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Prepare a website for post-quantum TLS by deploying TLS 1.3 hybrid key agreement at every TLS termination point, then proving that live connections actually negotiate the hybrid group. Map each browser, edge, proxy, load-balancer and origin leg; inventory the exact TLS builds; select a standardized group; test clients and middleboxes; measure your own traffic; and treat post-quantum certificates as a separate project.
As of October 11, 2026, the standardized website path is the TLS 1.3 groups defined in IETF RFC 10024. Keeping TLS 1.2 for legacy clients can be a compatibility decision, but those TLS 1.2 sessions do not use this standardized post-quantum hybrid path.
What post-quantum TLS changes on a website
A normal TLS connection negotiates a shared secret and then uses that secret to protect application data. In a post-quantum TLS deployment, the key-agreement exchange combines a conventional ephemeral elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDHE) algorithm with a post-quantum key-encapsulation mechanism (KEM). The standardized TLS 1.3 groups combine ML-KEM with ECDHE.
The construction is intended to preserve confidentiality if at least one component remains secure. That matters for “harvest-now-decrypt-later” attacks: an adversary can record encrypted traffic today and attempt decryption in the future if a cryptographic assumption is broken. RFC 9954 describes the goal as enabling potential protection against retroactive decryption without immediately abandoning traditional cryptography. It also warns that hybrid exchanges increase computational work and message size.
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This is primarily a key-agreement deployment task. It does not automatically replace the certificate, signature, or certificate-authority ecosystem that authenticates your hostname. A site can negotiate a hybrid session while still using conventional certificate signatures.
Know the TLS 1.3 groups available now
RFC 10024, a Standards Track specification dated August 2026, defines three PQ/T hybrid groups for TLS 1.3. You do not need to enable all three. Select according to policy, client compatibility and measured workload.
| Group | Components | How the standard characterizes it | Decision factors |
|---|---|---|---|
X25519MLKEM768 |
X25519 ECDHE plus ML-KEM-768 | Widely deployed and often the most practical single hybrid choice | Usually the first group to evaluate when one broadly compatible hybrid is needed |
SecP256r1MLKEM768 |
SecP256r1 ECDHE plus ML-KEM-768 | For uses requiring both shared-secret components to use FIPS-approved mechanisms | Check your organization’s actual compliance interpretation and approved implementation list |
SecP384r1MLKEM1024 |
SecP384r1 ECDHE plus ML-KEM-1024 | For high-security environments seeking a larger security margin | Expect to evaluate larger messages and higher computational cost on your fleet |
The group name describes key agreement, not the certificate algorithm. Choosing X25519MLKEM768, for example, does not make an RSA or classical elliptic-curve certificate post-quantum.
Start with a complete connection map
List every hostname and every device that can terminate or initiate TLS. A browser-to-edge handshake and an edge-to-origin handshake are independent connections. A successful hybrid negotiation on one leg says nothing about the next leg.
| Topology | Connections to record | What to verify |
|---|---|---|
| Direct origin | Browser or API client to the origin server | The origin’s TLS 1.3 configuration, negotiated group and fallback behavior |
| CDN or managed edge | Visitor to edge; edge to origin | Hybrid negotiation on both legs, with separate telemetry for each terminator |
| Reverse proxy or load balancer | Client to proxy; proxy to application or origin | Whether the proxy terminates TLS, re-encrypts upstream, or passes through; inspect each handshake accordingly |
| API gateway or service mesh | External client to gateway; gateway to internal services | Internal TLS libraries and policies, not just the public endpoint |
Include alternate hostnames, regional endpoints, IPv4 and IPv6 listeners, staging environments, health-check endpoints, WebSocket listeners and administrative interfaces. Document which component owns certificates, which component selects supported groups, and where handshake logs are retained.
Inventory the exact implementation, not the product family
For each TLS endpoint, record the operating-system package, TLS library and exact build, server or proxy version, deployment image, enabled protocol versions, configured supported groups and any provider or module that supplies cryptography. A product name alone is not enough: distributions can backport features, disable defaults or ship different library builds.
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Check release notes and the provider’s support matrix for the build actually running in production. Cloudflare’s support documentation, accessed October 11, 2026, lists OpenSSL 3.5.0 or newer as enabling X25519MLKEM768 by default; thresholds and defaults differ across other implementations. Confirm the current documentation and inspect your running binary rather than assuming that a newer package has the same settings. See Cloudflare’s PQC support matrix.
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- Record whether TLS 1.3 is enabled and whether an explicit supported-groups list overrides library defaults.
- Identify any hardware accelerator, FIPS provider, cryptographic module or TLS inspection appliance in the path.
- Note which configuration applies to each listener, virtual host and geographic region.
- Save a change-controlled copy of the pre-rollout settings so that a compatibility rollback is possible.
Choose a group from policy and evidence
For many operators evaluating one group, X25519MLKEM768 is the practical starting point described by RFC 10024. That is a deployment preference, not a universal performance or compliance verdict. If policy requires both components of the shared secret to use FIPS-approved mechanisms, evaluate SecP256r1MLKEM768. If your risk model calls for the larger margin described by the RFC, evaluate SecP384r1MLKEM1024.
Use these questions before changing production settings:
- Does a contractual, regulatory or internal policy require a particular approved curve or module?
- Which groups are implemented by every client class that must remain supported?
- Can your edge, proxy, load balancer and origin all negotiate the same group?
- What handshake size, CPU and latency increase can your capacity plan absorb?
- Will an explicit supported-groups list accidentally remove a newly supported hybrid group?
Do not select a group solely because a scan reports that the library “supports PQC.” Support can mean that code exists while a policy, build option or configuration prevents negotiation.
Enable the TLS 1.3 hybrid path
- Provision a test endpoint. Clone the production TLS policy into a hostname or listener that exercises the same library, proxy chain, certificates and network controls. Keep a conventional TLS 1.3 test path available for comparison.
- Upgrade the cryptographic stack where required. Install a release that implements the RFC 10024 groups, including any provider or module it requires. Verify the exact build and restart behavior in a non-production environment.
- Set the protocol floor deliberately. Enable TLS 1.3 for the hybrid path. If TLS 1.2 remains available for legacy clients, make it an explicitly documented compatibility path; it is not post-quantum under the standardized website mechanism. RFC 9852 says new protocols using TLS must require TLS 1.3, while TLS 1.2 can remain an additional non-default option when deployment constraints demand it.
- Configure supported groups. Select the group or groups approved by your policy. Avoid an overly narrow list until client testing demonstrates that the required population can connect. Conversely, do not enable every experimental or draft identifier merely because a library accepts it.
- Preserve observability. Turn on negotiated-group logging, handshake result codes and per-listener metrics before exposing the setting to users. Ensure logs distinguish the client-to-edge and edge-to-origin legs.
- Canary the configuration. Route a small, representative portion of traffic to the hybrid listener. Compare success rates, fallback, handshake latency, CPU, memory and response errors with the control listener.
Some current server and library versions enable a hybrid group by default; others require explicit configuration. Treat the release documentation and observed handshakes as authoritative for your deployment.
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Test clients and middleboxes before broad rollout
Hybrid key shares are materially larger than traditional shares. Cloudflare documents that an ML-KEM hybrid ClientHello is typically split across two packets, a detail that can expose protocol-ossification bugs in origins, firewalls, TLS inspection devices and load balancers. RFC 9954 likewise identifies larger key-share and ciphertext messages as an engineering consideration.
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Build a client matrix
- Test current desktop and mobile browsers used by your audience.
- Test the language runtimes, SDKs, command-line clients and embedded devices that call your APIs.
- Include older but still supported client versions and clients that do not implement the hybrid group.
- Exercise resumed sessions as well as fresh handshakes; a resumption path can hide a failure that appears only on a full exchange.
- Test IPv4, IPv6, HTTP/2, HTTP/3 where enabled, and connections that traverse corporate proxies.
Exercise network paths
- Place TLS inspection appliances, web application firewalls, enterprise proxies and intrusion-prevention devices in the test path.
- Test fragmented ClientHello handling, maximum transmission unit changes and packet loss.
- Verify that a proxy does not silently strip the hybrid supported-group extension or force a classical group.
- Check that upstream health checks use a client profile capable of negotiating the intended group, or document why they intentionally use a classical control path.
Record the client version, path, negotiated group and failure reason for every test. A successful browser test from one network is not evidence that every API client or middlebox works.
Verify what each connection actually negotiated
A feature flag, cipher-suite list or successful deployment is not proof of hybrid negotiation. Inspect the negotiated group on live connections, separately for every TLS leg.
Check an origin directly
Cloudflare documents this OpenSSL-compatible BoringSSL client check for an origin:
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Verify the public edge
Use a client that supports the selected group, capture the TLS handshake or consult endpoint telemetry, and record the negotiated group. If the client offers a hybrid group but the server selects X25519 or another classical group, the connection is encrypted but not hybrid. Determine whether the cause is server policy, client preference, a middlebox, or a missing implementation.
Verify the upstream leg
For a CDN or reverse proxy, inspect origin-side logs or provider telemetry. The edge can negotiate X25519MLKEM768 with a visitor while using a classical group to the origin. Treat those as two independent results in dashboards and compliance reports.
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Measure your own workload
There is no single current-production performance number that applies to every website. RFC 9954 identifies additional computation and larger messages, but CPU impact, latency and failure rates depend on hardware, connection churn, packet size, congestion, session resumption and the implementation.
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- Full-handshake success and failure rates, separated by client family and endpoint.
- Negotiated-group distribution, including classical fallback.
- Time to complete the TLS handshake at the edge and origin.
- CPU time, peak CPU, memory and cryptographic-operation rates on each terminator.
- Packet counts, fragmentation, retransmissions and connection resets.
- HTTP request latency after handshake, so application delay is not confused with TLS cost.
- Fallback frequency and the exact alert or error generated when a client cannot use the hybrid group.
Load-test fresh connections, not only long-lived keep-alive traffic. Repeat tests across regions and at realistic concurrency. Keep a classical TLS 1.3 control cohort so that a change in network or application behavior is not misattributed to post-quantum negotiation.
NIST’s migration FAQ points to preliminary TLS interoperability and performance work conducted before December 2023 with draft PQC KEM standards. Those results are useful historical context, but they are not a current production benchmark for the finalized ML-KEM groups. See NIST’s migration FAQ.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Keep certificate authentication as a separate workstream
Hybrid key agreement protects the establishment of session keys. It does not change the signature on the server certificate or the algorithms used by a certificate authority. RFC 9954 explicitly places next-generation authentication outside the hybrid key-exchange scope.
Maintain a separate inventory of certificate signature algorithms, certificate chains, private-key storage, issuance workflows, client validation behavior and any planned post-quantum or hybrid signature migration. Cloudflare describes post-quantum origin signatures as a separate capability and notes that hybrid ML-KEM key agreement is more broadly deployed than post-quantum authentication in its environment; this is an observation about that provider’s network, not a global adoption rate.
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Use adoption statistics carefully
Cloudflare reported that about 70% of browser-generated traffic reaching its network used hybrid ML-KEM on visitor-to-Cloudflare connections in 2026, while about 15% of the origins it connected to used hybrid ML-KEM. These figures have different denominators and are provider-reported aggregates; they are not global web-adoption rates and do not predict the result for an individual domain. The provider’s visibility announcement is at “Is your domain using post-quantum encryption? Now you can see for yourself”.
Roll out in stages
Stage 1: Discovery
- Export all public hostnames, certificates, listeners and upstream targets.
- Draw each TLS leg, including regional and internal connections.
- Record exact software builds, current supported groups and protocol floors.
- Define which clients and middleboxes are mandatory for business operations.
Stage 2: Lab and canary
- Deploy the selected group on a test listener using production-equivalent software.
- Run the client and middlebox matrix, including fragmented ClientHello tests.
- Capture negotiated groups and handshake metrics on both sides of every proxy.
- Canary a small traffic slice and compare it with a classical TLS 1.3 control.
Stage 3: Expand by connection leg
- Enable the hybrid group at the public edge after client compatibility meets your threshold.
- Enable it on edge-to-origin links and verify the origin-side negotiation independently.
- Extend to internal gateways and service-to-service links where the same risk and policy apply.
- Review capacity and error budgets after each expansion, not only at the end.
Stage 4: Operate and review
- Alert on unexpected drops in hybrid negotiation, fallback spikes, handshake failures and packet fragmentation.
- Recheck defaults after library, operating-system, proxy and CDN upgrades.
- Retest newly introduced clients and middleboxes before removing classical compatibility.
- Track certificate-authentication migration separately from key-agreement coverage.
Troubleshoot common failure patterns
The endpoint supports the group but negotiates a classical one
Check the client’s offered groups, the server’s configured list and any proxy that terminates and re-initiates TLS. An explicit classical-only list, an outdated provider module or a middlebox that strips the extension can all produce a successful but non-hybrid handshake. Confirm the result from a known-compatible client and inspect both connection legs.
Clients fail only when a hybrid group is enabled
Compare failures by client version and network path. Test TLS inspection appliances and older libraries first, because larger or fragmented ClientHello messages can trigger parser and filtering defects. Keep a documented fallback policy while affected clients are upgraded; do not claim that their TLS 1.2 or classical TLS 1.3 sessions are post-quantum.
The edge test passes but the origin test fails
Configure and verify the upstream TLS library independently. The edge’s negotiated group is not inherited by the origin connection. Check origin SNI, supported groups, provider modules and the exact server build reached by the edge.
Handshake latency or CPU rises sharply
Separate fresh handshakes from resumed sessions, then compare the selected group, concurrency and packet retransmissions with the control cohort. Scale or tune the affected terminator only after confirming that the increase is cryptographic rather than caused by fragmentation or a network device retrying connections.
A certificate scanner still reports classical signatures
That result can be expected. Hybrid key agreement and certificate authentication are separate mechanisms. Verify the negotiated group for the session, then handle certificate-signature migration under its own plan.
Operational checklist
- Every hostname and TLS terminator is mapped.
- Every TLS leg has an owner, exact software build and supported-group record.
- TLS 1.3 is enabled for the hybrid path; any TLS 1.2 exception is documented as legacy compatibility.
- A policy decision explains why the selected group or groups fit compliance and risk requirements.
- Modern, legacy and non-hybrid clients have been tested.
- Middleboxes, fragmented ClientHello messages and regional network paths have been tested.
- Negotiated groups are observable on visitor-to-edge and edge-to-origin connections.
- Handshake, CPU, latency, packet and fallback metrics have a baseline and alert thresholds.
- Rollback settings are stored and tested.
- Certificate and signature migration is tracked separately.
What a successful preparation looks like
A prepared website can name every TLS connection it operates, identify the implementation that serves it, select a standardized TLS 1.3 hybrid group for a stated reason, and demonstrate the negotiated result with telemetry or repeatable client tests. It also knows which clients fall back, what that fallback means, how larger handshakes affect capacity, and where certificate authentication remains conventional. That evidence—not a product label or a supported-algorithm list—is the basis for calling the deployment ready.
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