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Use the kernel boot parameter transparent_hugepage=never for a persistent top-level THP policy. A command such as echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled changes a running system, but it does not survive reboot and does not necessarily cover every newer per-size or shmem control. Add the parameter through your distribution’s bootloader configuration, reboot, and verify both the received kernel command line and the active sysfs policy.
What “permanently disabled” means
Transparent Huge Pages (THP) is a kernel memory-management feature that can use large pages for eligible allocations without requiring applications to request them explicitly. Linux exposes policy controls through /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/. Those controls can be changed while the system is running, but a runtime write is not a durable boot configuration.
The upstream kernel administrator documentation identifies transparent_hugepage=never as the kernel-command-line setting for changing the boot-time default of the top-level enabled control. The parameter is applied while the kernel is starting, before ordinary userspace services run. That makes it the appropriate starting point when you need the policy in effect from early boot rather than after a service or startup script executes.
There is an important scope qualification: the kernel documentation also warns that setting never in all sysfs THP controls does not disable THP globally. Current kernels can expose several anonymous THP sizes and separate file-backed or tmpfs/shmem controls. If your requirement is “no THP allocation of any class,” inspect those additional controls instead of treating the top-level setting as proof that every possible path is disabled.
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Inspect the existing configuration first
Record the current boot arguments and every THP control that your kernel exposes before making changes. Run:
cat /proc/cmdline
cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag 2>/dev/null || true
find /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage -path '*/hugepages-*/enabled' -o -name shmem_enabled 2>/dev/null/proc/cmdline shows the arguments actually received by the running kernel, not merely what you intended to place in a bootloader file. In the enabled and defrag files, Linux normally displays available policies with the active one in square brackets, for example always madvise [never]. The bracketed value is the effective policy for that control.
- Save the original output of
cat /proc/cmdline. It gives you a rollback reference and helps detect an accidentally replaced argument list. - Notice whether
defragexists. Some kernels expose it; others or some configurations may not. - Use the
findresult to identify per-size anonymous controls such ashugepages-*/enabledand anyshmem_enabledfiles. Their presence means the kernel has more policy surfaces than the top-level file alone.
Choose the persistent mechanism
| Method | Survives reboot? | When it takes effect | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|
echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled |
No | Immediately, on the running kernel | Runtime-only; does not prove that other THP controls or early-boot allocations are covered. |
transparent_hugepage=never on the kernel command line |
Yes, while retained in the boot configuration | During kernel startup | Bootloader syntax is distribution-specific; newer per-size and shmem controls still need inspection for strict coverage. |
| systemd unit or tmpfiles rule that writes sysfs | Potentially, if installed and enabled | After userspace initialization and according to ordering | Distribution-specific and later than a kernel boot parameter; may miss early allocations or exposed controls unless all are handled. |
For a normal persistent top-level policy, use the boot parameter. Treat a systemd or tmpfiles write as a fallback when your distribution’s operational policy requires it, and verify its ordering rather than assuming it is equivalent to a kernel parameter.
Method 1: add transparent_hugepage=never to the kernel command line
RHEL 8 and systems using grubby
Red Hat documents this command for applying the argument to the default kernel entry:
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sudo grubby --args="transparent_hugepage=never" --update-kernel=DEFAULTThe command updates the boot configuration without requiring you to hand-edit a GRUB file. Keep the existing kernel arguments; do not replace the complete command line with a shortened version.
GRUB-based distributions without grubby
- Inspect and save the current command line:
cat /proc/cmdline- Open your distribution’s GRUB defaults file, commonly
/etc/default/grub, with administrative privileges. - Add
transparent_hugepage=neverto the kernel-command-line variable used by that distribution. Preserve every unrelated option already present, including console, storage, resume, security, and virtualization arguments. - Run the bootloader configuration generator supported by your distribution. The command and output path differ between distributions and firmware layouts; use the local GRUB documentation rather than copying a generator command intended for another distribution.
- Reboot:
sudo rebootEditing /etc/default/grub alone is not enough if your distribution requires a generated GRUB configuration. The parameter must be present in the boot entry that actually starts the system.
Why rebooting is required
A reboot makes the kernel parse the parameter from the beginning of the boot sequence. It also prevents a misleading situation in which a late startup script changes a sysfs value only after some services have already allocated memory. Plan the restart for a maintenance window if the host runs workloads that cannot tolerate interruption.
Verify the result after reboot
Run the same checks again:
cat /proc/cmdline
cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag 2>/dev/null || true
find /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage -path '*/hugepages-*/enabled' -o -name shmem_enabled 2>/dev/nullVerification has two independent parts:
- Boot receipt:
/proc/cmdlinemust contain the exact tokentransparent_hugepage=never. This proves that the running kernel received the argument. - Effective policy: the top-level
enabledfile should showneverin brackets where that control exists, such asalways madvise [never].
Review the additional paths printed by find. A top-level bracketed never does not, by itself, document the state of every per-size anonymous control or of shmem_enabled. If your operational requirement includes file-backed or tmpfs allocations, record the active policy shown by each relevant control and apply the kernel version’s documented per-size configuration where necessary.
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Understanding newer multi-size THP controls
Recent kernels may support multiple anonymous THP sizes rather than one anonymous huge-page size. Such kernels can expose paths resembling:
/sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/hugepages-<size>kB/enabledThe thp_anon= boot parameter can set policy per supported anonymous size. When that parameter is used, anonymous THP sizes that are not explicitly configured are implicitly set to never. The exact size entries available depend on the kernel build, so enumerate them with the inspection command instead of assuming a fixed directory set.
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This distinction explains why a runtime command aimed at one path is not a universal disable switch. It changes one live control; it does not rewrite every policy exposed by the kernel, nor does it become a boot default after restart.
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Using a systemd or tmpfiles fallback
Some enterprise operating procedures manage startup settings with a systemd unit or a tmpfiles rule that writes to the THP sysfs files. This can be useful when a distribution supplies a supported unit or when the bootloader cannot be changed, but it runs later than a kernel command-line parameter.
- Confirm that the unit is enabled for every boot target that matters.
- Check ordering relative to services that allocate memory; a late write cannot retroactively change allocations made earlier.
- Write every relevant control required by your scope, including per-size and shmem paths where present.
- After a reboot, verify the files themselves and inspect the unit’s status and journal if the expected bracketed value is not active.
Do not call this mechanism equivalent to transparent_hugepage=never without checking the distribution’s ordering and the controls it actually manages. The boot parameter remains preferable when the goal is to establish policy during kernel startup.
Troubleshooting a setting that “comes back”
The parameter is missing from /proc/cmdline
The running system did not boot with the argument. Common causes are editing a file without regenerating the bootloader configuration, updating a non-selected boot entry, or changing a configuration that belongs to a different bootloader or firmware layout. Recheck the generated entry using your distribution’s supported tools, then reboot and test /proc/cmdline again.
The parameter is present, but the top-level file does not show [never]
Confirm that you are reading the control from the running kernel and that the value is shown in square brackets. If the argument is present but the result differs, inspect the kernel version, boot entry, and any startup service that writes to sysfs. Also check whether you are looking at a separate per-size or shmem control rather than the top-level enabled file.
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The value changes after services start
Find which service, unit, or configuration-management job writes to /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/. A runtime writer may be overriding the boot policy. Remove the conflicting write or make the ordering intentional, then reboot and verify both the command line and the final sysfs state.
Only some THP paths are disabled
Run the find command again and inspect every returned hugepages-*/enabled and shmem_enabled path. Multi-size anonymous THP and shmem controls are independent policy surfaces. Use the kernel’s documented thp_anon= mechanism for supported anonymous sizes and configure shmem controls according to the requirement you are enforcing.
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A workload behaves differently after the change
THP policy can affect workloads differently, and there is no universal performance percentage that applies to every kernel or application. Compare behavior with workload-specific measurements, while recording the kernel version, active command line, and all relevant THP policies. Do not treat a benchmark from one environment as a guarantee for another.
Quick Recap
How to roll back safely
- Record the current state, including
cat /proc/cmdlineand the THP sysfs files. - Remove
transparent_hugepage=neverwith the same bootloader tool used to add it. With a GRUB defaults file, remove only that token and preserve the other kernel arguments; then run the distribution’s configuration generator again. Withgrubby, use its corresponding argument-removal operation for the kernels you previously updated. - Reboot.
- Confirm that
/proc/cmdlineno longer contains the token and inspect the bracketed policies in the relevant sysfs files. The resulting default depends on the kernel and distribution configuration, so verify it rather than assuming a particular policy.
Operational checklist
- Save the original
/proc/cmdlineoutput. - Inspect top-level
enabled, optionaldefrag, per-size anonymous controls, and shmem controls. - Add
transparent_hugepage=neverthrough the supported bootloader mechanism. - Preserve unrelated kernel arguments.
- Regenerate the bootloader configuration when the distribution requires it.
- Reboot so the policy is established during kernel startup.
- Verify the token in
/proc/cmdline. - Verify bracketed
[never]in each control relevant to your scope. - Investigate any startup service that changes the values after boot.
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