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Pass the address in an X-Forwarded-For header, then have Apache’s mod_remoteip turn that trusted value into the request’s effective client address. Varnish adds its client.ip to the header when it forwards a request to a backend; Apache must be configured to trust only the Varnish address or subnet that can send the header.
The safe pattern is: establish a trusted proxy boundary in Varnish, configure Apache with RemoteIPHeader X-Forwarded-For and a narrow RemoteIPTrustedProxy list, then verify both the rewritten address and the original header in logs. Never treat an arbitrary client-supplied forwarding header as authoritative.
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When a browser connects through Varnish, Apache no longer sees the browser’s TCP connection. Apache sees a connection from Varnish, so an ordinary access log records the Varnish address unless the proxy identity is forwarded and Apache is told to use it.
The usual request path is:
- The client connects to Varnish. In a direct HTTP/TCP setup,
client.ipis the address of that connection peer. - Varnish sends the request to Apache and supplies
X-Forwarded-For. Current Varnish automatically appendsclient.ipto that request header for backend requests. - Apache’s
mod_remoteipreads the header, validates the forwarding chain against its trusted-proxy configuration, and exposes the resulting address as the effective remote client address.
If another load balancer or TLS terminator is in front of Varnish, the value Varnish sees depends on that upstream connection. With PROXY protocol enabled and correctly configured, Varnish can obtain the original-client address from the metadata supplied by the upstream proxy. Without that protocol, Varnish normally sees the upstream proxy as its peer.
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Choose the forwarding method for your topology
| Situation | How Varnish gets the address | What Apache must trust | Operational concern |
|---|---|---|---|
| Client connects directly to Varnish over HTTP/TCP | Varnish uses the connection peer in client.ip and forwards it in X-Forwarded-For. |
The Varnish source address or subnet. | Ensure clients cannot bypass Varnish and reach Apache directly. |
| A load balancer or TLS terminator precedes Varnish and sends ordinary HTTP | Varnish sees the upstream proxy’s connection address. Any existing forwarding header must be accepted only if that upstream hop is trusted. | Apache still trusts Varnish; Varnish’s own boundary must decide which upstream information is authoritative. | A client can forge an incoming X-Forwarded-For value unless the first trusted proxy replaces it. |
| An upstream proxy sends PROXY protocol to Varnish | Varnish can populate client.ip from the original-client metadata carried by PROXY protocol. |
The Varnish source address or subnet, as in the other cases. | The listener and upstream must agree on PROXY protocol; a protocol mismatch prevents reliable connections. |
Use ordinary X-Forwarded-For forwarding when the HTTP proxy chain is under your control. Use PROXY protocol when a preceding load balancer must convey the original address at the transport layer and both ends support the same protocol configuration.
Configure Varnish at the trusted boundary
Rely on Varnish’s built-in forwarding
For a current Varnish installation, no custom append code is required just to pass the direct client address. Varnish automatically appends client.ip to X-Forwarded-For when creating the backend request. This behavior is the starting point for the Apache configuration.
Inspect the header received by Apache before adding custom VCL. A hand-written append block can add the same address twice, producing a misleading chain and making troubleshooting harder.
Overwrite an untrusted incoming header
Clients can send an X-Forwarded-For header themselves. If Varnish is the first proxy you control and must discard all client-supplied values, reset the header at that boundary:
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vcl 4.1;
sub vcl_recv {
# Remove any client-supplied chain at the first trusted proxy.
set req.http.X-Forwarded-For = client.ip;
}This overwrite is appropriate only where Varnish is the trusted boundary. Do not add a second manual “append client.ip” operation on top of Varnish’s current built-in forwarding. After deploying, capture a backend request or inspect a temporary Apache log to confirm the resulting header contains the intended chain.
When an upstream proxy is present
Decide explicitly whether the upstream proxy is trusted to supply the original address. If it sends ordinary HTTP, determine which forwarding header it writes and whether Varnish should replace that header at the boundary. If it sends PROXY protocol, configure the Varnish listener and the upstream sender for that protocol and verify that client.ip changes to the original-client value. Do not assume that an address in a header is genuine merely because it came from a network device.
Enable Apache’s client-address rewriting
Load mod_remoteip
Enable Apache’s mod_remoteip using the module-loading mechanism provided by your distribution. The exact command or configuration file varies by operating system, but Apache must load the module before it can process the directives below.
Set the forwarding header and trusted proxy
Add the following directives in the server or virtual-host configuration that receives requests from Varnish:
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RemoteIPHeader X-Forwarded-For
RemoteIPTrustedProxy 192.0.2.10
# Or maintain several Varnish addresses in a file:
# RemoteIPTrustedProxyList /path/to/varnish-proxies.conf192.0.2.10 is documentation-only example space. Replace it with the actual source address used by Varnish when it connects to Apache. Do not copy that example address into production. If Varnish uses several addresses or a managed range, list the specific addresses or a deliberately scoped subnet. A maintained file is useful when the set changes; it still must contain only addresses that are allowed to present forwarding information.
Restart or gracefully reload Apache using your distribution’s normal procedure, then verify the configuration syntax before putting traffic through it. If the module is not loaded, Apache will reject or ignore the remote-IP directives rather than rewriting the application-visible address.
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How Apache evaluates an X-Forwarded-For chain
Apache processes a comma-delimited X-Forwarded-For chain from right to left. It starts with the address of the immediate connection, checks whether that proxy is trusted, and walks toward the left until it reaches an address that is not trusted to present the preceding value. The first untrusted address becomes the effective client address.
This right-to-left rule is why a narrow trusted-proxy list matters. Consider a header such as:
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198.51.100.24, 203.0.113.7If Apache’s connection is from a trusted Varnish address and the chain is valid, Apache can use the left-hand client address after processing the trusted hop. If an untrusted address appears before the claimed client, Apache stops there instead of blindly accepting the leftmost value.
Do not declare every private network or an entire internet-facing range trusted merely to make logs look correct. A host that can connect to Apache from a trusted address can potentially influence the identity Apache accepts. Keep the list limited to actual Varnish egress addresses and update it whenever those addresses change.
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Test the complete path in stages. The goal is to compare the raw forwarding chain with Apache’s rewritten address, not to look at one field and assume the configuration is correct.
- Confirm Varnish’s backend request. Use a request capture, backend diagnostic endpoint, or temporary Apache input logging to verify that Varnish sends
X-Forwarded-For. Record the exact chain and the source address of the TCP connection. - Confirm the module is active. Check Apache’s loaded-module list and configuration test output for
mod_remoteip. A missing module means the header remains ordinary request metadata. - Compare effective and raw values. Temporarily log Apache’s effective address,
%a, together with the incomingX-Forwarded-Forfield,%{X-Forwarded-For}i. For example, a custom log format can include both fields alongside the request line:
LogFormat "%a %{X-Forwarded-For}i %r" ip_chain
CustomLog logs/access_log ip_chainThe %a value should become the client address selected by mod_remoteip; the header field shows the chain Apache received. Keep this diagnostic format temporary or protect the log because forwarding headers can contain attacker-controlled text.
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- Test an honest request. Connect from a known client address and confirm that the application and access log see that address rather than Varnish’s address.
- Test a forged header. Send a request from an untrusted client with a deliberately false
X-Forwarded-Forvalue. At the first trusted proxy, the value should be replaced or otherwise handled according to your boundary policy; Apache must not accept an arbitrary client claim as the identity. - Test every ingress path. Repeat the checks for HTTP and HTTPS listeners, each load balancer, health-check path, IPv4 and IPv6 path, and any direct-to-origin route. One unprotected listener can reintroduce incorrect or spoofed addresses.
- Remove temporary diagnostics. Once the chain is verified, return to the normal log format or retain only the fields needed for ongoing security monitoring.
Troubleshooting common failures
Apache still logs the Varnish address
- Verify that
mod_remoteipis loaded and that Apache accepted the directives after a reload. - Check that
RemoteIPHeaderexactly namesX-Forwarded-For; header names are not a substitute for loading the module. - Confirm the TCP source address reaching Apache matches a configured
RemoteIPTrustedProxyentry. A NAT address, container address, or load-balancer address may differ from the address you expected. - Inspect the raw header. If Varnish did not send it, Apache cannot reconstruct the original client address.
The application sees an unexpected intermediate address
- Read the chain from right to left and identify the first untrusted hop. Apache is designed to stop there.
- Check whether a load balancer, TLS terminator, or another reverse proxy inserted an address that is not represented in the trusted topology.
- Do not solve the symptom by trusting a broad range. Correct the chain and add only the actual proxy address that is authorized to write it.
The header contains the client address twice
- Review VCL for a manual append operation. Current Varnish already appends
client.ipfor backend requests. - If you reset the header in
vcl_recv, do not add a second custom append block. Capture the final backend request to determine whether duplication occurs in your specific Varnish version and request path.
Every request appears to come from the same upstream device
- Determine whether Varnish is receiving a direct client connection or a connection from a preceding proxy. Without PROXY protocol,
client.ipmay correctly be the upstream device. - If the upstream is expected to provide the original address, verify that PROXY protocol is enabled on both the sender and Varnish listener, or establish a documented HTTP forwarding policy at that boundary.
Some clients show malformed or missing addresses
- Check for multiple ingress routes that use different header names or omit forwarding entirely.
- Inspect IPv6 formatting, NAT behavior, and health-check requests separately.
- Confirm that no intermediary strips or rewrites
X-Forwarded-Forbefore the request reaches Apache.
Security rules for trustworthy client IPs
- Trust the writer, not the text. An
X-Forwarded-Forvalue is authoritative only when every hop that can write it is trusted. - Reset at the first trusted boundary when necessary. Overwriting a client-supplied chain in Varnish prevents an untrusted caller from choosing the address Apache later consumes.
- Keep Apache’s trust scope narrow. Use the actual Varnish source addresses or a controlled subnet, and maintain the list as infrastructure changes.
- Block origin bypass. Firewall Apache so users cannot reach it directly and submit their own trusted-looking headers.
- Separate identity from rate limiting. Make sure the component enforcing limits uses Apache’s rewritten address only after the proxy chain has been validated. A forged chain can otherwise let one client appear as many.
- Protect diagnostic logs. Raw forwarding headers may include untrusted strings. Restrict access and avoid retaining temporary verbose formats longer than needed.
- Document each hop. Record which device terminates TLS, which device speaks PROXY protocol, which address Varnish uses to reach Apache, and which addresses Apache trusts.
Operational maintenance
Recheck the configuration whenever Varnish moves hosts, gains a new egress address, changes container networking, or is placed behind a new load balancer. Update Apache’s trusted list before switching traffic; otherwise Apache will safely stop at the new untrusted hop and logs will change.
Keep a repeatable verification request for deployments. It should record the client’s known address, the Varnish-to-Apache source address, the complete X-Forwarded-For chain, and Apache’s effective %a value. Run it after module upgrades, VCL changes, listener changes, and firewall changes.
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Recommended end state
For the common direct-client-to-Varnish-to-Apache layout, leave Varnish’s automatic client.ip forwarding enabled, overwrite a client-supplied header only at the trusted Varnish boundary, load Apache’s mod_remoteip, set RemoteIPHeader X-Forwarded-For, and trust only Varnish’s real source address or subnet. If another proxy supplies the original address, make its HTTP or PROXY-protocol behavior explicit and test the entire chain. This gives applications and logs the real client address without turning a forgeable header into an unchecked identity claim.
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