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To move a WordPress site from a subdomain such as blog.example.net to its own domain such as example.com on Ubuntu, change three layers in order: DNS, the Ubuntu web-server virtual host, and WordPress’s canonical URLs. Then issue a certificate for the new hostname and test the old and new addresses before retiring the subdomain.
The safest sequence is: make the new domain resolve to the server, configure Apache or nginx to answer for that hostname, update WordPress Address and Site Address (or map the domain to a Multisite subsite), enable HTTPS, and verify administration, assets, redirects, and login cookies.
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What actually changes when a WordPress subdomain gets its own domain
A browser request reaches your server through several independent decisions. DNS decides which IP address answers for the destination domain. Apache or nginx then chooses a virtual host (Apache) or server block (nginx) by matching the HTTP Host header. WordPress finally decides which hostname is canonical by reading its URL settings and generating links, cookies, redirects, and asset URLs.
Changing only one layer produces familiar failures: the new domain may show the wrong site, WordPress may redirect back to the subdomain, HTTPS may fail, or the page may load with missing styles and images. Treat the migration as a coordinated configuration change rather than a single WordPress setting.
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Before you start: prerequisites and a safe plan
- Administrative access to the Ubuntu server and the account that manages DNS for the destination domain.
- A registered destination domain, for example
example.com, and a decision about whether visitors will also usewww.example.com. - The WordPress document-root path and the web server in use. On Ubuntu this is commonly Apache or nginx, but do not assume: inspect the running service before editing files.
- A current database and file backup. URL changes affect serialized settings, redirects, login cookies, and cached pages; a backup gives you a way to restore the previous address.
- A maintenance window or a way to prevent content changes while you update URLs and clear caches.
Keep the old subdomain online until the new host has passed your checks. It is useful for rollback and for redirecting existing links after the migration is confirmed.
1. Point DNS at the Ubuntu server
Create an A record for the new domain that contains the server’s public IPv4 address. If the server has IPv6, add an AAAA record as well. Create equivalent records for www if that hostname will be accepted by the site. An alias such as CNAME www example.com can be used where your DNS provider supports it, but the apex domain itself normally uses an A or AAAA record.
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Check from a machine outside the server’s network:
dig +short example.com A
dig +short example.com AAAA
dig +short www.example.com AEach result should be an address assigned to the Ubuntu host. If you are testing before public DNS is ready, an entry in a client’s /etc/hosts file can map the hostname temporarily, but that affects only that client and does not satisfy public certificate validation.
2. Identify and prepare the web server
Find which service is listening on ports 80 and 443 before changing configuration:
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sudo ss -ltnp | grep -E ':80|:443'
sudo systemctl status apache2
sudo systemctl status nginxUse the procedure for the service that actually serves the WordPress files. Do not create an Apache site file for an nginx installation, or vice versa. In either case, the new hostname must be unique among all sites on the server; otherwise the first or default virtual host may answer.
Apache configuration
Create a dedicated virtual host
Ubuntu’s Apache layout stores available site definitions in /etc/apache2/sites-available/. Create a file such as /etc/apache2/sites-available/new-domain.conf and replace the example values with your domain and WordPress path:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName example.com
ServerAlias www.example.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/wordpress
<Directory /var/www/wordpress>
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
Require all granted
</Directory>
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/example-error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/example-access.log combined
</VirtualHost>ServerName is the hostname Apache uses to match this virtual host. The DocumentRoot must be the directory containing wp-admin, wp-content, and wp-includes. The directory block grants access and permits WordPress’s .htaccess rewrite rules; if your server deliberately uses a different rewrite policy, preserve that policy rather than enabling overrides blindly.
Enable the site and rewrite support
- Enable the new definition:
sudo a2ensite new-domain.conf - Enable URL rewriting if it is not already enabled:
sudo a2enmod rewrite - Check the complete Apache configuration:
sudo apache2ctl configtestThe expected result is
Syntax OK. - Reload without stopping active connections:
sudo service apache2 reload
If an unwanted default site is catching requests with an unrecognized host, disable it only after confirming that no other application depends on it:
sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf
sudo apache2ctl configtest
sudo service apache2 reloadUbuntu’s Apache guidance notes that the hostname must be mapped to the machine, either through DNS or a client-side /etc/hosts entry. Once DNS is live, test the new host directly so Apache’s name-based matching can be verified.
nginx configuration
Create a server block
nginx uses files in /etc/nginx/sites-available/ and enabled links in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/. Create /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com with a server block suited to the installed PHP-FPM version. This example assumes the WordPress files are in /var/www/wordpress and that the PHP socket path is known on your system:
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server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
root /var/www/wordpress;
index index.php index.html;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;
}
location ~ .php$ {
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php8.2-fpm.sock;
}
location ~* /.ht {
deny all;
}
}Change php8.2-fpm.sock to the socket provided by your installed PHP-FPM package. A wrong socket path causes PHP requests to return a gateway error even though static files still load. Confirm the path under /run/php/ and use the version that is actually running.
Enable and validate the block
- Create the symbolic link:
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/example.com - Test nginx syntax:
sudo nginx -t - Reload nginx after a successful test:
sudo systemctl reload nginx
Each nginx site needs a unique server_name. Ubuntu’s multi-site pattern commonly uses one HTTP block that redirects to HTTPS and a second TLS block, although Certbot can add or adjust those blocks after the certificate request.
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Sign in to the existing WordPress dashboard while the old address still works. Go to Settings → General. Change both fields to the destination URL:
- WordPress Address (URL) is where the WordPress core files are located.
- Site Address (URL) is the public address visitors use.
Use the same scheme and hostname you intend to serve, such as https://example.com. Do not add a trailing slash to the value. Save the changes once; WordPress may immediately redirect the browser to the new host, so open a new tab before saving if you need to keep the old dashboard session available.
If the dashboard becomes inaccessible because the values were saved incorrectly, define the URLs temporarily in wp-config.php before the line that says to stop editing:
define( 'WP_HOME', 'https://example.com' );
define( 'WP_SITEURL', 'https://example.com' );These constants override the database values while present. Use them to regain access, correct the settings, and then remove them if you want the URLs managed from the dashboard.
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Replace old URLs in content and configuration
Changing the two General Settings fields does not rewrite every old link stored in posts, widgets, menus, theme options, or plugin settings. Search the database for the old subdomain and replace it with the new host using a WordPress-aware tool that understands serialized data. A plain SQL string replacement can corrupt serialized option lengths and break settings.
After the replacement, purge page-cache, object-cache, and CDN entries. Inspect the page source and browser developer tools for requests still going to the subdomain. Update hard-coded URLs in theme files, custom CSS, JavaScript, feeds, XML sitemaps, and any external service that calls a webhook or REST endpoint.
4. Obtain and enforce HTTPS
Request a certificate only after public DNS resolves every hostname that users will visit. Ubuntu documents Certbot commands for both supported web servers. For Apache:
sudo certbot --apache -d example.com -d www.example.comFor nginx:
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.comInclude only hostnames that resolve to this server and that you intend to serve. Certbot’s web-server plugins can edit the configuration and reload the service after successful issuance; they also set up renewal automation. Confirm renewal configuration with your distribution’s Certbot documentation and perform a dry run where supported.
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5. Test the migration before retiring the subdomain
Run these checks from a normal browser and, where useful, from the command line. Keep the old site and its DNS record available until all checks pass.
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- DNS: confirm that
example.comand anywwwname return the intended server address from an external resolver. - Virtual-host selection: request the new hostname and verify that the expected site, not another application or the default host, responds. Review Apache access logs or nginx logs if the response is unexpected.
- HTTP behavior: open
http://example.comand confirm one deliberate redirect to the chosen HTTPS URL. - TLS: open the HTTPS address, inspect the certificate, and check that it covers every hostname users can enter.
- WordPress front end: test the home page, several posts, categories, search, feeds, pagination, contact forms, and any custom post types.
- Administration: open
/wp-admin/, sign in, edit a draft, upload an image, and verify that the dashboard does not jump back to the old subdomain. - Assets: inspect CSS, JavaScript, images, fonts, and embedded media for old-host URLs or browser mixed-content warnings.
- Redirects: test an old subdomain URL and confirm it reaches the corresponding new URL without alternating between HTTP and HTTPS or between hosts.
- External integrations: check payment callbacks, webhooks, analytics settings, email links, social previews, and any API client that stored the old origin.
Use a header request to see the redirect chain:
curl -I http://example.com
curl -I https://example.com
curl -I https://blog.example.net/A reverse-proxy deployment needs one additional check: WordPress must receive the correct HTTPS indication from the proxy. WordPress documents that a mismatch between the proxy’s SSL headers and WordPress’s perception of the request can create an infinite redirect loop. Ensure the proxy forwards the HTTPS header and that the application trusts it according to your deployment design.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Single site versus WordPress Multisite
Single site
A normal installation generally needs one web-server host definition, the two WordPress URL values, a certificate, and a controlled replacement of old URLs in content and caches. The site’s database and uploads remain in the same installation.
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Multisite subsite
Multisite adds a domain-mapping layer because the site is part of a network. WordPress states that domain mapping is a native feature in WordPress 4.5 and later. Older Multisite versions required a domain-mapping plugin. Native support does not remove the DNS, virtual-host, URL, or certificate work: the mapped domain still has to resolve to the network’s server and be accepted by its web-server configuration.
In the network administration area, map the subsite currently reachable at an address such as subsite1.networkdomain.com to example.com, following the network’s domain-mapping settings. Do not change the network’s primary domain when you intend to move only one subsite. Review the mapped site’s scheme, home URL, and site URL after saving.
Multisite login failures often involve cookies rather than DNS. Check the cookie-domain and mapped-domain guidance in WordPress’s network configuration documentation, including any COOKIE_DOMAIN setting in wp-config.php. Test logging in, logging out, switching between network administration and the mapped site, and opening the site in a private browser window.
Common failures and precise fixes
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check and fix |
|---|---|---|
| The wrong website appears | DNS points elsewhere, or the request matches a default virtual host. | Verify external DNS answers, the Apache ServerName or nginx server_name, the enabled-site link, and the order or default status of other hosts. Reload after correcting the configuration. |
| Apache refuses to reload | Syntax error, invalid path, or a conflicting directive. | Run sudo apache2ctl configtest, read the reported file and line, correct it, and test again before reloading. |
| nginx returns a 502 error for PHP | The PHP-FPM socket in fastcgi_pass does not exist or its service is stopped. |
List /run/php/, use the running PHP-FPM socket, check its systemd status, run sudo nginx -t, and reload. |
| Certificate issuance fails | DNS has not propagated, the hostname is not publicly reachable, or a requested name is missing from DNS. | Wait for public resolution, test port 80 from outside the server, and request a certificate covering each hostname visitors will use. |
| Browser reports an infinite redirect | WordPress URL values, duplicate HTTP/HTTPS rules, or reverse-proxy HTTPS headers disagree. | Inspect the redirect chain with curl -I, make the WordPress scheme match the canonical URL, remove duplicate redirects, and correct proxy SSL forwarding. |
| Styles or images are missing | Content still references the old host, or cached pages contain stale URLs. | Perform a serialized-data-safe database replacement, inspect theme and plugin settings, regenerate caches, and check the browser console for mixed-content errors. |
| Multisite users cannot log in | Mapped-domain cookies do not match the host being used. | Review the network’s cookie-domain and mapped-domain settings, remove stale cookies, and retest in a private window. |
When to remove or redirect the old subdomain
Do not delete the old virtual host immediately after the new address works. First export a list of important old URLs and test their redirects. Configure a permanent redirect from the old subdomain to the equivalent path on the new domain, not merely to the new home page. Preserve query strings where applications need them, and monitor logs for unexpected 404 responses.
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After search engines, external integrations, and users have had time to adopt the new address, you can remove the old site definition and DNS record. Keep the database and file backup from before the change, and document the final canonical hostname, certificate names, DNS records, and web-server file so the configuration can be recreated during a later server move.
Quick Recap
Apache and nginx at a glance
| Task | Apache | nginx |
|---|---|---|
| Configuration location | /etc/apache2/sites-available/ |
/etc/nginx/sites-available/ |
| Hostname directive | ServerName (plus optional ServerAlias) |
server_name |
| Enable site | sudo a2ensite new-domain.conf |
Symbolic link into /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ |
| WordPress routing | Usually .htaccess with mod_rewrite and AllowOverride All |
try_files fallback to index.php |
| PHP handling | Distribution-specific Apache PHP module or PHP-FPM proxy | PHP-FPM socket or upstream configured with fastcgi_pass |
| Configuration test | sudo apache2ctl configtest |
sudo nginx -t |
| Reload | sudo service apache2 reload |
sudo systemctl reload nginx |
| Certbot integration | sudo certbot --apache ... can edit Apache and reload it |
sudo certbot --nginx ... can edit nginx and reload it |
Final decision checklist
- The destination domain and every intended alias resolve to the Ubuntu server.
- Apache’s
ServerNameor nginx’sserver_namematches the requested host. - The site definition passes its configuration test and has been reloaded.
- WordPress Address and Site Address use the chosen HTTPS hostname, or the Multisite subsite has been mapped to it.
- A certificate covers the apex and any
wwwhostname that users can visit. - Old-host URLs have been replaced safely, caches cleared, and assets checked for mixed content.
- Administration, login cookies, redirects, forms, integrations, and representative content work on the new domain.
- The old subdomain remains available for intentional redirects until the migration is stable.
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