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For a repeatable npm install, commit package-lock.json and use npm ci in CI and deployment. For a newly added direct dependency, npm install --save-exact can also record an exact version in package.json. These controls make dependency resolution easier to reproduce and review; npm audit and npm audit signatures provide separate security signals, not proof that a package is safe.
What does pinning an npm dependency mean?
Pinning involves two related but different controls. An exact version in package.json narrows the allowed version of a direct dependency. A committed package-lock.json records the resolved dependency tree, including transitive dependencies, so later installs can reproduce it. npm recommends committing the lockfile for consistent installs across development, deployment, and CI. npm’s package-lock documentation describes the lockfile’s role.
An exact manifest version is not required for a reproducible install: when locked versions satisfy the ranges in package.json, npm uses the locked versions. The lockfile and manifest therefore serve different purposes rather than replacing each other. npm install documentation explains how installs interact with the manifest and lockfile.
How to pin a new direct dependency
Save an exact version in package.json
To install a new direct dependency and save its selected version without a semver range, run:
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npm install --save-exact <package>Replace <package> with the package name. By default, npm saves a semver range; --save-exact changes the saved declaration to an exact version. You can also configure npm’s save-exact setting if you want that behavior for future installs. See npm install documentation for the option and its behavior.
Review and commit both files
Inspect the changes to package.json and package-lock.json, then commit both. The manifest shows the direct dependency declaration; the lockfile captures the resolved project tree. The lockfile’s integrity metadata is a Subresource Integrity value for the artifact unpacked at that location—it records artifact integrity, not whether the package’s code is trustworthy. npm’s package-lock documentation describes the lockfile fields and purpose.
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How to update dependencies without losing reviewability
Make dependency changes deliberately and inspect the resulting lockfile diff before committing. An npm install can update the lockfile when its existing versions no longer satisfy the ranges in the manifest. Review additions, removals, version changes, and resolution or integrity data rather than treating a successful install as sufficient review. The relevant install behavior is documented in npm install documentation.
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How to make CI and deployment installs repeatable
Use npm ci with the committed lockfile in CI and deployment. Unlike a routine install that can update the lockfile, npm ci is intended for a clean, frozen install. It requires a package lock, removes an existing node_modules directory, fails if the lockfile and package.json disagree, and does not rewrite either file. Read npm ci documentation for the command’s requirements and behavior.
- Commit the manifest and lockfile. Keep
package.jsonandpackage-lock.jsontogether in the project. - Keep install settings consistent. If the lockfile was created using tree-shaping options such as
--legacy-peer-depsor--install-links, use the same settings withnpm ci. - Prefer a project-level setting for shared options. A committed project
.npmrccan record relevant settings so local, CI, and deployment installs use them consistently. - Run the clean install. In the project’s CI or deployment job, invoke
npm ciand treat a manifest/lockfile mismatch as a dependency change to resolve and review, not as a reason to silently regenerate files in the job.
Which npm checks answer which security question?
Reproducibility, known-vulnerability reporting, and signature or provenance checks are different controls. The table separates what each does from what it cannot establish.
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| Control | What it helps establish | What it does not establish |
|---|---|---|
Exact direct version in package.json |
Constrains the declared version of that direct dependency. | Does not assess the safety of the pinned code or by itself capture the full resolved tree. |
Committed package-lock.json |
Records the resolved dependency tree for repeatable installs; its integrity metadata records artifact integrity. | Does not certify that package code is benign. |
npm ci |
Installs from the lockfile and checks that it agrees with the manifest without rewriting either file. | Does not report all malicious behavior or known vulnerabilities. |
npm audit |
Requests known vulnerability information from the configured registry and can report affected dependency paths and suggested fixes. | Does not provide a general package-safety certification; some findings may require manual intervention. |
npm audit signatures |
Where supported, verifies registry signatures and provenance attestations for downloaded packages. | Is evidence about signatures and provenance, not proof that code is harmless or that a publisher account was uncompromised. |
How to use npm audit and signatures
Report known vulnerabilities
Run npm audit to ask the configured registry for known vulnerability information. Review affected paths and suggested fixes, then assess the proposed changes in context. Do not apply npm audit fix blindly: inspect the resulting dependency changes before committing them. An audit report concerns known vulnerability information, and npm notes that some findings require manual intervention. See npm audit documentation for CLI v11 and npm’s vulnerability auditing guide.
Check signatures and provenance where supported
Run npm audit signatures where the registry and package support verification. npm documents this command for checking registry signatures and provenance attestations. Treat a successful result as evidence about those signatures or attestations—not as an assessment of whether the package’s behavior is safe. Consult the npm audit command documentation for supported behavior.
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A practical dependency-change checklist
- Use an exact manifest version for a new direct dependency when that is the policy you want; otherwise, a semver range can still be installed reproducibly when the lockfile satisfies it.
- Commit
package-lock.jsonand review its diff whenever dependencies change. - Use
npm ciin CI and deployment, with the same lockfile-affecting options used to create the lockfile. - Run
npm auditand evaluate findings and proposed fixes as vulnerability information, not as a complete safety verdict. - Where supported, run
npm audit signaturesas a distinct signature and provenance check.
The cited npm install and lockfile pages present npm CLI 12.1.0, while the detailed audit command page is for npm CLI v11. Behavior and available options can vary by CLI version, so check the documentation matching the npm version your team runs.
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