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For a straightforward migration, create an empty PostgreSQL database, verify access to both servers, then run pgloader mysql://myuser@myhost/dbname pgsql://pguser@pghost/dbname. pgloader converts tables, columns, keys, indexes and much of the MySQL schema while loading the data. A production migration should use a version-controlled .load file, rehearse against a disposable target, review rejected rows and warnings, and recreate views, triggers and stored routines separately because those objects are not migrated directly.
What pgloader migrates—and what it does not
pgloader is a command-line loader designed to read a MySQL database, translate its schema and data types, and write the result to PostgreSQL. The MySQL tutorial describes it as the tool of choice for moving data from MySQL to PostgreSQL. Its automatic work is substantial, but it is not a complete source-code converter for every MySQL object.
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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches| Area | Typical pgloader behavior | What you must verify |
|---|---|---|
| Tables and columns | Creates PostgreSQL table definitions and loads rows. | Names, data types, nullability, defaults and encoding. |
| Keys and constraints | Handles primary keys, foreign keys and other documented constraints. | Constraint validity after all rows are loaded. |
| Indexes | Can create indexes and uniquify index names when necessary. | Index coverage, uniqueness and query plans. |
| Auto-increment columns | Converts MySQL AUTO_INCREMENT columns to PostgreSQL serial-style columns and can reset sequences. |
That each sequence is ahead of the current maximum key. |
| Comments | Comments are included in the documented schema conversion. | Important descriptions survived with the expected encoding. |
ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
Translates this column behavior to a PostgreSQL before-update trigger. | Whether the generated behavior matches application expectations. |
| Views, triggers, procedures and functions | Not supported for direct migration in the references. | Export, rewrite and test PostgreSQL equivalents separately. |
| Geometric types | The documented coverage includes POINT. |
Any other spatial type and its application semantics. |
The distinction between an automatic translation and an existing object is important: pgloader can create a trigger to reproduce the special MySQL timestamp-update behavior, while ordinary MySQL triggers, views, stored procedures and functions still require separate work.
Prepare the PostgreSQL target safely
Create an empty database and login
Use an administrative PostgreSQL connection to create a dedicated login and an empty target database. Substitute a strong password stored in your secret manager rather than committing it to a shell history or load file.
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CREATE ROLE pguser LOGIN PASSWORD 'use-a-secret-manager-value';
CREATE DATABASE dbname OWNER pguser;The login must be able to connect to the database, create or use the destination schema, create tables, sequences, indexes and constraints, and insert data. If your organization separates ownership from deployment, grant those privileges explicitly and have the migration owner documented. Do not point a first rehearsal at a shared production database.
Make the source account read-capable
The MySQL account needs read access to every table you intend to copy and access to the metadata pgloader uses to discover definitions. If views or other objects are part of your inventory, grant the account enough metadata visibility to enumerate them even though you will recreate those objects separately. Test the account against every source schema instead of assuming that access to one table proves the migration is ready.
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Test both connection endpoints
Use the same network path, firewall rules and DNS names that the migration host will use. pgloader accepts connection URLs such as:
mysql://myuser:password@myhost:3306/dbname
pgsql://pguser:password@pghost:5432/dbnamePasswords containing characters reserved by URL syntax must be URL-encoded. Keep credentials out of process listings where possible, restrict permissions on any file containing them, and rotate temporary migration credentials after the cutover. The MySQL reference also documents a JDBC connection form; use that form when the endpoint or driver setup requires it.
Run the simplest migration first
For a small rehearsal with compatible data, the shortest command is:
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pgloader mysql://myuser@myhost/dbname pgsql://pguser@pghost/dbnameWith no additional directives, pgloader applies its default schema, index, foreign-key, identifier and sequence behavior. Run it against a disposable PostgreSQL database first. Capture the complete terminal output, warnings and rejected-row information; a zero exit status does not replace data validation.
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Once the rehearsal is clean, use a load file. A file makes filters, casts, memory settings and destructive options reviewable, repeatable and suitable for version control.
Use a version-controlled .load file
This pattern follows the structure of the official MySQL tutorial. Change every endpoint, schema name, memory value, cast and materialized view to fit your database:
LOAD DATABASE
FROM mysql://root@localhost/sakila
INTO postgresql:///sakila
WITH include drop, create tables, no truncate,
create indexes, reset sequences, foreign keys
SET maintenance_work_mem to '128MB',
work_mem to '12MB',
search_path to 'sakila'
CAST type datetime to timestamptz
drop default drop not null using zero-dates-to-null,
type date drop not null drop default using zero-dates-to-null
MATERIALIZE VIEWS film_list, staff_list
BEFORE LOAD DO
$$ create schema if not exists sakila; $$;Run it with pgloader path/to/migration.load. Store the file with the migration review record, but use a secret-injection mechanism or a protected runtime file for credentials.
Understand the important clauses
| Clause | Purpose | Risk or decision |
|---|---|---|
include drop |
Allows pgloader to drop target tables whose names are present in the source. | Destructive. Use only on an intentionally disposable or otherwise controlled target. |
create tables |
Creates destination tables. | Omit only when a separately managed schema is deliberately being used. |
no truncate |
Prevents automatic truncation of existing destination tables. | Important when preserving a controlled target; reconcile it with any existing rows. |
create indexes |
Builds destination indexes. | Index creation can add load time; verify that every required index was created. |
reset sequences |
Adjusts serial-style sequences after loading. | Still check that each sequence exceeds the maximum key. |
foreign keys |
Creates foreign-key relationships. | Broken source relationships will surface as errors or rejected rows and need correction. |
search_path |
Sets the destination schema context. | Ensure the schema exists and that application-qualified names remain correct. |
MATERIALIZE VIEWS |
Requests materialized output for named source views in the supported load-file scenario. | This is not a general migration of the original view definition; preserve and rewrite view SQL separately. |
Limit the scope or rename objects deliberately
Do not copy an entire server when the application uses only part of it. INCLUDING ONLY TABLE NAMES MATCHING restricts a load to selected tables, while EXCLUDING TABLE NAMES MATCHING removes tables from an otherwise broad selection. Keep the filter in the load file and include filtered tables in your row-count checklist.
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Map MySQL types and clean data with CAST rules
Use a CAST section when MySQL’s permissive types or legacy values do not have a safe one-to-one PostgreSQL equivalent. User-defined rules are evaluated before built-in defaults, and the first matching rule wins. A broad rule placed before a qualified rule can therefore produce an unexpected type.
Zero dates and nullable timestamps
MySQL installations sometimes contain '0000-00-00' or zero datetime values that PostgreSQL rejects. The tutorial pattern converts datetimes to timestamptz, removes the default and NOT NULL requirement, and applies zero-dates-to-null:
CAST type datetime to timestamptz
drop default drop not null using zero-dates-to-null,
type date drop not null drop default using zero-dates-to-nullThis is a data-model decision, not merely a syntax fix. Confirm that application code treats NULL as the intended replacement and identify rows that lose a meaningful sentinel value.
Booleans, unsigned numbers and enumerated values
Inspect how each column is actually used before writing a rule. A TINYINT(1) used as a flag may be better represented as PostgreSQL boolean, while another tiny integer may contain a numeric counter. Unsigned MySQL columns can exceed the range of a signed PostgreSQL integer, so choose a wider PostgreSQL numeric type or validate that observed values fit. Enum-like columns need an explicit decision: preserve them as text, create a PostgreSQL enum, or map them to a constrained lookup value. The same first-match rule applies to qualified columns, unsigned guards, defaults, typemods, auto_increment and on_update_current_timestamp conditions.
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Binary data and text encoding
Check whether binary columns contain opaque bytes, encoded text or identifiers before choosing a PostgreSQL representation. Compare byte lengths and representative values after loading. For text, verify source connection encoding and collation assumptions; a successful insert does not prove that every character survived unchanged.
Handle auto-increment, keys and timestamp behavior
pgloader converts MySQL AUTO_INCREMENT columns to PostgreSQL serial-style columns. With reset sequences, it resets the generated sequences after data load, but validation is still required: query the maximum key and the sequence’s next value for every generated-key table before allowing writes.
Primary keys, foreign keys, unique constraints and indexes can be created by pgloader. Check them after the load rather than relying solely on creation messages. A source database that tolerated duplicate or orphaned data may fail when PostgreSQL enforces the corresponding constraint.
For a column using MySQL’s ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, pgloader can create a PostgreSQL before-update trigger to reproduce the behavior. Compare timezone handling, precision and update semantics with the application; a trigger that is technically present can still differ from what the application expects.
Objects requiring separate export or rewrite
Plan a parallel workstream for views, ordinary triggers, stored procedures and functions. The PostgreSQL reference lists these as unsupported for direct migration, and the MySQL reference documents only limited geometric coverage. Extract their definitions from MySQL, translate syntax and data-type assumptions to PostgreSQL, then apply them after base tables and data are validated.
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- Rewrite MySQL-specific functions, delimiter blocks and procedural syntax in PostgreSQL’s supported language.
- Replace MySQL view definitions that depend on implicit grouping, quoting or collation behavior.
- Recreate triggers only after confirming that bulk-loaded data has reached a consistent state and that trigger side effects are desired.
- Test routines and views with production-shaped parameters and permissions, not only by checking that they compile.
A production migration procedure
- Inventory the source. Record every table, row count, primary and foreign key, index, generated or auto-increment column, view, trigger, routine, function, spatial column and unusual date or encoding value.
- Prepare credentials and network access. Create least-privilege accounts, test DNS and firewall paths, and decide how passwords will be injected without exposing them in source control.
- Create a disposable PostgreSQL target. Create the database, destination schema and migration role. Keep the target isolated from application traffic.
- Write the load file. Add table filters, renames, casts, memory settings and only the options you understand. Treat
include dropas destructive. - Run a rehearsal. Execute pgloader, preserve its logs, and inspect warnings and rejected rows. Do not proceed merely because the process completed.
- Correct data and casts. Resolve zero dates, out-of-range unsigned values, invalid encodings, duplicate keys and failed foreign keys. Narrow an overly broad cast rule when it changes unrelated columns.
- Validate the rehearsal. Compare counts, constraints, indexes, sequences, representative aggregates and application queries. Recreate and test unsupported objects.
- Schedule the final load. Choose a cutover window and application freeze or other consistency method appropriate to your system. The exact downtime depends on data volume, schema, network and target configuration; canonical documentation provides no universal runtime or success percentage.
- Run against the final target. Use the reviewed file and the same credential and network controls. Save logs, rejected-row reports and the final schema snapshot.
- Cut over and monitor. Point the application at PostgreSQL only after validation passes, then watch errors, query behavior, constraint violations and sequence-generated inserts.
Post-migration validation checklist
| Check | How to validate | Failure response |
|---|---|---|
| Row completeness | Compare source and target counts for every table, including included and excluded filters. | Inspect rejected rows, filters and transaction errors; reload only after identifying the cause. |
| Keys and nullability | Compare primary keys, foreign keys, unique constraints and nullable columns. | Resolve duplicate, orphaned or invalid source data before enforcing constraints. |
| Indexes | List target indexes and compare names, columns and uniqueness to the source inventory. | Create or adjust missing indexes and update application query plans. |
| Sequences | Compare every generated sequence with the current maximum key. | Reset the sequence before enabling inserts. |
| Types and values | Sample integers, unsigned values, enums, dates, timestamps, zero-date replacements, binary fields and text containing non-ASCII characters. | Refine qualified casts or clean source data, then repeat the rehearsal. |
| Behavior | Run representative aggregates and application queries against both systems. | Investigate collation, timezone, grouping, null and precision differences. |
| Unsupported objects | Compile and execute rewritten views, triggers, procedures and functions. | Correct PostgreSQL syntax and permissions; do not assume source definitions are portable. |
| Observability | Review pgloader warnings, rejected rows and PostgreSQL logs. | Keep the logs with the load file and schema-diff results as migration artifacts. |
Troubleshoot common failures
Authentication or connection errors
Test each URL independently from the migration host. Check host, port, database name, firewall rules, TLS requirements, URL-encoded passwords and whether the account is allowed to connect from that address. A successful connection to MySQL does not validate PostgreSQL privileges, and vice versa.
Rows are rejected for dates or ranges
Find the exact column and value in the rejection output. Add a qualified cast or clean the source row rather than applying a server-wide rule that changes unrelated columns. For zero dates, use the documented conversion to NULL only after confirming that NULL is valid for the application.
Target tables already contain data
Review whether the load file uses include drop, truncate or no truncate. Stop if the target is not disposable and the operation could remove or mix data. Restore from a known backup or recreate an isolated target before repeating the test.
Names collide or change case
The reference documents identifier downcasing and uniquifying index names. Compare the generated names with application SQL and migration scripts; use table-name alteration rules where necessary and update every dependent reference.
Views or routines are missing
This is expected for unsupported object classes. Export their definitions, rewrite MySQL-specific syntax, apply them after base-table validation and test with the target role’s permissions.
The migration is slow
There is no authoritative universal runtime figure. Duration depends on database size, indexes, network, source workload and PostgreSQL configuration. The project description notes parallel data loading, while the load-file pattern exposes memory settings such as maintenance_work_mem and work_mem. Change one setting at a time, measure on a rehearsal, and avoid treating a laboratory result as a guarantee for production.
When pgloader is the right approach
Choose direct pgloader loading when you need repeatable filtering, explicit type casts and a scriptable path from MySQL to PostgreSQL. Compare it with dump/restore or a managed migration service using the same questions:
| Decision axis | Questions to ask |
|---|---|
| Schema and type conversion | Which MySQL types, defaults, unsigned ranges and encodings are translated automatically, and which need hand-written casts? |
| Programmable objects | How will views, triggers, stored procedures and functions be exported, rewritten and tested? |
| Repeatability and filtering | Can the method be stored in version control and rerun for only selected tables? |
| Cutover and downtime | What consistency or application-freeze plan will keep source and target aligned during the final load? |
| Security | Where are credentials stored, and how are network access, TLS and rotation handled? |
| Observability and retry | Can you inspect rejected rows, resume safely and retain logs and schema diffs? |
| Scale and throughput | How do parallel loading, index creation, available memory and network bandwidth affect the measured rehearsal time? |
| Manual PostgreSQL work | How much rewriting is acceptable for routines, views, triggers and application SQL? |
For any method, the decisive evidence is a rehearsal that passes row-count, schema, value and application-query checks. pgloader supplies the repeatable loading and transformation mechanism; your migration plan supplies the data-quality decisions, unsupported-object rewrites and cutover controls.
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