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There is no single SGX-to-TDX conversion. First determine whether the workload uses a library operating system (LibOS), such as Gramine or Occlum, or calls the Intel SGX SDK directly. A LibOS workload can often move to a TDX confidential virtual machine (CVM) with limited application changes. A native SGX SDK workload needs an architectural rewrite because its enclave boundaries, generated interface code and SGX-specific APIs do not exist in TDX.
Start by classifying the workload
Classification determines the migration effort more reliably than the programming language, enclave size or cloud provider. Inventory every binary, service and container that participates in the trusted workflow, then place each workload in one of these categories:
| Starting architecture | What the application depends on | Likely first TDX direction |
|---|---|---|
| LibOS application | A LibOS mediates SGX interactions and presents a conventional application interface | Run the application in a TDX CVM, then validate compatibility and replace any LibOS-only security services |
| Direct SGX SDK application | Enclave entry points, ECALLs, OCALLs, EDL files, Edger8r-generated glue and SGX APIs | Redesign as one TDX application or as separate applications or containers with software-enforced controls |
A LibOS can hide much of the SGX programming model, so its application may run outside an enclave with little or no source change in principle. That does not make it an automatic lift-and-shift: file encryption, key release, attestation helpers and other LibOS conveniences may not be present in the target environment. An application written directly against the SGX SDK cannot run unchanged outside SGX because its trusted and untrusted portions communicate through SGX-specific boundaries.
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Intel defines the trusted computing base (TCB) as the software inside an SGX enclave or an Intel TDX Trust Domain. SGX puts the hardware isolation boundary around an enclave. TDX puts that boundary around a virtual machine. Consequently, a TDX design normally trusts more software than a minimal SGX enclave: virtual firmware, the guest kernel and the rest of the guest operating system are inside the CVM’s protection boundary.
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TDX attestation can establish that a particular CVM was launched with an expected initial state. It does not, by itself, identify every application that later runs inside that VM. If your SGX deployment released a secret only after proving the enclave measurement, you must design an equivalent application-identity check for TDX. This is a security requirement, not merely a deployment detail.
There is no published, workload-independent performance, cost or TCB-size figure that can predict your result. Benchmark the actual service on the selected TDX platform after functional and attestation validation.
Choose a target path
LibOS to a full guest OS in a TDX CVM
This is the closest option to a lift-and-shift. Package the existing application and its LibOS-supported runtime in a TDX CVM, boot a supported guest OS, and run the compatibility suite. Check system calls, threading, signals, time sources, device access, networking, storage and process management rather than assuming that a successful boot proves compatibility.
The simplicity has a security trade-off. The full guest OS and virtual firmware become part of the TCB. TDX attestation covers the CVM, but application integrity inside it needs additional measurement or verification. Review every LibOS feature that previously enforced a security property. Automatic file encryption and decryption, enclave-key handling, trusted path setup and built-in attestation may need to be replaced with guest-level or service-level components.
LibOS to a reduced-kernel TDX CVM
A reduced Linux kernel and a deliberately minimized user space can remove unused code from the TCB relative to a general-purpose guest. This approach requires more platform engineering: define the system-call and device surface, build and update the reduced image, and ensure that the LibOS and application do not depend on omitted services.
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Reducing the guest does not automatically attest the application. Keep application identity, secret-release policy and update verification as separate design tasks. A smaller kernel is useful when minimizing the TCB is important, but it is not a substitute for an application measurement strategy.
Containerized LibOS workload with Confidential Containers
For a containerized service, a Confidential Containers (CoCo) model can place each pod in its own CVM. The workflow combines guest attestation with policy checks on signed or encrypted images; a secret-management service releases credentials only after the policy succeeds. This provides more granular workload policy than attesting a general-purpose CVM alone.
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Direct SGX SDK to one unified TDX application
In this path, combine the formerly trusted and untrusted portions into a normal program that runs inside a TDX CVM. Remove SGX calls, enclave lifecycle code, EDL files and Edger8r-generated boundary glue. Replace ECALL and OCALL interfaces with ordinary function calls, IPC or another explicit in-process design, and then review memory handling because SGX’s hardware-enforced separation no longer exists between those portions.
The result can have a smaller operational stack than a multi-container design, but separation is now a software property. Bugs in the formerly untrusted portion can affect the formerly trusted logic unless you add language-level isolation, privilege separation, process boundaries or other defenses.
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Direct SGX SDK to separate applications or containers
Retain functional segmentation by turning the old trusted and untrusted components into separate processes, services or containers. Remove SGX-specific APIs and generated glue from each component, then enforce the intended relationships with network policy, service authentication, filesystem permissions and a container manager.
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This preserves a useful software architecture but does not recreate hardware enclave isolation. The container management system and its supporting services enlarge the TCB compared with a single unified program. Application-level attestation still requires additional work, and network controls must fail closed during startup, restart and policy changes.
Use this migration workflow
1. Capture the SGX security contract
Write down what the current deployment proves before releasing a key or processing protected data. Record enclave measurements, signer or version checks, trusted input paths, encrypted files, rollback rules, debug restrictions, key-wrapping services and the conditions under which secrets are released. Distinguish confidentiality from integrity: a design that hides data from the host may still require proof that the intended application, rather than an arbitrary process in the VM, is running.
2. Map code and runtime dependencies
- For LibOS workloads, list the LibOS version, supported system calls, runtime libraries, encrypted-file features and attestation hooks.
- For SDK workloads, locate enclave source, trusted and untrusted projects, EDL files, generated Edger8r output, ECALL and OCALL definitions, sealing and key-derivation code, and SGX device or driver assumptions.
- List external services that participate in provisioning, attestation, key release, logging and updates.
- Record data formats and state that must remain decryptable after the move; do not assume SGX sealing keys can be used unchanged in TDX.
3. Select the TDX platform and guest image
Confirm that the intended cloud or private platform actually offers TDX, that the required region and instance type are available, and that the guest OS, kernel, firmware and orchestration stack support the TDX features you need. Availability and software support change over time, so validate the exact platform and image rather than relying on a generic “TDX capable” label.
4. Build a minimal proof of execution
Launch a non-production CVM with the chosen image and prove that it can boot, obtain networking, mount required storage, start the workload and shut down cleanly. Capture the TDX quote and verify it in the same way your production key service will. Test ordinary failure cases: an altered image, an unexpected kernel, a changed command line, a failed quote, a clock problem and a restarted VM.
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5. Port the application according to its class
For a LibOS application, begin with the smallest source change possible and concentrate on compatibility. Replace LibOS functions that supplied encryption, attestation or secret handling. For a direct SDK application, remove the SGX build chain and generated boundary code before introducing the TDX runtime; treating the old enclave as a black-box binary usually hides assumptions that must be redesigned.
6. Rebuild identity and secret release
Bind secrets to a verifiable TDX measurement and to the application identity you intend to run. Depending on the architecture, that identity can include an immutable guest image, a measured launch configuration, a signed application image, a container digest and an approved policy. Separate the evidence collected from the CVM from evidence about the application. Release the minimum credential set only after all required checks pass.
7. Validate behavior and security separately
Run functional tests for correctness, compatibility, throughput and recovery. In parallel, run security tests for unauthorized storage access, network reachability, image replacement, rollback, debug configuration, stale credentials and policy bypass. Test upgrades and node replacement; a design that attests only the initial boot may fail when the application is updated or restarted.
8. Roll out in stages
- Deploy a development CVM with synthetic or declassified data.
- Exercise attestation and key release against a non-production trust domain.
- Run the workload in shadow or read-only mode beside SGX, comparing outputs and failure handling.
- Canary a small production slice with narrowly scoped credentials and an immediate rollback path.
- Retire SGX provisioning only after migration, backup recovery and incident procedures have been rehearsed.
Design attestation at the right granularity
Think of attestation as a chain rather than a single measurement. TDX can attest the protected VM launch. A guest-level mechanism must establish which kernel and user-space image are present. A container policy can then establish which signed or encrypted image is allowed to start. Finally, the application can prove its protocol state or version to the service that releases a narrowly scoped secret.
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Compare the paths before committing
| Path | Code changes | TCB implication | Attestation and policy | Operational demand |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LibOS to full guest CVM | Usually limited to compatibility fixes and replacement of LibOS-only features | Includes virtual firmware and the full guest OS | TDX attests the CVM; application identity needs additional work | Lowest migration friction, but requires guest-image hardening and validation |
| LibOS to reduced-kernel CVM | Compatibility work plus image and kernel tailoring | Smaller than a full guest when unused components are removed | Still needs an application identity design | Higher build, update and debugging effort |
| LibOS or container to CoCo | Container packaging and policy integration | Adds container, attestation and policy components | Guest attestation plus signed or encrypted image checks and conditional secret release | Requires orchestration, key-management and policy operations |
| SDK to unified application | Remove SGX APIs and generated glue; redesign boundaries | Former enclave separation becomes software-enforced | Requires a new application identity mechanism | One application stack, but substantial engineering effort |
| SDK to separate applications or containers | Remove SGX APIs and glue; define service interfaces | Container management and policy enlarge the TCB; separation is software-enforced | Network, image and application controls must be integrated | More deployment components and failure modes |
Common failure modes and fixes
The application boots but cannot protect files
Boot success demonstrates compatibility, not preservation of LibOS file protection. Identify which files were encrypted or integrity-protected by the old runtime, choose a TDX-compatible storage and key service, and test migration of existing state before production cutover.
Attestation succeeds, but the wrong application can request a key
A valid TDX quote proves the CVM evidence accepted by the verifier, not necessarily the process requesting the key. Bind release policy to the guest image, launch configuration and application or container identity, then test an altered binary and an unauthorized process inside an otherwise valid CVM.
A direct SDK port still contains enclave assumptions
Search for enclave initialization, ECALL and OCALL wrappers, EDL-generated files, SGX threading or memory APIs, sealing-key derivation and SGX device access. Replace each dependency deliberately; do not preserve an empty compatibility layer that suggests a security boundary still exists.
Container policy works during deployment but fails on restart
Exercise node loss, image pull failure, quote expiry, policy-service unavailability and secret revocation. Configure fail-closed behavior, bounded retries and auditable decisions so a restarted pod cannot obtain credentials merely because it previously passed policy.
The selected guest image is unavailable on the target platform
Validate the exact kernel, firmware, distribution build and orchestration versions on the intended TDX offering. Keep a reproducible image build and a tested fallback platform; do not assume that a guest supporting TDX on one provider or region will behave identically elsewhere.
What to document before production
- The workload classification and chosen migration path, including why alternatives were rejected.
- The complete TDX image, firmware, kernel, command-line and application measurement set.
- Which components are in the TCB and who owns their updates.
- The attestation verifier, policy rules, key-release conditions and revocation process.
- How SGX-protected state is converted, backed up and recovered.
- Network, storage, process and container permissions for every formerly trusted and untrusted component.
- Compatibility results on the actual TDX-enabled platform, including restart, upgrade and rollback tests.
- Incident steps for a failed quote, compromised image, revoked signer or unavailable attestation service.
Intel’s transition guide, “Transition Paths for Intel SGX Applications to Intel TDX,” dated October 9, 2026, describes these as major directions rather than an exhaustive catalog. Its central decision rule is that the best choice depends on the starting architecture, the desired security characteristics and the resources available to support the effort. Use that rule to size the project: a LibOS workload may begin with compatibility testing in a CVM, while a direct SDK workload should be planned as a redesign with a new TCB and attestation model.
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