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The safe method depends on what you mean by “migrate.” Restoring the same self-custody wallet on a replacement device uses its existing recovery phrase in a compatible, official wallet app. Moving funds to a new wallet requires a new recovery phrase and on-chain transfers. If the old phrase may have been seen, photographed, typed into a website, or stored in an insecure location, treat that wallet as compromised and move remaining assets to a newly created wallet instead of importing the old phrase again.
Decide which migration you actually need
A recovery phrase (also called a seed phrase) is the master control credential for a self-custody wallet. It can recreate the wallet’s private keys and authorize access to its accounts. It is not a password for customer support, a transaction receipt, or proof of ownership that should be sent to anyone. Ethereum.org’s security guidance states: “Never, for any reason, share your recovery phrase or private keys!”
Use the path that matches your situation. Choosing the wrong one can either leave you unable to access funds or carry a compromised secret into a supposedly safer setup.
Restoring the same wallet on a replacement device
This is appropriate when the original phone, computer, or hardware device is lost, damaged, or being replaced, but the recovery phrase has remained private. The destination app must support the wallet’s recovery method, accounts, networks, and derivation details. You are recreating the same keys, not moving coins to a different wallet.
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Moving assets to a newly created wallet
This is the correct route when you want a new set of keys, are changing wallet architecture, or no longer trust the old setup. The destination wallet generates a different recovery phrase. You then sign ordinary blockchain transactions from the old wallet to receiving addresses controlled by the new one.
Responding to a possibly exposed phrase
If anyone may have copied the phrase, imported it, viewed an unencrypted photo, or accessed a device or cloud account containing it, do not restore that phrase into another wallet and call the job complete. Assume the keys are compromised and use the emergency procedure described below.
Recovering an exchange or custodial account
An exchange account is not the same as a self-custody wallet. In self-custody, you manage the private keys. With third-party custody, the provider controls key access and account recovery. Use only the provider’s official login, identity-verification, and account-security process; seed-phrase migration instructions do not apply.
Why the seed phrase must never leave your control
Anyone who possesses the phrase can generally recreate the associated wallet and authorize transactions. A legitimate wallet company, exchange, technician, or support representative will not need it to diagnose an app problem. A request to paste it into a form, send it in chat, read it over the phone, or upload it for “verification” is a theft warning.
Keep the phrase out of websites, browser extensions, support tickets, messaging apps, screenshots, camera rolls, and unencrypted notes. Ethereum.org specifically warns that screenshots can synchronize automatically to cloud services. Coinbase Wallet documentation also tells users not to paste a phrase into a website and, for its own manual-backup flow, to preserve every word and its order. That spelling-and-order instruction is product-specific, not a universal rule for every wallet.
A wallet does not contain the blockchain assets themselves. The assets remain recorded on their networks; the wallet stores or derives the keys that authorize transactions. The SEC Office of Investor Education and Assistance explains this distinction and notes that its bulletin reflects staff views, not a rule or regulation. In self-custody, protecting the recovery material is therefore your responsibility.
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Prepare a migration without handling the phrase unnecessarily
Do the planning first. The fewer times a recovery phrase is entered, photographed, or moved, the fewer opportunities there are for exposure.
- Identify custody: confirm whether you are using a self-custody wallet app, a hardware wallet, or a custodial exchange account.
- Identify the goal: replacement-device restoration, fresh-wallet transfer, or incident response after exposure.
- Verify the destination software: download the official wallet application from the provider’s current documentation or the device’s official app store. Check the publisher, spelling, and application identity before opening it.
- Update and isolate: install operating-system and wallet updates, remove unknown browser extensions, and use a device you believe is free of malware. For a suspected compromise, use a different secure device rather than the potentially affected one.
- Plan network support: list the assets and networks involved. A receiving address on one network may not accept an asset sent over another, and supported networks vary by wallet.
- Reserve transaction fees: a fresh-wallet move normally requires network fees. The amount, asset used to pay, and fee mechanism depend on the chain and wallet at the time you send.
- Prepare a private backup location: decide how the new phrase will be recorded and protected before the wallet displays it. Never leave it in a temporary digital file.
Do not assume that two wallets with the same number of words derive the same accounts. Providers can differ in phrase length, derivation paths, account indexes, address formats, supported chains, and import menus.
Path A: restore the same wallet on another device
This path recreates existing accounts. It does not create a new security boundary, so use it only when the phrase is still trustworthy.
- Confirm the old device’s status. If it is merely broken or being replaced and there is no evidence of unauthorized access, continue. If the phrase or device may be compromised, stop and use the emergency path instead.
- Obtain the official app or device instructions. Use the wallet provider’s current help center and follow its exact recovery flow. Do not substitute a generic “import wallet” tutorial from an unrelated provider.
- Start recovery locally. Choose the app’s restore, recover, or import option on the trusted device. Legitimate software should not require you to transmit the phrase to a web page or support agent.
- Enter the phrase only in the wallet’s verified recovery screen. Work privately, check each word and its order, and prevent cameras, screen-sharing tools, clipboard managers, and observers from capturing it. If the app offers hardware-device recovery without displaying the phrase on a computer, follow that provider-specific method.
- Check the resulting accounts. Confirm the expected address formats, balances, transaction history, and networks. Missing accounts can result from a different derivation path or account index rather than a lost asset; consult the provider’s documentation before creating more accounts or sending funds.
- Secure and retire the old device. Sign out, wipe, or destroy the old installation according to the provider’s instructions. If it is being sold or repaired, perform a verified factory reset and remove local backups.
A successful restore should show the same addresses and on-chain balances because the keys are the same. If the addresses differ, do not send funds until you understand whether you selected a different account type, network, or derivation setting.
Path B: create a fresh wallet and transfer assets
Use this route when you want new keys or when the old wallet is no longer trusted. The transfer itself is visible on the relevant blockchain and cannot be undone on networks where transactions are irreversible. Ethereum.org highlights that Ethereum transactions are irreversible, so an address or network error can permanently redirect funds.
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- Record the new phrase privately. Write it exactly as the wallet presents it and verify it using the wallet’s confirmation check. Do not photograph it, type it into a note, email it to yourself, or paste it into a browser. Anyone who obtains this new phrase controls the destination wallet.
- Finish security setup before funding. Set the device lock, wallet PIN, biometric protection where appropriate, and any supported hardware or passkey safeguards. These controls protect the device interface; they do not replace the recovery phrase.
- Copy a receiving address from the new wallet. Select the specific asset and network. If the wallet offers several networks, record which one you selected instead of relying on a ticker symbol alone.
- Verify the address out of band. Compare the complete address on the destination screen with the address shown in the sending wallet. For a large balance, use a trusted second display or a small test transfer first, if the network and fees make that practical. Never trust an address pasted from an unsolicited message; clipboard-replacing malware can alter it.
- Send one asset and network at a time. In the old wallet, choose the asset, paste or scan the verified destination address, select the matching network, review the fee and amount, and approve the transaction with the old wallet’s normal signing process.
- Wait for confirmation. Check the transaction hash in the wallet and, where appropriate, the network’s official block explorer. Do not resend merely because the interface is slow; first determine whether the original transaction is pending, confirmed, or failed.
- Repeat for remaining assets. Some tokens require a native network coin to pay fees. Some assets or networks are unsupported by the destination. Follow the wallet and network’s current instructions rather than assuming every token can be sent in one batch.
- Disconnect the old wallet. After confirming the destination balances, remove the old wallet from devices and revoke unnecessary app connections. Keep records of transaction hashes without recording either recovery phrase.
The exact fee, confirmation time, supported asset list, and network selector are chain- and provider-specific. A wallet’s displayed balance is not proof that an address is valid for every network carrying a similarly named asset.
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Path C: what to do when the old phrase may be exposed
Do not wait for a theft notification. A compromised phrase can be used without your device, and a wallet provider generally cannot freeze a self-custody seed wallet or retrieve assets already sent to another address.
- Stop using the old phrase. Do not import it into a new app, test it on a website, or send it to support.
- Disconnect the affected device from the internet. Kraken’s guidance, updated September 15, 2026, recommends isolating an affected device while you work from a secure one.
- Use a separate secure device. Create a new wallet with a newly generated phrase. Record and protect that phrase before proceeding.
- Transfer remaining assets promptly. From the old wallet, verify each new receiving address and move funds using the normal signing flow. Prioritize assets that can be transferred quickly and leave enough native currency for required fees.
- Review permissions and connections. Revoke suspicious token approvals and disconnect unknown decentralized applications where the network and wallet provide those controls. Revoking an approval does not reverse a completed transfer.
- Retire the compromised phrase permanently. Do not reuse it for a watch-only account, a test wallet, or a “temporary” holding account. Treat every address derived from it as untrusted.
If unauthorized transactions are already visible, preserve transaction hashes and contact the relevant network or service through its official channels. Be especially cautious of “recovery” offers that ask for another seed phrase, an upfront crypto payment, or remote access to your device.
Self-custody and exchange accounts require different recovery plans
| Situation | Who controls the keys | Correct recovery action |
|---|---|---|
| Self-custody wallet | You control the recovery material | Use the wallet provider’s official restore flow, or create a new wallet and transfer assets. Never disclose the phrase. |
| Custodial exchange account | The provider controls key access | Use the provider’s official password reset, identity verification, device-security, and account-recovery procedures. |
| Hardware wallet | You control the phrase; the device is a signing interface | Follow the manufacturer’s device-specific recovery process and verify addresses on the device screen before signing. |
Do not send a self-custody phrase to an exchange because an account is locked, and do not expect an exchange login reset to restore a self-custody wallet. The SEC’s custody bulletin distinguishes these responsibilities and places key-security duties on self-custody users.
Choose storage that matches your threat model
A hot wallet keeps signing capability on an internet-connected phone or computer. It is convenient for frequent, smaller transactions but exposes the signing environment to malware, phishing, and device theft. A hardware wallet is designed to keep private-key operations isolated from the general-purpose computer; it can reduce some online risks but still depends on authentic setup, correct address verification, and secure phrase storage. Buying a device does not guarantee safety.
| Backup approach | Useful protection | Risks to manage |
|---|---|---|
| Paper or other written record | No cloud synchronization or software attack is required to read it | Fire, water, fading ink, loss, and anyone finding the paper |
| Durable metal record | Vendor guidance from Ledger says metal can resist fire, water, and corrosion | The plate contains the secret itself and must be locked away from unauthorized people |
| Digital note or screenshot | Easy to duplicate | Cloud sync, malware, backups, account compromise, and accidental sharing; avoid unencrypted storage |
Use one carefully controlled physical method or a documented, provider-supported scheme. Do not improvise splitting or encrypting a phrase unless you fully understand how recovery works and how every part will remain available. Redundancy should protect against physical loss without creating extra copies that are easier to steal.
Address, network, and approval checks before every send
- Read the first and last several characters and compare the complete address, not just a shortened preview.
- Confirm the asset name and network separately. “Ethereum,” a token ticker, and an Ethereum-compatible network are not interchangeable labels.
- Check that the destination wallet supports the exact asset and network combination.
- Review the amount, fee, memo or destination tag requirement, and any minimum deposit rule shown by the receiving service.
- For smart-contract assets, inspect existing token approvals and decentralized-application connections after the move.
- Keep the transaction hash, timestamp, and destination address for your records, but never include the recovery phrase in those records.
When a transaction is confirmed on a network such as Ethereum, reversing it is generally not available. Human verification before signing is therefore more valuable than trying to recover funds afterward.
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Common failures and safe fixes
The restored wallet shows zero balance
First check that you selected the correct network and account. Different derivation paths or account indexes can produce different addresses from the same phrase. Compare the old and new public addresses and consult the provider’s official recovery documentation. Do not create random accounts or send funds until the address mismatch is explained.
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The app asks for the phrase on a web page
Stop. Close the page and verify that you installed the official wallet application. A recovery phrase should be entered only into the wallet’s trusted local recovery interface, if that provider requires phrase entry at all. Never give it to support or a form.
The transaction is pending
Look up the original transaction status using the wallet’s transaction details or the network’s official explorer. Fee markets, congestion, and wallet replacement rules differ by chain. Sending a second transaction without understanding the first can create a duplicate payment.
The destination does not support the asset
Stop sending additional funds. Check the destination’s current supported-asset and network documentation. Some wallets can display an address while lacking controls for a particular token; recovery options then depend on the destination provider and network.
Someone claiming to be support requests a phrase
End the conversation and report it through the provider’s official abuse or support channel. No legitimate support workflow needs the secret that controls the wallet.
Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsYou lost the phrase but still have the unlocked wallet
Do not log out or uninstall the app until you have confirmed the provider’s supported backup or export procedure. If you can create a new wallet, consider transferring assets while the old wallet remains accessible, because a forgotten phrase may make later restoration impossible.
A final pre-flight checklist
- My custody type and migration goal are identified.
- The destination app, device, and network are verified through official documentation.
- No phrase has been typed into a website, support chat, screenshot, cloud note, or unencrypted file.
- If creating a new wallet, its new phrase is recorded and secured before receiving funds.
- Every recipient address, asset, network, memo, and fee has been checked.
- I know whether the transaction is pending or confirmed before sending another one.
- Any exposed phrase has been abandoned, remaining assets moved, suspicious approvals revoked, and unknown dApps disconnected.
Migration is safe when the secret stays private, the wallet type is identified correctly, and every on-chain transfer is treated as permanent until proven otherwise. A compatible restore preserves an uncompromised wallet; a fresh wallet creates new keys; an exposed phrase requires replacement, not reuse.
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