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Use Lsyncd to watch a directory on your Linux machine and asynchronously mirror each change to a VPS over SSH. For a remote VPS, the built-in default.rsyncssh action is usually the right choice: rsync transfers file contents, while SSH commands can perform remote moves and deletions without needlessly retransferring data. The setup is one-way, can delete files that are absent from the source, and should be validated in the foreground before you enable it as a service.
What Lsyncd does—and what it does not do
Lsyncd (Live Syncing Daemon) monitors a local directory tree through the operating system’s filesystem-event interface, such as Linux inotify. It groups events for a short delay, then starts rsync processes to bring a destination into line with the source. This event-driven, asynchronous design is different from block-level replication: Lsyncd works with files and directories and is intended for a slowly changing tree.
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- Source: the directory watched by Lsyncd on the machine where the daemon runs.
- Target: a directory on the VPS reached through an SSH account.
- Direction: source to target only. Changes made directly on the VPS are not merged back automatically.
- Timing: a filesystem event is queued, then transferred after the configured delay and when an Lsyncd process slot is available.
Lsyncd is not a versioned backup. Under normal mirror configuration, a file that exists at the target but no longer exists in the source can be deleted remotely. Keep an independent backup if the target contains anything you cannot recreate.
Requirements and planning checks
Supported software
Install Lsyncd and rsync on the source machine and rsync on the VPS. Lsyncd 2.2.1 requires rsync 3.1 or newer on all source and target machines. Check the versions on both hosts before troubleshooting synchronization:
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lsyncd -version
rsync --versionPackage names and service-unit names differ by Linux distribution, so use your distribution’s package manager and service documentation. The procedure below assumes a Linux source and a Linux VPS with an SSH server.
SSH account and permissions
Create or select an SSH account that can create, modify, move and delete files in the remote target directory. The account does not need unrestricted root access if the target tree is owned by that account or its group. Confirm the local daemon user can read the source and the SSH account can write the destination.
A daemon must authenticate without an interactive password prompt. Use a dedicated key, restrict its access where practical, and record the key path, SSH port and remote account. The Lsyncd SSH table accepts an identity file, port and additional SSH options.
Use absolute paths
Choose an exact source path and an exact target path. A trailing slash changes rsync’s meaning: /srv/site/ mirrors the contents of site, while /srv/site can result in a nested site directory depending on the command. Decide which behavior you want and use the same form consistently.
Before enabling the daemon, inspect ownership, free space, filesystem mounts and any exclusions you need for caches, sockets, temporary files, credentials and active database files.
Choose the Lsyncd action for a VPS
| Action | How it reaches the destination | When to use it | Important behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
default.rsyncssh |
Rsync data transfer plus SSH commands on the remote host | Preferred for a remote VPS when SSH is available | Remote moves can be performed locally on the VPS instead of deleting and retransferring moved data |
default.rsync |
Rsync transport to a remote rsync endpoint or shell target | Cases where the standard rsync action fits your transport | Does not provide the SSH-aware remote move handling of rsyncssh |
-rsyncssh command-line mode |
SSH-aware quick invocation | Short experiments or a temporary test | Less explicit than a maintained configuration file for logging, status and exclusions |
default.rsyncssh separates the remote host from targetdir. It still uses rsync for transfer, but can ask the VPS to move files or directories locally. That matters when a rename occurs: moving an already-transferred file on the VPS is cheaper than treating the rename as a deletion followed by a full upload.
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Create a working configuration
Save a configuration such as /etc/lsyncd/lsyncd.conf.lua. Some distributions use a different path; pass the actual file path explicitly when starting Lsyncd.
settings {
logfile = "/var/log/lsyncd/lsyncd.log",
statusFile = "/var/log/lsyncd/lsyncd.status",
statusInterval = 20,
}
sync {
default.rsyncssh,
source = "/srv/site/",
host = "deploy@vps.example.com",
targetdir = "/srv/site/",
delay = 15,
rsync = {
archive = true,
compress = true,
verbose = true,
},
ssh = {
identityFile = "/root/.ssh/id_ed25519",
port = 22,
},
}This is Lua syntax. The settings block writes operational data, while the sync block defines one source-to-VPS relationship.
What each setting controls
| Setting | Purpose | Decision to make |
|---|---|---|
logfile |
Receives daemon and synchronization messages | Place it on a filesystem with enough space and rotate it according to your distribution’s policy |
statusFile |
Stores periodic status information | Keep it readable by the operators who monitor the daemon |
statusInterval |
Sets the status update interval in seconds | The example writes status every 20 seconds |
source |
Local tree watched by Lsyncd | Use an absolute path and verify it is the intended tree |
host |
SSH destination, including the remote user | Use the least-privileged account that owns the target |
targetdir |
Remote directory to mirror | Confirm the account can create, move and delete entries there |
delay |
Seconds Lsyncd waits while collecting events | Shorter values reduce latency; a longer value batches bursts and reduces process churn |
archive |
Passes rsync’s archive behavior | Preserves the usual file metadata represented by archive mode; verify this matches your ownership and permission model |
compress |
Compresses data during transfer | Useful over a constrained link; it consumes CPU on both ends |
verbose |
Requests more transfer detail | Helpful during validation, but monitor log volume in production |
identityFile |
Private key used by SSH | Use a key readable by the daemon user and protect its permissions |
port |
SSH TCP port | Set it to the VPS’s actual SSH port, not necessarily 22 |
For multiple VPS targets, add additional sync blocks or use the documented multi-target command-line form. Give each target its own path, account and operational checks so a mistake in one destination does not go unnoticed.
Test the connection before starting Lsyncd
Run the SSH test as the same user that will run Lsyncd. Testing as your login account and then running the daemon as root (or another service user) can hide key, known-hosts and permission problems.
ssh -i /root/.ssh/id_ed25519 deploy@vps.example.comConfirm that the connection does not ask for a password, reaches the expected host, and lands in an account that can access the target. If the VPS uses a nonstandard port, test it explicitly:
ssh -i /root/.ssh/id_ed25519 -p 2222 deploy@vps.example.comCheck the remote path without changing data:
ssh -i /root/.ssh/id_ed25519 deploy@vps.example.com 'test -d /srv/site && test -w /srv/site && echo writable'If host-key verification, a passphrase, an agent or a permission prompt is required interactively, fix that before Lsyncd is placed under a service manager.
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Validate in the foreground
- Start Lsyncd without daemonizing so errors remain visible in the terminal:
sudo lsyncd -nodaemon /etc/lsyncd/lsyncd.conf.lua - In a separate shell, create a harmless test file inside the source tree:
printf 'lsyncd testn' | sudo tee /srv/site/lsyncd-test.txt - Edit the file, rename it, and remove it. These operations exercise more than a simple upload.
- Watch the configured log and verify each result on the VPS:
tail -f /var/log/lsyncd/lsyncd.log ssh -i /root/.ssh/id_ed25519 deploy@vps.example.com 'ls -l /srv/site' - Stop the foreground process after the test and remove the test artifact from both sides if it remains.
The configured 15-second delay is not a guarantee that every change appears exactly 15 seconds later. Lsyncd also waits for available process slots, and a large transfer or a slow connection can extend the time. Look for a queued event, an rsync error or an SSH failure in the log before changing the delay.
Understand deletion before going live
Mirroring means making the target resemble the source, not merely copying new files. The Ubuntu lsyncd(1) documentation warns that normal configuration deletes pre-existing target files that are not present in the corresponding source directory.
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That creates three high-impact failure modes:
- Source deletion: removing a file locally removes its mirrored copy on the VPS.
- Wrong source path: a typo or empty mount can make Lsyncd treat the wrong tree as authoritative and remove expected target content.
- Unmanaged target files: a file uploaded directly to the VPS can disappear on a later synchronization if it is absent from the source.
Use a disposable target for the first full synchronization. Keep backups outside the mirror, and decide in advance whether the destination should be strictly identical or whether certain remote-only files must be protected by exclusions or a separate directory.
Do not place an active database data directory under an ordinary file-event mirror and assume it is crash-consistent. Database replication, snapshots or application-specific export and restore are more appropriate for block-level or transactional consistency. Lsyncd is intended for slowly changing trees, not heavily concurrent workloads that require a coherent point-in-time image.
Exclude files that should never be mirrored
Build exclusions around the application rather than copying an entire server tree by default. Common candidates include:
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- Temporary upload and editor files
- Unix sockets, lock files and process identifiers
- Application caches and generated thumbnails that can be rebuilt
- Private keys, environment files and other secrets that the VPS does not need
- Database files that are being actively modified
- Large local build artifacts or dependency directories regenerated during deployment
Add exclusions using the rsync options supported by your installed Lsyncd version, then test them with a disposable file whose name matches and one that does not. An exclusion that is too broad can silently omit required application files; an exclusion that is too narrow can expose secrets or create noisy event traffic.
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Run it as a service after validation
Once SSH, permissions, initial synchronization, rename behavior, deletion behavior and exclusions have passed the foreground test, start the service using your distribution’s Lsyncd unit or daemon command. Do not assume the service uses the same user, environment, home directory or SSH known-hosts file as your interactive shell.
- Confirm the service points to the intended configuration file.
- Verify the service user can read the private key and source tree.
- Check that the service user has a writable known-hosts location or that host verification is configured safely.
- Watch the log and status file after startup, not only the service’s “active” state.
- Trigger a small create/edit/rename/delete test after every configuration change.
The status file is useful for ongoing observation, while the log explains individual transfers and failures. Integrate both with your normal log retention and alerting approach. A running process alone does not prove that the target is current.
Command-line shortcuts for experiments
The invocation guide documents a compact rsync mode:
lsyncd -rsync /home/USER/src remotehost:dstFor an SSH-aware remote target, use:
lsyncd -rsyncssh /home/USER/src REMOTEHOST TARGETDIRThese forms are convenient for trying the mechanism or confirming connectivity. A Lua configuration is preferable for a persistent setup because it makes delay, logging, status reporting, SSH identity, port and rsync behavior explicit and reviewable. Use lsyncd -version when documenting or diagnosing the installed build.
Troubleshoot by symptom
No files move at all
- Run the SSH command manually as the daemon user.
- Check that the source path exists and is mounted before Lsyncd starts.
- Confirm the target account can write the target directory.
- Read the Lsyncd log for an authentication, permission or rsync-version error.
- Ensure the daemon is watching the configuration file you edited.
Files arrive late
- Account for the configured
delay; the example waits 15 seconds before launching a transfer. - Check whether a previous large rsync process is occupying available slots.
- Measure the transfer size and network throughput rather than repeatedly lowering the delay.
- Remember that Lsyncd batches filesystem events and is asynchronous by design.
Renames cause a full upload
Verify that the sync action is default.rsyncssh, that host and targetdir are separate fields, and that the SSH account can execute the required remote move operations. A plain rsync setup may handle a rename as a delete and a new transfer.
Files disappear from the VPS
Compare the exact source and target paths, inspect recent source deletions, and look for an unexpectedly empty or unmounted source filesystem. Check exclusions and remember that remote-only files are not preserved by a strict mirror. Restore from the independent backup before restarting synchronization if the deletion was harmful.
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Compare users, environment variables, key paths, known-hosts files and working directories. Replace relative paths with absolute paths, make the identity file readable only by the service user, and test the service after a reboot or an explicit stop/start cycle.
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Check both ends with rsync --version. Lsyncd 2.2.1 requires rsync 3.1 or newer on every source and target machine; upgrading only one side may leave the error unchanged.
Operational checklist
- Source and VPS both run supported rsync versions.
- The daemon user’s SSH test succeeds without interaction.
- Source and target are absolute, intended paths with correct trailing-slash semantics.
- The remote account has only the permissions required for the target tree.
- A disposable target has passed create, edit, rename and delete tests.
- Exclusions cover temporary data, sockets, caches, secrets and unsuitable database files.
- Independent backups exist outside the mirror.
- Log and status files are monitored and retained.
- Operators understand that the mirror is one-way and can delete target-only files.
- The chosen delay matches the application’s acceptable propagation time and the link’s capacity.
Choosing settings for common use cases
| Use case | Suggested approach | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| Static website or document tree | default.rsyncssh, archive mode, moderate delay, explicit cache exclusions |
Files change individually and remote renames can be handled efficiently |
| Frequent development builds | Exclude generated dependencies and caches; use a delay that batches bursts | Reduces needless transfers and event storms |
| Large media directory | Use compression only if CPU and network measurements justify it; keep independent backups | Compression can save bandwidth but adds CPU cost, while large files lengthen the asynchronous catch-up time |
| Transactional database storage | Use database replication, snapshots or application-level backups instead of ordinary Lsyncd mirroring | Filesystem events do not provide transactional or point-in-time consistency |
| Two sites that both edit files | Do not treat Lsyncd as bidirectional synchronization | The documented model is source-to-target; concurrent edits require a conflict-aware system |
Security and recovery practices
Use a dedicated deployment account and key where possible. Limit that account’s access to the target tree, protect the private key, and use a firewall policy that permits SSH only from the source host or trusted network when feasible. Keep the VPS host key verified; disabling host-key checks to “make the daemon work” trades a startup problem for a man-in-the-middle risk.
Before changing the source layout, pause the service or make the change in a controlled window. If a bad path or deletion removes remote files, stop Lsyncd first so it does not continue propagating the mistake. Restore the target from backup, correct the configuration, re-test with a disposable directory, and only then resume the service.
Bottom line
For a Linux directory that must be kept current on an SSH-accessible VPS, configure default.rsyncssh with absolute paths, a noninteractive key, an explicit delay, and log/status files. Validate it with -nodaemon and real create/edit/rename/delete tests before enabling the service. Treat the result as an asynchronous, one-way mirror—not a backup or database-replication system—and protect the destination with exclusions and independent backups.
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