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Run the website and Tor in Docker, point Tor’s HiddenServicePort at the web server’s reachable address, and persist the directory that contains the onion-service keys. After Tor starts, read the generated hostname from the hostname file and open it in Tor Browser. The key detail in a multi-container deployment is that 127.0.0.1 means the Tor container itself, not the web container; use the Docker service name and listening port instead.
What an onion service does
A Tor onion service publishes a service inside the Tor network. Visitors connect to a hostname ending in .onion through Tor rather than through the ordinary public Internet. Tor handles rendezvous and encryption; it does not replace your web server, application, database, TLS policy, authentication, backups, or operational security.
The current onion-service format is v3. Its hostname is 56 characters before .onion. Version 2 onion services are no longer supported by modern Tor releases; the Tor Project notes that v2 support ended with Tor 0.4.6.1-alpha in 2021.
The Tor Project’s basic workflow is:
- Make the local website work first.
- Give Tor a
HiddenServiceDirfor its identity and keys. - Map a virtual onion port with
HiddenServicePort. - Start Tor, read the generated hostname, and test it in Tor Browser.
Docker changes the networking and storage details, not that workflow. Keep that distinction clear: the Tor configuration is documented by the Tor Project, while the container layout, image choices, user IDs, and volume wiring are deployment decisions that must be tested with the images you select.
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Decide how the containers will connect
There is no single Docker topology mandated by the Tor Project. Choose the connection deliberately and verify it with the image and runtime you deploy.
| Design | Tor destination | Advantages | Costs and risks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Two containers on one Docker network | A Docker service name and port, such as web:8080 |
Separate process lifecycles; easy to update the web server independently | Requires correct Docker DNS, listener binding, and network policy; 127.0.0.1 is usually wrong |
| Tor and the web server in one container | 127.0.0.1 or a Unix socket inside that container |
No cross-container routing problem | Tighter coupling and more complicated process supervision; a container restart affects both services |
| Two containers sharing a Unix socket | A socket path mounted into both containers | A Unix socket avoids putting the onion backend on a Docker TCP network | Both containers need the same socket volume and compatible ownership and permissions |
The reference deployment below uses two containers and a private Docker network. It is an implementation pattern, not a Tor Project-prescribed image, UID, volume, or restart policy. Pin and audit the base images and adapt the runtime user if your chosen image differs.
With separate containers, the service name works only while both services are attached to the same user-defined network. The name is resolved by Docker’s internal DNS; it is not a public DNS record. The web process must listen on the container interface (or all interfaces), not solely on its own loopback interface. Conversely, publishing the web port on the host is unnecessary for this design and creates an avoidable exposure. The expose declaration documents an internal port; it does not publish that port outside the Compose network.
Prerequisites
- A Docker Engine and Compose implementation that support named volumes and user-defined networks.
- A working website that responds locally before Tor is added. The Tor guide uses Nginx or Apache as examples and warns that package commands and paths vary by operating system.
- A host with enough network access for Tor to establish its circuits. Do not apply a firewall rule that blocks the Tor container’s required outbound connections.
- A plan for protecting and backing up the onion-service directory. Losing its keys changes the service identity; exposing them lets another party impersonate the service.
- A separate way to inspect logs and run a temporary diagnostic container on the same network. This is useful when the Tor image does not include an HTTP client.
Before starting the stack, request the site directly from the web server using whatever local test is appropriate for that server. A successful response proves the application works; it does not prove that Tor can resolve the Docker service name or reach the selected port. Test those layers separately rather than debugging the entire path at once.
Build a two-container reference deployment
1. Create the project files
Make a directory with this layout:
tor-onion/
├── compose.yml
├── tor/
│ ├── Dockerfile
│ ├── start-tor.sh
│ └── torrc
└── web/
└── default.confThe example uses a Debian-based Tor image built locally and an Nginx web container. These choices make the roles explicit; they are not claims that these are the only suitable images. Keep the Compose file and Tor configuration under change control, but keep the generated service directory out of source control.
2. Configure the web server to listen on the container network
Save this as web/default.conf:
server {
listen 8080;
listen [::]:8080;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}The important part is listen 8080. Binding only to 127.0.0.1 inside the web container would prevent another container from reaching it. Add your site files to a directory mounted at /usr/share/nginx/html. If your application listens on another port, use that exact port in both the server configuration and HiddenServicePort; a mismatch produces a timeout even though both containers appear healthy.
3. Build the Tor container
Save this Debian-oriented Dockerfile as tor/Dockerfile:
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RUN apt-get update
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&& rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
COPY torrc /etc/tor/torrc
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RUN chmod 0755 /usr/local/bin/start-tor.sh
ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/start-tor.sh"]Debian’s package creates a debian-tor account. Other distributions and images may use another account or an already-configured entrypoint; inspect that image instead of copying this ownership assumption unchanged. Rebuild when the base image or Tor package needs a security update, and review package signatures and image provenance as part of normal server maintenance.
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4. Set the Tor configuration
Save this as tor/torrc:
DataDirectory /var/lib/tor
HiddenServiceDir /var/lib/tor/site
HiddenServicePort 80 web:8080HiddenServiceDir is where Tor stores the hostname and private service keys. HiddenServicePort 80 web:8080 makes port 80 on the onion service forward to port 8080 at the Docker service named web. This is the crucial difference from the single-host example commonly shown in Tor documentation, where 127.0.0.1:80 refers to a web server in the same network namespace.
Do not use 127.0.0.1:80 here unless Tor and the web server really share a container or another network namespace in which that address reaches the web process. In a two-container arrangement, 127.0.0.1 points back to the Tor container. Likewise, do not substitute a host-side address merely because the website is reachable from the host; route directly over the private Docker network whenever possible.
5. Prepare the startup script and permissions
Save this as tor/start-tor.sh:
#!/bin/sh
set -eu
install -d -m 0700 -o debian-tor -g debian-tor /var/lib/tor/site
chown -R debian-tor:debian-tor /var/lib/tor
exec gosu debian-tor tor -f /etc/tor/torrcThe named volume is initially owned by root. The script creates the service directory with restrictive permissions and runs Tor as the package’s unprivileged account. If you change the base image, replace the account and startup method with the values documented by that image. The service directory must be readable and writable by Tor, but not broadly readable by unrelated users.
Check the result from inside the running container rather than assuming that a successful image build set the right ownership. A read-only mount, an inherited host directory with unexpected numeric IDs, or a startup script that runs as the wrong user can all prevent Tor from creating its hostname and keys.
6. Define the Compose services and persistent volume
Save this as compose.yml:
services:
web:
image: nginx:1.27-alpine
volumes:
- ./web/default.conf:/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf:ro
- ./web/site:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro
expose:
- "8080"
networks:
- onionnet
tor:
build:
context: ./tor
depends_on:
- web
volumes:
- onion-data:/var/lib/tor
networks:
- onionnet
restart: unless-stopped
volumes:
onion-data:
networks:
onionnet:
driver: bridgeCreate web/site/index.html before starting the stack. The web service has no published host port in this example; it is reachable by Tor over the Docker network. Removing a container does not remove the named volume, so the onion identity survives ordinary recreation.
depends_on controls startup order in this example, but it is not a substitute for checking readiness. If Nginx or the application takes time to initialize, Tor may start first and log connection failures until the backend is ready. Those transient messages are different from a persistent DNS, port, or permission error.
7. Start the stack
- From the project directory, run
docker compose build tor. - Start both services with
docker compose up -d. - Check startup output with
docker compose logs --tail=100 toranddocker compose logs --tail=100 web. - Confirm that the web server answers inside the network. Do not use
docker compose exec tor apt-get updateas a health check because it changes the container. Instead, include a small HTTP client in the image you use, or inspect the web container logs and test the endpoint from a temporary diagnostic container attached toonionnet. - Read the generated address with
docker compose exec tor cat /var/lib/tor/site/hostname.
The hostname file contains the v3 address. Treat it as public only if you intend the service to be discoverable; protect every other file in that directory, especially the private keys. If the file is present but empty or unreadable, stop and fix the volume permissions instead of repeatedly restarting Tor.
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Open the hostname in Tor Browser, including the .onion suffix. Testing with an ordinary browser or a normal curl command does not test onion routing. A successful result proves that Tor created the service, published its descriptor, and reached the configured backend.
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If the page does not load, work through the path in order:
- Tor will not start: inspect
docker compose logs tor. Syntax errors, an unwritableHiddenServiceDir, and incorrect ownership are common causes. - The hostname file is absent: Tor has not completed startup or cannot write the service directory. Check the volume mount and its permissions.
- Tor starts but the onion page times out: verify that the web container is running, Nginx listens on
8080, both services shareonionnet, and the destination is exactlyweb:8080. - A 404 response appears: Tor reached Nginx, so inspect the document root, mounted site files, and Nginx configuration.
- The address changes after recreation: the service directory was not persisted, the volume was deleted, or Tor was pointed at a different directory. Restore the original volume or key backup; do not expect a newly generated address to be the old one.
When troubleshooting, change one layer at a time: first the application, then Docker name resolution and the backend port, then Tor configuration, and finally the client. Save the relevant logs around a failure. A generic browser error contains little information about whether the problem is a missing descriptor, a backend refusal, or a web-server response.
Using a Unix socket instead of Docker TCP
The Tor Project describes Unix sockets as a good practice because they avoid exposing the onion backend on a local network. In Docker, that means mounting one socket volume into both containers and configuring the web server to create its socket there while Tor targets the matching socket path. The socket’s group and mode must permit the Tor process to connect.
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This design is more permission-sensitive than the web:8080 example. Confirm all of the following before using it:
- The web server actually creates the socket at the mounted path.
- Tor sees the same path inside its container.
- The two images agree on the socket’s owner, group, and mode.
- No unrelated container mounts the socket volume.
Do not copy a socket path from a host installation into a container without verifying that both processes can see that path. A socket can disappear when the web process restarts, so include a restart test and verify that it is recreated with the expected ownership.
Keep the onion identity safe and durable
The service directory contains the generated hostname and the cryptographic material that proves control of that hostname. Back it up as sensitive data, restrict host access, and exclude it from public image layers and source repositories. Do not bake the directory into a Dockerfile or commit it to version control.
“If your keys leak, other people can impersonate your Onion Service, deeming it compromised, useless, and dangerous to visit.”
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Deleting the named volume is not the same as restarting a container: deleting it removes the identity unless you have a secure backup. Conversely, copying the volume into a broad-access backup system can leak the keys. Document who can restore it and test restoration without publishing the key files.
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A practical backup should preserve the directory structure, ownership, and restrictive modes. Record which Compose project and mount point use the backup, because restoring the files to a different path while leaving HiddenServiceDir unchanged will not restore the service. After a restore, read the hostname and test it in Tor Browser before declaring the recovery complete. Never email private key files or place them in a public artifact registry.
Public access versus client authorization
A public onion address is not an access-control mechanism. Anyone who learns the address can attempt to connect unless the application itself requires authentication or Tor client authorization is enabled.
Tor’s v3 client-authorization model uses keys: the service is configured with an authorization public key, and an approved client receives the corresponding private credential. Clients without authorization cannot access the service. Use this for administrative panels, staging sites, or private services rather than assuming that an undisclosed address is secret. Keep the client credential separate from the service volume and distribute it only through a channel appropriate for a private key.
Do not confuse onion routing with anonymity
An onion service can reduce the need to reveal a server’s public IP address, but it does not make an application anonymous by itself. Web pages can disclose hostnames, software versions, unique assets, timestamps, error details, analytics identifiers, document metadata, or other clues. The Tor setup guidance treats preventing information leakage about the server, computer, and location as a substantial operational-security task.
Review application headers, error pages, uploaded files, logs, administrator interfaces, and third-party resources. Keep the web server and application patched, and avoid placing a management endpoint on the same public service without authentication. Onion hosting also does not remove ordinary obligations for account security, data protection, incident response, or backups.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Optionally advertise the onion version with Onion-Location
If the same site is available over HTTPS on the normal web, the Tor Project’s Onion-Location guidance allows the HTTPS page to advertise its onion equivalent through an HTTP header or an HTML meta attribute. The page carrying the advertisement must be served over HTTPS and must not itself be an onion site. This feature helps visitors discover the onion address; it is not required for the service to function and does not replace client authorization.
Use the feature only after the onion address is stable and tested. Advertising a temporary address, an address whose keys are not backed up, or a private service from a public page can create confusion or disclose a service that was meant to remain restricted.
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What survives a Docker update
| Action | Hostname and keys | Expected result |
|---|---|---|
docker compose restart tor |
Remain in the named volume | Same onion address |
docker compose up -d --build |
Remain unless the volume is removed | New image, same service identity |
docker compose down |
Remain by default | Containers stop; named volume remains |
docker compose down -v |
Deleted | Next start generates a different identity and hostname |
Make volume deletion an explicitly approved maintenance action. Keep the Compose file, Tor configuration, image versions, and backup procedure together so that a replacement host can recreate the same service without exposing the key material. If you intentionally want a new onion identity, create a documented change and tell users that the old address will no longer identify the replacement service.
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Final deployment checklist
- The local website works before Tor is introduced.
- The web server listens on an address reachable from Tor’s container.
HiddenServicePortnames the real Docker destination, not an assumed localhost address.HiddenServiceDiris a persistent volume with restrictive ownership and permissions.- The generated hostname is read from the volume and tested in Tor Browser.
- Tor and web-server logs are available for troubleshooting.
- Everyone understands whether the service is public or protected by client authorization.
- Application-level information leaks have been reviewed separately from Tor configuration.
- A restore test has confirmed that the backed-up service directory recreates the same hostname.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I keep the same onion address when I recreate the Docker container?
Keep HiddenServiceDir on a persistent named volume and do not run docker compose down -v. Recreating the Tor container with the same volume preserves the hostname and keys. If the volume was deleted, only a secure backup of the original directory can restore the old address.
Why does 127.0.0.1 fail in a separate Tor container?
Each container has its own network namespace. In the Tor container, 127.0.0.1 refers to Tor itself, not the web container. Put both services on the same Docker network and target the web service name and listening port, such as web:8080.
Can I run Tor and the website in separate containers?
Yes. The containers must share a verified Docker network, and the web server must listen on an address reachable from that network. A shared Unix socket is another option, but both containers then need the same socket mount and compatible ownership and permissions.
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Is a .onion address private by default?
No. Without client authorization, anyone who learns or discovers the address can attempt to access it. Use application authentication or Tor’s v3 client-authorization keys for administrative, staging, or otherwise private services.
What should I do if the hostname file is missing?
Inspect the Tor logs, confirm that the volume is mounted at the configured HiddenServiceDir, and verify that the Tor runtime user can create and write the directory. A missing file generally means startup has not completed or the service directory is not writable.
Should I publish the Nginx port on the Docker host?
Not for the reference design. Tor reaches Nginx over the private Docker network, so publishing the backend port can create unnecessary exposure. Use an internal service name and port, and publish a host port only when you have a separate, deliberate reason.
Does running an onion service make my application anonymous?
No. Application responses can reveal hostnames, software versions, metadata, analytics identifiers, timestamps, or other identifying details. Review the web server and application separately, patch them, and do not treat Tor configuration as a complete operational-security program.
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The Bottom Line
Make the site work first, then configure Tor with a real Docker-reachable backend and a persistent, tightly protected HiddenServiceDir. Read the v3 hostname from the volume, test it in Tor Browser, and treat key backups, client authorization, and application information leaks as separate security responsibilities.
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