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When an SSH connection closes, the login shell normally sends a hangup signal (SIGHUP) to its child processes. Programs that do not handle that signal usually exit. To keep work running, start it with nohup, remove an existing job from the shell with disown, run it inside a persistent tmux or screen session, or launch it as a transient unit with systemd-run.
Use nohup for a one-off non-interactive command, tmux or screen when you need to reconnect to a terminal, disown when a job is already running, and systemd-run when you want systemd to supervise the process. The commands below assume a Linux shell; exact options should be checked with the target system’s man pages.
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Why an SSH disconnect stops a process
An SSH login normally gives you a shell attached to a pseudo-terminal. Commands started from that shell are part of its job and process hierarchy. When the session ends—because you type exit, close the terminal, or lose the network—the shell handles the hangup by sending SIGHUP to child jobs. Most ordinary programs terminate when they receive it.
The important distinction is between the SSH connection and the program itself. Closing SSH does not inherently kill every process on the server; it exposes processes that still depend on the login shell or its terminal. A process that has been arranged to ignore SIGHUP, moved out of the shell’s job table, placed in a persistent terminal multiplexer, or started under a service manager can continue after the client disappears.
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Keeping a process alive also requires dealing with its input and output. A command that expects keyboard input, continuously writes to a terminal, or uses relative paths can still fail even when SIGHUP is no longer a problem. Choose a method that matches how you need to operate the job.
Choose the right method
| Method | Reconnect to the same session | Survives shell logout when configured correctly | Runs under a service manager | Best use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
nohup plus & |
No | Yes | No | A single, non-interactive command or script |
disown |
No | Yes | No | A background job you forgot to protect before disconnecting |
tmux or screen |
Yes | Yes | No | Interactive work, live logs, and commands you may need to revisit |
systemd-run |
No terminal session | Yes | Yes | A detached job that should have a named systemd unit and properties |
None of these choices, by itself, establishes that a job will return after a server reboot. Reboot persistence is a separate service-configuration question and is not guaranteed by the logout techniques above.
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nohup starts a command with SIGHUP ignored. POSIX specifies that the signal is set to be ignored when nohup invokes the command. It does not put the command in the background, so append & when you want your shell prompt back.
The standard pattern
nohup ./backup.sh > backup.log 2>&1 &This starts backup.sh, sends standard output and standard error to backup.log, and backgrounds the job. Redirecting both streams explicitly avoids relying on terminal-detection behavior. If standard output is still a terminal, GNU nohup redirects it to nohup.out (or $HOME/nohup.out) instead. An explicit log path is easier to find and monitor.
Capture the shell’s reported process ID immediately if you need to track the job:
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nohup ./backup.sh > backup.log 2>&1 &
echo $!The number printed by echo $! is the most recently backgrounded process from that shell. Check whether it is still present with a process-list command appropriate to your system, and watch output with tail -f backup.log.
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What nohup does not do
nohup only changes SIGHUP handling and, when necessary, output redirection. It is not a complete daemonizer. The program can still depend on files, environment variables, permissions, a working directory, or other resources that disappear or change after logout. It also cannot make an interactive program useful when nobody is available to answer its prompts.
Use absolute paths for scripts and important files when the command may run unattended. Make sure the account that launched it can write the selected log location. If the program creates child processes, test how those children handle the same session conditions; ignoring SIGHUP in the first process does not prove that every descendant is independent.
Option 2: protect a job that is already running with disown
disown is a shell job-control operation. It removes a background job from the shell’s job table, so the shell no longer manages it when the session ends. In shells that support the option, disown -h keeps the job listed but marks it so the shell will not send it SIGHUP.
If the command is in the foreground
- Press
Ctrl-Zto suspend the foreground command. - Run
bgto continue it in the background. - Run
jobs -land identify the job number, such as%1. - Run
disown -h %1using that job number.
Ctrl-Z
bg
jobs -l
disown -h %1Redirect output before disconnecting whenever possible. A command that remains attached to a terminal for input or output can still misbehave after the terminal disappears, even if the shell no longer sends it SIGHUP.
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If the command is already in the background
jobs -l
disown -h %1Replace %1 with the actual job specification shown by jobs -l. If you do not need the job to remain visible in the shell’s table, some shells also support plain disown %1; the -h form specifically requests that the job stay listed while being protected from SIGHUP. Job-control flags differ between shells, so verify the exact syntax with help disown or the shell’s man page.
Limitations of disown
disown is a rescue technique, not a service supervisor. It does not create a reconnectable terminal, record structured service status, or arrange automatic restart. It is also easy to apply to the wrong job if several commands are running. Confirm the job number, process command, output destination, and expected completion before closing SSH.
Option 3: use tmux for a reconnectable terminal
tmux separates a terminal session from the SSH client. A tmux server and its clients communicate through a socket, so the server-side session can remain after your SSH client disconnects. You can later attach a new SSH client to the same session and continue interacting with the running program.
Start, detach, and reattach
- Start a named session:
tmux new -s backup. - Run the command inside that session, for example
./backup.sh. - Detach without stopping the command by pressing
Ctrl-b, thend. - Close SSH normally.
- On a later login, list sessions with
tmux lsand reconnect withtmux attach -t backup.
tmux new -s backup
./backup.sh
# Press Ctrl-b, then d
# After reconnecting
tmux ls
tmux attach -t backupBecause the command remains in a terminal, tmux is suitable for interactive installers, database consoles, editors, long-running log views, and work where you may need to enter another command. You can inspect live output after reattaching instead of guessing from a log file.
Screen as an equivalent approach
screen provides the same basic model: start a named persistent terminal, run the command, detach, and reattach later. A typical workflow is screen -S backup, detach with Ctrl-a followed by d, list sessions with screen -ls, and reattach with screen -r backup. Check the installed version’s manual for key bindings and session-selection details.
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When a tmux session is not enough
Tmux protects the terminal session, not the underlying application from every failure. If the command exits because of an application error, a missing file, or a resource limit, the tmux session may remain while the command is gone. Reattach and inspect the final output, or deliberately redirect logs as well. A tmux session also does not by itself define restart policy or reboot behavior.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Option 4: launch a transient unit with systemd-run
systemd-run asks systemd to create a transient unit and start the command in it. A service unit is detached and starts asynchronously by default, while a scope unit runs the command as a child of systemd-run and waits for it to finish. This gives you a named unit and access to systemd unit properties instead of relying only on shell job control.
Start a detached service unit
systemd-run --unit=backup-job.service ./backup.shThe --unit= value gives the transient service a predictable name. You can then use the normal systemd tooling on that unit, for example:
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journalctl -u backup-job.serviceUse --property= options when you need to set supported unit properties for the job. The available properties and required privileges depend on the host’s systemd version and policy; check systemd-run(1) and the relevant unit-property documentation before selecting them.
Use a scope when the caller should wait
systemd-run --scope ./backup.shA scope places the command in a systemd-managed scope and waits for the command to complete. That behavior differs from the detached service form, which returns control while the service runs asynchronously. Select the form based on whether the invoking shell should wait and whether you need a service-style unit.
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Why systemd-run is different
A transient unit gives the process a service-manager identity rather than a shell job number. That is useful for checking status and logs consistently and for applying unit properties. It still does not mean the transient job will automatically be recreated after a reboot; persistent startup requires a separately configured systemd unit or another boot-time mechanism.
How to choose in common situations
You are starting a batch script and will only read its log
Use nohup with explicit output redirection and &. Record the PID and log path before disconnecting. This has the least setup and no later terminal to reattach.
You started a command and suddenly need to disconnect
Suspend it, resume it in the background, inspect the job number, and use disown -h. This is fastest when the process is already running, but it gives you fewer safeguards than starting correctly from the beginning.
You may need to type commands again or watch a live interface
Start the work inside tmux or screen. Detaching preserves the terminal state and lets you return to it from a later SSH login.
You need a named, systemd-managed execution
Use systemd-run --unit=.... This is the most appropriate of the four methods when unit status, journal integration, or systemd properties matter.
Troubleshoot a process that still dies
It stopped as soon as you logged out
- Confirm that the command was actually protected.
nohup commandwithout&still occupies the shell, and a plain background command withoutnohupcan still receive SIGHUP. - If you used
disown, runjobs -lbefore disconnecting and verify that the intended job, not another job, was selected. - If you used tmux, confirm that you detached rather than terminating the session, and check that the command had not already exited.
- If you used systemd-run, inspect the unit status and journal for an application error or permission failure.
The process is alive but produces no useful output
Look for output in the path you selected. With nohup, terminal output can fall back to nohup.out when you did not redirect it. For unattended jobs, redirect standard output and standard error explicitly so that a missing terminal is not part of the diagnosis.
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First check the method’s own state: tmux ls for tmux, screen -ls for screen, jobs -l only in the original shell for shell jobs, and systemctl status for a systemd unit. A shell job may no longer appear after a new SSH login even when its process continues, so use a process-list command and the recorded PID or command name as a second check.
The command works interactively but fails unattended
Inspect dependencies on the current directory, PATH, environment variables, terminal input, credentials, and writable log locations. Start scripts with the paths and settings they require, and make their non-interactive behavior explicit. Keeping SIGHUP away does not supply missing configuration.
Quick Recap
Pre-disconnect checklist
- Choose one method based on whether you need reattachment, a service manager, or only a detached batch run.
- Use a stable command path and verify that the account can read inputs and write outputs.
- Redirect output for non-interactive work and note where the log is stored.
- Record the PID, tmux/screen session name, or systemd unit name.
- Confirm the job is running with an appropriate process, session, or unit-status check.
- Decide how you will detect completion or failure after reconnecting.
- Do not assume logout protection equals reboot persistence; configure a persistent service separately when startup after reboot is required.
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