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A safe migration starts with the HTML your browser already receives. If the root contains markup produced by React on the server or at build time, keep hydrateRoot and make the first client render match it. If the root is genuinely empty and the app will render entirely in the browser, use createRoot. Then move route data to browser-capable APIs, configure the host to serve the SPA entry for deep links, and test hydration, navigation, refreshes, assets, and APIs separately.
Client-only rendering changes delivery as well as rendering. Disabling runtime server rendering does not disable routing, and an SPA can still hydrate a build-generated document. The exact switches depend on your router, framework, bundler, and host; React Router Framework Mode is used below as a concrete example, not as a universal React API.
Start by identifying what HTML is delivered
Open the deployed page with JavaScript disabled, or fetch its HTML with a command such as curl -I followed by a normal request. Inspect the element that owns your React application. Record whether it contains meaningful headings, navigation, forms, or route content, rather than only an empty mount element and script tags.
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That distinction determines the root API. Server-side rendering (SSR) creates HTML per request. Static generation or a framework build can create equivalent HTML ahead of time. Both leave React-rendered markup that the browser must hydrate. A client-only application instead receives an empty or non-React mount node and builds the interface after JavaScript loads.
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Inventory routes and delivery modes
- List routes that currently render on the server, routes emitted at build time, and routes that already render only in the browser.
- Note whether a framework controls the browser entry point, because its conventions may own the call to
hydrateRoot. - Record which pages need data before navigation, which data can be requested directly by the browser, and which endpoints require a server-side boundary.
- Separate application URLs from asset and API URLs. A catch-all rewrite intended for pages must not intercept JavaScript, CSS, images, or API requests.
Using browser-only APIs in a component does not prove that the app is client-only. A component can call window from an Effect while its initial tree is still rendered on a server. Decide from the delivered document and entry-point code, not from an isolated component.
Choose createRoot or hydrateRoot from the DOM condition
React documents two different initial conditions. createRoot creates a client-rendered root and clears existing content in that root on its first render. hydrateRoot attaches React to HTML that was already generated from the matching React tree.
| Question | Client-only root: createRoot |
Existing React HTML: hydrateRoot |
|---|---|---|
| What is inside the mount node? | No React-rendered markup; it may be empty. | Markup produced by the same React tree on the server or during the build. |
| Initial browser API | createRoot(container).render(<App />) |
hydrateRoot(container, <App />) |
| What happens to existing children? | React clears the root during the first render. | React expects to reuse the existing nodes. |
| Must the first client output match delivered HTML? | There is no React HTML to match. | Yes. Differences are hydration bugs, not a normal way to customize the first render. |
| Content before JavaScript executes | Usually empty unless the host or build supplies a separate shell. | Server/build content is visible immediately, subject to normal loading and network conditions. |
Client root example
import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client';
import App from './App';
const container = document.getElementById('root');
if (!container) throw new Error('Missing #root');
createRoot(container).render(<App />);Use this pattern only when the delivered #root does not contain React output that you intend to preserve. Replacing hydration with createRoot can remove server/build markup and reset browser state such as focus or scroll position.
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Hydration example
import { hydrateRoot } from 'react-dom/client';
import App from './App';
const container = document.getElementById('root');
if (!container) throw new Error('Missing #root');
hydrateRoot(container, <App />);Frameworks often generate this entry for you. In React Router Framework Mode, the browser entry convention is documented in entry.client.tsx; do not add a second root call if the framework already owns it.
Keep hydration deterministic wherever it remains
Hydration compares the server/build output with the first client render. React says, “You should treat mismatches as bugs and fix them,” in the hydration caveats. React’s production guidance also describes hydration failures in error 418.
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Common mismatch causes
- A
typeof windowbranch returns different markup on the server and browser. - Render code reads
localStorage, viewport dimensions, media-query state, or another browser-only API. - Server and client receive different data snapshots, or one side resolves a request at a different time.
- Date, time, number, or locale formatting differs between environments.
- Invalid HTML nesting causes the browser parser to construct a different DOM.
- A browser extension modifies the document before React hydrates.
Make the initial tree use the same inputs. Move browser-dependent work into an Effect, or render a stable placeholder first and update after mount. React documents this two-pass approach, but it adds another render and can produce a visibly jarring transition, so reserve it for genuinely client-specific content.
function ThemeLabel() {
const [theme, setTheme] = useState('light');
useEffect(() => {
setTheme(window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches ? 'dark' : 'light');
}, []);
return <span>{theme}</span>;
}Do not broadly apply suppressHydrationWarning. It is a limited escape hatch for a known, unavoidable difference; it does not repair divergent trees or event-handler behavior. Fix the source of the mismatch, then verify that the browser console is clean in a production build.
React Router Framework Mode: disable runtime SSR deliberately
React Router’s Single Page App (SPA) guide provides a concrete framework example. Set ssr: false in the framework configuration to disable runtime SSR. The build then produces an index.html that the browser hydrates as an SPA.
// react-router.config.ts
import type { Config } from '@react-router/dev/config';
export default {
ssr: false,
} satisfies Config;This setting does not remove routing. The root route is rendered into the generated document, and the browser URL selects the child route during hydration and subsequent client navigation. The result still has hydration because a build-time document is being attached to React; “no runtime SSR” and “no hydration” are different claims.
Provide an intentional initial shell
An empty root can remain blank until JavaScript downloads, parses, and executes. React Router allows a root HydrateFallback to place a loading shell in the generated HTML. That shell improves the first visual response but does not server-render every child route.
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export function HydrateFallback() {
return (
<main aria-busy='true'>
<h1>Loading application…</h1>
<p>Preparing your workspace.</p>
</main>
);
}Root loader data may be produced at build time in SPA Mode. Decide explicitly whether that data can be stale until the next build and whether a route needs fresh information before it is displayed.
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Rendering and data loading are separate decisions. In SPA Mode, ordinary non-root route loaders are generally unavailable unless those routes are pre-rendered. The Client Data documentation describes clientLoader and clientAction for browser-side reads and mutations.
Move browser-appropriate reads to clientLoader
export async function clientLoader() {
const response = await fetch('/api/projects', { credentials: 'include' });
if (!response.ok) throw new Response('Unable to load projects', { status: response.status });
return response.json();
}
export default function Projects({ loaderData }) {
return <ProjectList projects={loaderData} />;
}Confirm that the endpoint is reachable from the deployed origin, that authentication works for direct browser requests, and that the response does not expose data that was previously protected by a server boundary. If the API is on another origin, configure CORS, cookies, CSRF defenses, and credentials deliberately. The React Router BFF example assumes appropriate authentication and no CORS restriction; those assumptions are not automatic.
Move browser-submitted mutations to clientAction
export async function clientAction({ request }) {
const formData = await request.formData();
const response = await fetch('/api/projects', {
method: 'POST',
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
credentials: 'include',
body: JSON.stringify({ name: formData.get('name') }),
});
if (!response.ok) throw new Response('Save failed', { status: response.status });
return response.json();
}Retain a server-rendered or pre-rendered route when content must exist in HTML before JavaScript, must be indexed in its initial form, or requires a server-only secret. The Pre-Rendering guide explains how selected routes can be generated while the rest of an application uses SPA delivery. This selective approach is often safer than forcing every route into one mode.
Configure the host so direct URLs reach the SPA entry
A client router can handle /settings after the app starts, but a browser refresh requests /settings from the host first. If the host looks only for a physical file, it may return 404 before React runs. React Router states in its SPA guide: “Common to deploying any SPA, you’ll need to configure your host to direct all URLs to the index.html of the client build.”
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Apply the fallback without masking assets or APIs
- Build the client output and identify the generated SPA entry file.
- Configure the host’s history-fallback or rewrite rule so valid application paths serve that entry document.
- Leave JavaScript, CSS, images, fonts, and other static assets on their normal file paths.
- Keep API routes handled by the API service; do not rewrite an API error into the SPA document.
- Define the unknown-route behavior in the application, such as a client 404 screen, instead of assuming every path is valid.
Rewrite syntax differs among static hosts, CDNs, reverse proxies, and object-storage front ends, so use the selected host’s documented rule format. The important behavior is consistent: application paths return the SPA entry, assets return assets, and APIs return API responses.
A migration sequence that avoids broken states
- Capture a baseline. Save representative HTML responses, console output, route data behavior, form submissions, first-paint behavior, and deep-link results from the current deployment.
- Classify each route. Mark it runtime SSR, build-time output, client-only, or a candidate for selective pre-rendering. Record SEO, authentication, and data freshness requirements.
- Inspect the root. Verify whether the delivered mount node contains React-generated markup. Choose
hydrateRootfor matching markup orcreateRootfor an empty client root. - Make the first tree stable. Remove browser-only branches from render, stabilize data and locale formatting, correct invalid nesting, and address extension-related noise before changing delivery mode.
- Switch framework mode where applicable. In React Router Framework Mode, set
ssr: false, add a rootHydrateFallbackif a shell is needed, and inspect which routes require pre-rendering. - Refactor data and mutations. Move browser-safe reads and writes to
clientLoaderandclientAction. Add or verify backend/API endpoints, authentication, CORS, cookies, and error handling. - Deploy the fallback. Configure the host to return the SPA entry for application paths while preserving static assets and API paths.
- Test production output. Test a fresh root visit, a nested URL opened directly, a refresh on that URL, in-app links, back and forward navigation, an unknown route, asset loading, API failures, authenticated requests, and form submissions.
- Compare user-visible transitions. Check the loading shell, focus and scroll restoration, route transition latency, layout shifts, and console hydration errors. Measure before claiming a performance improvement.
Choose a delivery strategy by route requirements
| Strategy | Direct URL and refresh | HTML before client JavaScript | Data availability | Infrastructure and trade-offs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single SPA fallback | Works when the host rewrites application paths to the entry document. | Root shell or empty mount only; child content waits for JavaScript and client data. | Use browser requests through client data APIs. | Simplest runtime model, but requires reliable fallback rules and can show a blank or loading state. |
| Selective pre-rendering | Pre-rendered paths have documents; other paths need the SPA fallback. | Chosen routes can contain meaningful route HTML. | Build-time data for pre-rendered routes; client data elsewhere. | Balances initial content and deployment complexity. Build output must be regenerated when source data changes. |
| Continued runtime SSR | Server resolves application URLs directly. | Server can provide route content on each request. | Server loaders and protected data remain available where supported. | Retains runtime infrastructure and its operational cost, but avoids moving every data dependency into the browser. |
None of these choices has a guaranteed performance outcome. The official documentation describes behavior and configuration, not comparative benchmarks for your application. Measure your own JavaScript execution, network waterfall, first content, route transitions, and error rates.
Troubleshoot the failures that appear after migration
Blank initial screen
An empty client root is expected to show nothing until the JavaScript bundle executes. Verify that the entry script loads, that it is not blocked by a wrong asset path or content-security policy, and that the root element exists. Add a designed root shell or pre-render suitable routes when users need content before execution.
Nested URL returns 404
The host is serving files but not applying history fallback to application paths. Inspect the network response for the direct URL, add the host-appropriate rewrite, and confirm that asset and API requests still resolve to their own handlers.
Hydration warning or tree replacement
Compare the generated HTML with the first client output. Check typeof window branches, browser APIs in render, changed data, date and locale formatting, invalid nesting, and extensions. Fix the divergent input; do not hide broad differences with suppressHydrationWarning.
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Markup or interaction state disappears
createRoot clears existing root content on its first render. If the root contained server/build markup, restore hydrateRoot or remove the pre-rendered markup intentionally and accept the client-only loading behavior.
Route has no data
Ordinary route loaders may not run for a non-pre-rendered route in SPA Mode. Move the read to clientLoader, expose a suitable API, pre-render the route, or keep that route on a server-capable delivery path.
Loading transition feels confusing
Design the root fallback and route-level pending states together. Explain what is loading, preserve accessible focus behavior, and test slow networks so the shell does not look like a failed page.
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- The root API matches the HTML condition:
createRootfor an empty client root,hydrateRootfor matching React markup. - The first hydrated tree uses deterministic data, formatting, and valid HTML.
- Runtime SSR is disabled only where intended; selective pre-rendering or SSR remains for routes that need it.
- Client loaders and actions have working authentication, CORS, cookies, error states, and API contracts.
- Direct requests and refreshes for every supported nested URL return the SPA entry or the route’s pre-rendered document.
- Static assets and API paths bypass the page fallback.
- Unknown routes produce the intended client or server 404 response.
- JavaScript-disabled behavior, first paint, loading shells, focus, scroll, navigation history, and form submissions match the product’s requirements.
- Production logs and browser consoles show no hydration errors, failed chunks, or accidental data leaks.
The reliable mental model is simple: React decides whether to create or attach based on the DOM it receives; the router decides which route to render after startup; the host decides whether a direct URL reaches the application at all. Treat those as separate contracts during the migration, and test each contract independently.
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