avoids making every request pass through directory-level rewrite processing.
Port 80 redirect virtual host
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName example.com
ServerAlias www.example.com
Redirect permanent / https://www.example.com/
</VirtualHost>The ServerName and ServerAlias lines make both HTTP names select this redirect virtual host. Redirect permanent issues a permanent external redirect from every path below / to the canonical HTTPS origin. Apache’s redirect processing carries the path suffix and query string; verify the exact result in your deployment, especially when another proxy rewrites requests first. A request for /docs/setup?step=2 should therefore arrive at the canonical host with that same path and parameter.
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Port 443 content virtual host
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName www.example.com
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/example/www.example.com.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/example/www.example.com.key
DocumentRoot /var/www/example
</VirtualHost>Use certificate and key files managed by your organization, and configure the remaining application directives required by the site. If clients can connect to https://example.com, provide a certificate valid for that name as well, or the TLS handshake can fail before Apache has an opportunity to redirect it. The canonical certificate must always include www.example.com.
Nginx and Apache configuration choices
| Server | Preferred location | Canonical redirect form |
|---|---|---|
| Nginx | Separate server blocks for non-canonical names |
return 301 https://www.example.com$request_uri; |
| Apache with virtual-host access | Dedicated *:80 virtual host |
Redirect permanent / https://www.example.com/ |
| Apache shared hosting | .htaccess fallback |
RewriteRule with scheme and host conditions |
The first two approaches keep the canonicalization close to the listener that knows the requested host. The .htaccess form is useful when permissions prevent virtual-host edits, but it depends on the rewrite module and directory settings and should not be used merely because it is familiar.
Check and reload Apache
- Install the two virtual hosts in the configuration files loaded by Apache.
- Run the platform’s configuration check, commonly
apachectl configtestorhttpd -t. - Reload Apache through the service manager after the check reports a valid configuration.
- Confirm that the intended virtual host is selected for both port 80 and port 443. A different first-listed or default virtual host can otherwise answer the request.
Apache .htaccess fallback
Shared hosting often permits directory-level .htaccess edits but not virtual-host changes. In that case, use mod_rewrite to test both the scheme and hostname:
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on [OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www.example.com$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^ https://www.example.com%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]How the conditions work
%{HTTPS}isonfor an SSL/TLS request. The first condition therefore matches plain HTTP.- The
[OR]joins the scheme test to the host test. The rule runs when either HTTP is detected or the host is not exactlywww.example.com, case-insensitively. %{REQUEST_URI}appends the original path to the canonical origin. Apache retains the original query string unless the substitution explicitly replaces it.[R=301,L]sends an external permanent redirect and stops this rewrite pass. TheLflag is important because a redirect without it can continue through later rules and produce another response or an unintended chain.
Change the regular expression and destination when your canonical domain differs. Ensure that the directory’s rewrite configuration allows this rule and that the required rewrite module is enabled. If HTTPS is terminated by a proxy, the backend’s value for %{HTTPS} may not reflect the client’s scheme; configure the proxy integration according to that platform’s documented headers and test carefully rather than guessing.
Place the rule where it runs for the intended document root, and review existing rewrite rules for a competing redirect. A later rule should not send the request to a second hostname after this one has already issued the canonical response. Keep the destination fully qualified so the client receives an external redirect to the exact origin.
Prevent redirect chains
A chain usually appears when one rule changes only the scheme and another changes only the hostname. Configure every non-canonical input to target https://www.example.com in one response. The canonical HTTPS host must not match a redirect condition. Chains are especially confusing when a browser follows them automatically, so inspect each response rather than looking only at the final page.
| Input to test | What to inspect |
|---|---|
http://example.com/path?x=1 |
Status 301 and a single Location pointing to HTTPS plus www, with /path?x=1 unchanged |
http://www.example.com/path?x=1 |
Status 301 directly to the canonical URL, not first to HTTPS on www through another hop |
https://example.com/path?x=1 |
Status 301 directly to HTTPS www; the certificate must be acceptable for the bare host |
https://www.example.com/path?x=1 |
A normal application response, with no Location redirect |
Command-line checks
Run these from a machine that reaches the production DNS and proxy path:
curl -sS -D - -o /dev/null 'http://example.com/path?x=1'
curl -sS -D - -o /dev/null 'http://www.example.com/path?x=1'
curl -sS -D - -o /dev/null 'https://example.com/path?x=1'
curl -sS -D - -o /dev/null 'https://www.example.com/path?x=1'In each header block, inspect the status and Location. To make an accidental chain obvious, follow redirects with a low maximum and view each hop:
curl -sS -I -L --max-redirs 5 'http://example.com/path?x=1'Browsers can hide old results because they cache permanent redirects. Use a private session or a command-line client while troubleshooting, and clear the browser’s cached redirect only after the server response is correct. Test a nested path, multiple query parameters, and a URL that is known to be handled by the application rather than checking only the home page.
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Choosing the status code for different clients
301 for a permanent web canonicalization
Use 301 when the old scheme and hostname should no longer be used and the resource has moved permanently. Apache’s rewrite R flag accepts symbolic or numeric status values, and a fully qualified replacement URL creates an external redirect. The permanent status communicates that clients should use the canonical address in future requests, which is why a mistaken 301 can remain visible after a configuration change.
307 or 308 when the request method must survive
Browsers commonly revisit a GET after a 301, but APIs and form submissions can use POST, PUT, or another method with a request body. Evaluate 307 or 308 when preserving the method and body is essential, and test the actual clients before publishing a permanent rule. Do not assume that every library handles each redirect status identically. The canonicalization target is the same; only the status and client behavior differ.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
The site loops between HTTP and HTTPS
Check whether the canonical HTTPS virtual host itself matches the redirect rule. In a proxy topology, verify whether the backend sees every request as HTTP even when the client connected over HTTPS. Correct the proxy-to-origin scheme handling or place the redirect at the layer that knows the original scheme.
The browser reports a certificate error on the bare HTTPS host
A redirect cannot repair a failed TLS handshake. Install a certificate containing example.com on the HTTPS endpoint that accepts the bare host, or stop advertising that HTTPS name until it has valid coverage. The canonical www certificate must likewise contain www.example.com.
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The path or query string disappears
On Nginx, use $request_uri exactly in the return target. On Apache rewrite fallback, use %{REQUEST_URI} and do not append a replacement query string unless you intentionally want to discard the original one. Test a nested path and multiple parameters rather than checking only the home page.
The wrong Apache site answers
Inspect which virtual host is bound to each address and port. Ensure the port-80 redirect host includes both names and that the port-443 host has ServerName www.example.com. A default virtual host or an omitted alias can make a correct rule appear ineffective.
Only some clients redirect
Compare DNS answers for IPv4 and IPv6, then test each proxy or load-balancer address. One listener may still serve an old configuration. Also check cached 301 responses and any application-level redirects that run after the web-server rule.
An unknown hostname is reflected in the redirect
Do not build the destination from the incoming Host header. Use a fixed canonical hostname, reject unknown names, or route them to an intentional default server. This both makes behavior predictable and avoids turning the server into an open redirect.
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Send the four test URLs through the public hostname, not only to the origin address. Confirm which layer emits the status and inspect whether the CDN has its own HTTP-to-HTTPS or host-normalization rule. Two independent layers can create a chain even when each configuration appears correct in isolation.
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Production checklist
- The canonical origin is explicitly documented as
https://www.example.com. - DNS for both host variants reaches the intended redirect or content service.
- The TLS certificate on every reachable HTTPS listener covers the names clients will request.
- Nginx uses separate port-80 server blocks and
return 301 https://www.example.com$request_uri;. - Apache uses a dedicated port-80 virtual host with
Redirect permanentwhen main configuration access exists. - The Apache
.htaccessrule is used only as a fallback and includes both conditions plus[R=301,L]. - All three non-canonical variants reach the final URL in one hop.
- Paths, encoded characters, fragments handled by the browser, and query strings are tested with representative requests.
- Unknown hostnames have deliberate handling and are never reflected into a redirect.
- The configuration test passes before reload, and the complete DNS, proxy, TLS, and origin path has been checked.
Frequently asked questions
Do I need separate redirects for HTTP and HTTPS?
You need to handle both schemes, but each non-canonical request can go directly to the same final URL. Nginx commonly does this with separate port-80 blocks plus a canonical port-443 block. Apache can handle both HTTP names in one port-80 redirect virtual host, while the .htaccess conditions catch either a non-HTTPS scheme or a non-canonical host.
Why redirect to www instead of the bare domain?
Either hostname can be canonical. The important property is choosing one and redirecting every alternate name to it. If you choose the bare domain instead, replace every www.example.com destination, server name, alias, and certificate reference consistently.
Will a redirect preserve query parameters?
Yes, when the rule uses the original URI correctly. Nginx’s $request_uri includes the path and query string, and Apache’s redirect and rewrite forms retain the original query string unless a replacement explicitly changes it. Verify with a URL containing more than one parameter.
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Can I redirect HTTPS on the bare host if its certificate is only for www?
No. The client must complete TLS before it can receive an HTTP redirect. The certificate on the endpoint accepting https://example.com must include example.com, even though the response immediately sends the client to www.
When should I use the Apache .htaccess rule?
Use it when the hosting arrangement does not permit edits to Apache’s virtual-host configuration. If you control the main configuration, the dedicated port-80 virtual host with Redirect permanent is the preferred and simpler location.
Is 301 safe for POST requests?
Do not assume that every client preserves a method or request body across a 301. For APIs or form submissions where that preservation is essential, evaluate 307 or 308 and test the real clients before making the redirect permanent.
How can I prove there is only one hop?
Request each of the four scheme-and-host combinations with headers displayed, then use curl -I -L --max-redirs 5 on a non-canonical URL. The first three should show one 301 and a final www HTTPS URL; the canonical URL should return application content without a redirect.
What should happen to an unrecognized hostname?
Choose an explicit policy: reject it, log and serve a controlled response, or redirect it to the fixed canonical hostname. Never copy an untrusted Host value into the Location header, because that can create an open redirect and unpredictable host-header behavior.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do I need separate redirects for HTTP and HTTPS?
Handle both schemes, but point every non-canonical request directly to the same final URL. Nginx uses separate port-80 blocks; Apache can use one port-80 redirect virtual host or the .htaccess conditions.
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Why choose www as the canonical host?
Either www or the bare domain is valid. Choose one consistently and redirect every alternate scheme and hostname to it.
Will paths and query parameters survive?
Yes. Use Nginx $request_uri or Apache’s URI variables and test nested paths with multiple parameters.
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When is .htaccess appropriate?
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Inspect headers for all four URL variants and follow one with curl using -I -L –max-redirs 5.
How should unknown hostnames be handled?
Reject them or send them to a fixed, intentional destination. Never reflect an untrusted Host header into a redirect.
The Bottom Line
Define https://www.example.com as the sole canonical origin, then send every other scheme-and-host combination there in one response. On Nginx, use separate port-80 server blocks with return 301 and $request_uri. On Apache, prefer a dedicated port-80 virtual host with Redirect permanent; use the .htaccess rewrite only when virtual-host access is unavailable. Confirm DNS, certificate coverage, proxy behavior, path and query preservation, and one-hop results before relying on the permanent status.
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