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Start with a living, evidence-backed inventory of every cryptographic use before choosing post-quantum replacements. Record the algorithm, protocol, key and certificate context, protected data, owners, dependencies, exposure, and lifecycle deadlines. Then rank each use by quantum vulnerability, secrecy or signature lifetime, business impact, external exposure, and replacement difficulty. The result is a migration backlog that can be tested and updated rather than a one-time scanner report.
What a cryptographic inventory is—and why it comes first
NIST defines a cryptographic inventory as a descriptive record of the cryptography used across an organization’s systems, applications, services, devices, and data flows. It can include algorithms, protocols and services such as TLS, SSH, VPN, code signing, and email encryption; key metadata; certificates and chains; dependent systems; and the data protected by those controls.
That scope is broader than a list of installed libraries. An application may negotiate TLS through an operating-system provider, obtain certificates from a central PKI, sign releases in a build service, and call a cloud key-management service. A device may rely on a vendor-controlled secure-boot key. A supplier may embed an old cryptographic library in firmware that your software inventory never sees. Each use is a migration dependency even if no developer wrote an algorithm name in your source code.
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Set the inventory boundary and accountability
Define what is in scope
Write a scope statement before collecting records. Include business units, subsidiaries, production and non-production environments, on-premises infrastructure, cloud accounts, SaaS integrations, managed devices, operational technology, embedded products, laboratories, archives, and suppliers. State which data classes are covered and whether the inventory includes systems operated by third parties on your behalf.
Use the same boundary for discovery and risk decisions. If a subsidiary, disaster-recovery environment, or supplier is excluded, record that decision and the reason. An unexplained gap will otherwise look like an unverified “no cryptography found” result.
Assign ownership
- Program owner: accountable for scope, policy, reporting, and the migration backlog.
- Asset owner: responsible for business purpose, criticality, data classification, and acceptable downtime.
- Technical owner: responsible for configuration, dependencies, certificates, keys, and remediation work.
- Security or PKI reviewer: validates algorithm use, trust relationships, exceptions, and evidence quality.
- Supplier owner: obtains algorithm, protocol, upgrade, and support information from external providers.
Define how evidence is timestamped, how confidence is assigned, how exceptions expire, and what makes a record stale. Without those rules, the inventory becomes a static spreadsheet that loses value as certificates rotate, workloads are redeployed, and vendors change their implementations.
What every inventory record should contain
Use a stable identifier for each application, service, device, workload, repository, or cryptographic service. Link multiple findings to that identifier instead of creating a new asset for every scan result. Do not place secret key material in the inventory; record a protected location or HSM reference and the metadata needed to manage its lifecycle.
| Record area | Fields to capture | Why it matters for migration |
|---|---|---|
| Asset identity | Application or service name, device or workload identifier, repository, environment, business owner, technical owner, supplier, and criticality | Establishes who can approve a change and how a failure affects the business |
| Cryptographic use | Algorithm, key size or parameter set, mode, protocol, library or provider, implementation version, and role such as encryption, signing, key establishment, hashing, or certificate validation | Distinguishes quantum-vulnerable public-key use from symmetric or hashing use and identifies replacement constraints |
| Key and certificate metadata | Key type, owner, protected location or HSM reference, certificate subject and issuer, chain, expiration, rotation policy, trust store, and lifecycle status | Reveals trust anchors, renewal deadlines, shared keys, and dependencies that can block a transition |
| Data and dependency context | Data classification, confidentiality lifetime, integrity or signature lifetime, upstream and downstream systems, external parties, and failure impact | Shows whether captured data remains sensitive and which systems must change together |
| Evidence and status | Discovery method, source timestamp, confidence, reviewer, exception, remediation owner, target post-quantum state, test status, and migration milestone | Makes findings auditable, correctable, and usable as a delivery backlog |
Keep the evidence that supports each field: a configuration path, repository revision, certificate record, network observation, device build, supplier response, or approved architecture document. A finding with no provenance cannot be efficiently rechecked when an owner disputes it.
Build an initial map from existing systems
Treat discovery as a correlation problem rather than a single scanner export. Join the records you already maintain, using stable identifiers and ownership data to connect them.
- Configuration-management and asset databases identify applications, hosts, devices, environments, and owners.
- Cloud and SaaS inventories expose accounts, managed services, certificates, key-management integrations, and service identities.
- Application catalogs and repository indexes show codebases, build pipelines, release artifacts, and maintenance status.
- Network maps and service-mesh catalogs show endpoints, trust boundaries, routes, and externally reachable interfaces.
- PKI, certificate, HSM, and key-management records reveal issuance, renewal, trust stores, key custody, and rotation practices.
- Deployment manifests, container images, operating-system packages, and firmware inventories identify libraries and providers that may not appear in application code.
- Supplier documentation and contracts identify managed cryptography, embedded components, upgrade commitments, and support deadlines.
Expect duplicates. The same service may appear under a CMDB name, a cloud resource ID, a repository name, and a certificate subject. Establish a correlation key and preserve the original identifiers as evidence rather than deleting them.
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Discover cryptography across all technical surfaces
Static code and configuration review
Search source code, infrastructure-as-code, deployment manifests, policy files, certificate bundles, trust stores, and startup parameters for algorithm names, key sizes, protocol versions, provider names, certificate paths, and hard-coded parameters. Inspect direct library calls as well as wrappers and framework defaults. A package declaration proves that a component is available; it does not prove that the algorithm is active, so record the call site or configuration that enables it when possible.
Look for RSA and elliptic-curve uses in more than TLS. Common locations include API authentication, JWT or other token signing, S/MIME, document signatures, software and container signing, secure-boot verification, firmware updates, SSH host and user keys, VPN authentication, database connections, and machine-to-machine trust.
Runtime and network observation
Observe negotiated TLS and SSH parameters, VPN tunnels, API gateways, service-mesh traffic, signing operations, and certificate validation while systems are operating. Runtime evidence can reveal inherited operating-system settings, dynamically loaded providers, and dormant paths that static review misses.
Record the observation time, endpoint, direction, protocol, negotiated algorithm or certificate, and the asset that initiated the operation. A network capture or telemetry event should identify the service and trust relationship, not merely report that an encrypted connection existed.
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PKI, keys, and HSMs
Export certificate metadata from public and private certificate authorities, issuance and renewal systems, load balancers, API gateways, service meshes, endpoint-management platforms, and application trust stores. Include subject, issuer, chain, key type, expiration, rotation policy, revocation status, and consuming assets.
Inventory key-management services and HSM partitions by purpose and owner. Record whether a key is used for encryption, signing, authentication, wrapping, or certificate issuance; where the cryptographic operation occurs; and which applications depend on that location. Never copy private keys, recovery shares, or other secret material into the inventory.
Devices, firmware, and build systems
Inspect secure-boot chains, firmware-signing keys, update packages, bootloaders, hardware security modules, smart cards, industrial controllers, and other embedded systems. Record manufacturing or field-update dependencies, because a cryptographic change may require a coordinated hardware, firmware, and provisioning release.
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Review CI/CD signing, artifact registries, package repositories, release approvals, and verification jobs. A signing algorithm can remain in use long after an application’s network protocol has been modernized, and signatures may need to remain verifiable for the full support or archival period of the software.
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Email, backups, archives, and data exchange
Include email encryption and signing, file-transfer gateways, backup encryption, long-lived archives, document-signing services, and data exchanged with customers or partners. Record both the protection mechanism and the period for which confidentiality or signature validity is required.
Supplier and managed-service discovery
Ask each supplier for the algorithms, protocols, certificate and key-management arrangements, implementation versions, cryptographic modules, upgrade path, and dependencies that affect your systems. Request evidence for hosted services and embedded components, not only a statement that the product is “quantum safe.” Record which party controls the change, what notice period applies, and whether an interface or certificate-size change will require your testing.
NIST SP 1800-38B describes a multifaceted discovery process, a functional test plan, use-case scenarios, threat coverage, and an architecture that combines contributed discovery tools. Use that model to test coverage and evidence quality rather than relying on one detection technique.
Normalize, validate, and keep the records trustworthy
Use a common vocabulary
Normalize algorithm names, parameter sets, protocol roles, key purposes, environments, owners, and lifecycle states. Separate the algorithm from the operation: “elliptic-curve” is not enough if the record does not say whether the key performs signing, key agreement, certificate validation, or another role. Record the provider and implementation version because two providers with the same algorithm label can have different upgrade paths.
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Separate presence from active use
Classify each finding as active, dormant, inherited default, test-only, or unconfirmed. A library installed on a host is evidence of potential capability, not proof that production traffic uses it. Conversely, a negotiated protocol or valid signature is strong evidence of active use even when the calling code is hidden inside a platform service.
Require owner confirmation
Route findings to application and infrastructure owners with the evidence, observed timestamp, and questions they must answer. Ask whether the use is still active, what data or trust decision it protects, which systems depend on it, and what change window is available. Capture the reviewer and decision; do not silently overwrite an uncertain finding.
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Detect drift
Schedule refreshes for certificates, keys, cloud resources, repositories, images, firmware, and supplier declarations. Trigger an update when an asset is deployed, a certificate is renewed, a provider or library changes, a trust store is modified, or a new external endpoint appears. Track stale records explicitly and assign an owner to resolve them.
Find the uses that need post-quantum attention
Prioritize public-key cryptography first because NIST’s migration guidance focuses on understanding quantum-vulnerable public-key algorithms in hardware, software, and services. RSA and elliptic-curve mechanisms used for key establishment, authentication, signatures, certificates, secure boot, and software signing are especially important to locate. Continue to inventory symmetric encryption and hashing: they influence policy, protocol negotiation, hardware capacity, and data-protection design even when the immediate replacement is not a public-key algorithm.
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- What algorithm, parameter set, protocol, and implementation are actually in use?
- What data, identity, trust decision, software release, or device update does it protect?
- How long must confidentiality, integrity, or signature validity last?
- Who controls the change, and which upstream, downstream, external, or supplier systems must interoperate?
- What deadline, certificate expiration, hardware replacement, contract renewal, or support limit constrains the work?
Rank migration risk with explicit criteria
Use a documented qualitative scale or an approved scoring model, but keep the reasoning visible. A high-priority finding usually combines several of the following conditions:
| Priority dimension | Questions to ask | Signals for earlier action |
|---|---|---|
| Quantum vulnerability | Does the use rely on a public-key algorithm that the target standards are intended to replace? | RSA or elliptic-curve key establishment, authentication, signing, certificates, or trust anchors |
| Data or signature lifetime | How long must secrecy, integrity, or signature validity survive? | Long-lived sensitive data, regulated records, archival documents, firmware, or software signatures |
| Business criticality | What happens if the system cannot authenticate, decrypt, verify, or connect? | Core transactions, safety functions, identity infrastructure, recovery systems, or revenue-critical services |
| Exposure | Can an external party reach the protocol, obtain the certificate, or capture the protected traffic? | Internet-facing services, partner links, remote access, public APIs, and widely distributed clients |
| Lifecycle urgency | Is a replacement window already approaching? | Certificate or key expiration, unsupported library, hardware refresh, contract renewal, or supplier end-of-support |
| Replacement complexity | How many systems, providers, protocols, devices, or parties must change together? | Embedded or legacy systems, constrained bandwidth, large certificates, specialized HSMs, or many downstream consumers |
Do not equate urgency with vulnerability alone. A high-risk archive may not be externally reachable today, but its confidentiality lifetime can make it a priority. A public endpoint with short-lived data may still require early engineering if certificates, clients, or suppliers cannot be changed quickly.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Map the inventory to a target state
NIST published FIPS 203, FIPS 204, and FIPS 205 on August 13, 2024. Use those finalized standards as the standards context for target profiles, while confirming the approved algorithms, parameter sets, protocols, and implementation requirements for your organization. The standards do not remove the need to test interoperability, performance, certificate handling, hardware support, or operational procedures.
NIST’s current project direction says quantum-vulnerable algorithms will be deprecated and ultimately removed from its standards by 2035, with high-risk systems transitioning earlier. Treat 2035 as a strategic outer direction, not a reason to defer work: certificate cycles, procurement lead times, embedded release schedules, and long confidentiality periods can require action much sooner.
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For each inventory record, define a target state such as:
- Replacement with an approved post-quantum mechanism in the relevant protocol or application profile.
- A staged or hybrid transition while communicating parties gain compatible implementations.
- Retirement of the cryptographic use because the business function or data flow is being removed.
- Temporary exception with a named owner, expiration date, compensating controls, and an approved reason.
Record constraints that can change the design: latency, bandwidth, certificate or signature size, memory, CPU, HSM capability, protocol message limits, client compatibility, firmware space, logging, and recovery procedures. These are migration requirements to test, not assumptions to hide in a roadmap.
Turn findings into a staged, testable roadmap
- Establish the baseline. Approve scope, owners, vocabulary, evidence rules, and the initial asset map. Publish coverage gaps and unverified suppliers as explicit risks.
- Close the highest-risk discovery gaps. Investigate long-lived sensitive data, externally exposed public-key uses, trust anchors, software and firmware signing, certificate authorities, and systems nearing lifecycle deadlines.
- Create migration epics. Group dependent assets by protocol, trust domain, product release, supplier, or hardware platform. Give each epic an owner, prerequisites, target state, test gates, rollback approach, and evidence deliverables.
- Build representative test environments. Test clients and servers together, including certificate issuance and validation, key storage, HSM operations, logging, monitoring, backup and recovery, and failure behavior. Include constrained devices and external parties where they are part of the trust path.
- Pilot low-blast-radius services. Use pilots to measure interoperability, latency, bandwidth, certificate and signature handling, operational tooling, and rollback. Update the inventory with observed implementation details and defects.
- Schedule production waves. Coordinate certificate and key lifecycles, maintenance windows, supplier releases, user communication, and recovery plans. Keep the legacy path only for the approved transition period and monitor its use.
- Verify and close. Require evidence that the target mechanism is active, old mechanisms are disabled or formally excepted, dependent systems still work, and monitoring can detect drift. Update the record and milestone status.
Evaluate discovery approaches before selecting tooling
Whether discovery is performed with internal scripts, platform capabilities, a specialist service, or several integrated tools, assess the approach against the same operational requirements.
| Evaluation area | Evidence to request |
|---|---|
| Coverage | Demonstrated discovery across source code, runtime, network, cloud, devices, PKI, HSMs, signing, embedded systems, and suppliers |
| Evidence quality | Source provenance, timestamps, confidence scoring, owner workflows, reviewer history, and stale-record handling |
| Use detection | Proof that the approach distinguishes active cryptographic operations from package or library presence |
| Integration | Exports and connectors for CMDB, governance and risk systems, SIEM, software or cryptographic bills of materials, and ticketing |
| Dependency modeling | Ability to connect certificates, keys, protocols, trust relationships, upstream and downstream systems, and suppliers |
| Continuous operation | Drift detection after deployments, certificate renewals, provider changes, and cloud or device updates |
| Deployment controls | Data residency, access controls, tenant separation, auditability, deployment model, and operational effort |
| Migration output | Prioritized backlog, owners, exceptions, target states, test status, milestones, and rollback evidence |
A tool that identifies algorithm strings but cannot show ownership, dependencies, or evidence will not by itself produce a migration plan. Conversely, a manually maintained register without technical refreshes will drift. Most organizations need correlated evidence from several sources and a workflow that keeps the result current.
Common inventory failures and how to correct them
- Scanning only application repositories: add runtime, network, PKI, cloud, endpoint, firmware, HSM, signing, backup, and supplier evidence.
- Counting installed packages as active cryptography: require a call site, configuration, negotiated session, certificate use, or other operational evidence.
- Ignoring certificates and trust stores: map every certificate to its issuer, chain, key, consumers, expiration, and renewal process.
- Leaving owners and data lifetimes blank: route the record to the accountable asset owner and data steward before assigning priority.
- Storing secret keys in the register: keep only metadata and a controlled reference to the HSM or key-management location.
- Assuming a supplier is already covered: request implementation, protocol, certificate, key-management, upgrade, and dependency evidence in writing.
- Planning a replacement without interoperability tests: test both ends of every connection, including external parties, constrained devices, certificate services, and operational recovery.
- Making the inventory a one-time project: add refresh triggers, review dates, drift alerts, exception expiry, and milestone evidence.
Operational checklist
- Scope includes business units, environments, cloud and SaaS services, devices, archives, and suppliers.
- Every asset has a business owner, technical owner, environment, supplier where applicable, and criticality.
- Every cryptographic use identifies algorithm, parameters, role, protocol, provider, and implementation version.
- Certificates, chains, trust stores, keys, HSM references, expiration, rotation, and lifecycle status are linked to consuming assets.
- Data classification and confidentiality, integrity, or signature lifetime are recorded.
- Findings carry provenance, timestamp, confidence, reviewer, exception status, and remediation owner.
- Static, runtime, network, PKI, cloud, device, signing, archive, and supplier discovery are represented.
- Priorities account for quantum vulnerability, lifetime, criticality, exposure, deadlines, and replacement complexity.
- Each high-priority record has a target state, dependencies, test gates, rollback plan, and migration milestone.
- Refresh events and stale-record handling are defined so the inventory remains usable after systems change.
What a successful outcome looks like
A useful inventory lets a program answer, for any cryptographic use, what is deployed, where it runs, which data or trust decision it protects, who owns it, what depends on it, how long protection must last, and what must be tested before changing it. It turns NIST’s discovery-first direction into a practical queue of migration work.
The inventory should therefore be operated as a risk-management system, not filed as a compliance artifact. As NIST’s 2024 post-quantum standards and its 2035 transition direction shape target profiles, the records provide the evidence needed to choose migration waves, coordinate suppliers, test interoperability, and retire quantum-vulnerable uses with controlled exceptions rather than surprises.
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