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If you suspect an Exchange breach, coordinate security, Exchange, identity, operations and legal stakeholders before making broad changes. Preserve suspicious messages and relevant mailbox material, record the actions you take, and contain the threat in a way that balances evidence preservation with business risk. The right steps depend on whether the environment is Exchange Server, Exchange Online or hybrid; Microsoft’s guidance is not a complete version-specific forensic runbook or a jurisdiction-specific legal protocol.
Coordinate the response before changing systems
Start the organization’s incident-response process and assign clear responsibility for technical investigation, containment, business decisions and communications. Include Exchange administrators and identity responders; involve legal counsel to help determine whether law enforcement may be appropriate and how investigation and recovery should be planned. Keep incident communications controlled and follow legal advice.
Microsoft’s Incident response overview says response should be designed and executed to avoid loss of data, business-critical functionality and evidence. That means containment is important, but a disruptive action should be weighed against the risk of delaying it. If immediate action is necessary, record what changed, when, by whom and why.
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Prioritize systems and accounts supported by evidence
Use the initial indicators to identify the mailboxes, accounts, servers and connected services that may have been accessed or changed. Microsoft advises against investigating every resource indiscriminately; prioritize resources implicated by evidence and use tools already deployed where possible. Avoid cleanup or configuration changes that could destroy evidence unless the threat requires action.
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Keep original suspicious messages
Save original suspicious or phishing emails before deletion or cleanup. Preserve their headers, contents and attachments so they remain available for analysis. Record indicators of compromise that are relevant to the incident, such as file hashes, malicious IP addresses and email attributes, in the organization’s response or threat-intelligence system. Microsoft’s incident-response guidance covers prioritization, evidence preservation and recording indicators.
Maintain an action and evidence record
Keep a time-ordered incident record that distinguishes observations from hypotheses. For each evidence item, note where it came from, when and how it was collected, who handled it, and where the preserved copy is stored. Log response actions and their effects, including changes made for containment. These practices help explain what responders observed and changed; the precise evidence-handling procedure should follow organizational policy and qualified forensic or legal advice.
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Preserve mailbox content using the environment’s configured features
Exchange’s Recoverable Items folder supports deleted-item retention, single-item recovery, In-Place Hold, Litigation Hold, mailbox audit logging and calendar logging. Microsoft describes the folder as a way to protect against accidental or malicious deletion and facilitate discovery. In-Place Hold can preserve mailbox items matching configured query parameters; Exchange eDiscovery documentation also describes preserving messages that users or processes delete or alter. See Microsoft’s Recoverable Items folder documentation and In-Place eDiscovery in Exchange Server.
Do not assume a hold or audit trail exists or covers the material you need. Before relying on a preservation feature, confirm the Exchange environment and version, relevant permissions, mailbox and item scope, existing holds or retention settings, and whether the required logging is available. Coordinate changes with the response team so the preservation action itself does not conflict with containment or existing policy.
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Include identity and cloud connections in hybrid investigations
If on-premises Exchange is connected to Microsoft 365, assess whether the incident could extend beyond the mail server. Review relevant identity and trust relationships, including federation and synchronized accounts, as part of scoping. Microsoft’s guidance on protecting Microsoft 365 from on-premises attacks explains why on-premises compromise can create cloud risk. It describes the architectural relationship; it is not a forensic checklist for Exchange.
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Keep the scope tied to the environment and evidence. A cloud identity concern does not by itself establish that a Microsoft 365 tenant was compromised, but investigating only the on-premises server may miss connected risk.
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Plan containment around the observed threat and the cost of waiting. Coordinate changes that could affect mail flow, user access or business-critical services with the relevant owners. Preserve useful evidence first where that can be done safely; when it cannot, document the decision and the change. Then investigate and remove the cause of compromise, and verify recovery rather than treating service restoration alone as proof that the incident is resolved.
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Microsoft describes incident response as including analysis, containment, eradication and recovery. Its detection and analysis guidance and security incident management overview provide the broader lifecycle. For Microsoft 365 mail-flow connector incidents specifically, follow the scenario-specific compromised-connector guidance; those instructions are not a general forensic procedure for an on-premises Exchange server.
Do not confuse remediation with evidence preservation
Purging malicious or unwanted content is a remediation action, not a substitute for collecting and preserving evidence. Microsoft Purview Data Security Investigations distinguishes soft purge from hard purge and recommends soft purge as the default in most investigation-driven workflows because items may remain recoverable subject to retention; hard purge is irreversible. Do not purge suspected evidence without confirming the scope, authority and preservation impact. See Microsoft’s mitigation-actions guidance.
Similarly, Microsoft’s malicious-application investigation playbook illustrates the importance of checking prerequisites, logging and permissions before investigating, but it is not Exchange-specific. Use it only where that application scenario is relevant: Compromised and malicious applications investigation.
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Close the incident with a supported timeline and follow-up
Prepare a technical summary and event sequence grounded in the preserved evidence. Include what is known, what remains uncertain, which response actions were taken and what those actions changed. Record relevant indicators, unknown or unpatched vulnerabilities and gaps in the response process for follow-up. Microsoft’s post-incident activity guidance covers documentation and lessons learned.
The Microsoft sources cited here do not provide a complete Exchange version-specific acquisition sequence, a definitive list of logs to collect, or jurisdiction-specific evidence-handling requirements. For a live incident, use current Microsoft incident-response support alongside qualified digital-forensics and legal professionals to determine the collection plan for the actual environment.
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