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Internationalizing a WordPress block theme means giving every user-facing string a consistent text domain, translating both PHP-rendered and editor-side JavaScript text, extracting catalogs with WP-CLI, loading the resulting files from the right locations, and testing the theme in a target locale. A block theme does not become translation-ready automatically just because its templates are made of blocks.
What internationalization changes in a block theme
A block theme is assembled mainly from block templates, template parts, patterns, a theme.json configuration file and editor-side code. Text can therefore be emitted in several places: PHP files, pattern files, block markup and JavaScript that runs in the Site Editor or other administrative screens. Each execution context uses a different WordPress interface, but all of the strings should identify the same theme text domain.
Internationalization (often shortened to i18n) prepares a theme for translation. A translation team can then create locale-specific catalogs, and WordPress can select the catalog that matches the site language. The practical goal is not merely to translate the front end: labels, notices, controls and previews that your theme adds to the editor must be translatable too.
Choose and declare one text domain
Start with the theme slug. Use a unique, lowercase, kebab-case value such as acme-blocks, and use that exact value in every localization call. WordPress’s theme guidance requires the text domain to match the theme slug; a mismatch prevents otherwise valid strings from being associated with the theme’s language files.
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Add the metadata to style.css
Place the text-domain declaration in the theme header. If you ship catalogs in a directory inside the theme, also declare that directory with Domain Path.
/*
Theme Name: Acme Blocks
Text Domain: acme-blocks
Domain Path: /languages
*/The folder named by Domain Path is relative to the theme root. In this example, custom catalogs belong in wp-content/themes/acme-blocks/languages/. Keep the directory name and the metadata synchronized; moving files without updating the header is a common reason that PHP translations are not found.
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Use the domain consistently
Every call that belongs to the theme should use acme-blocks, not a plugin’s domain, a temporary project name or a translated value. Consistency matters across PHP, JavaScript, POT files, PO files and generated JSON. If you fork a theme, choose a new slug and update the header and every localization call rather than sharing the original domain.
Find every string that users can see
Before wrapping code, inventory the theme’s output. Include visible copy in templates and template parts, headings and instructions in patterns, fallback messages, labels generated by PHP, and strings used by editor scripts. Also check strings assembled conditionally: a message shown only when a query returns no results is still a translatable string.
| Location | Execution context | Required approach |
|---|---|---|
| PHP templates, template parts and helpers | PHP at render time | WordPress PHP i18n functions with the theme text domain |
| PHP pattern files | PHP while the pattern is registered or rendered | Call PHP translation functions around authored text |
| Static pattern or block markup | Stored markup without PHP execution | Move authored copy into a PHP pattern when a translation hook is needed |
| Editor or front-end JavaScript | Browser-side script | @wordpress/i18n, a wp-i18n dependency and script JSON |
Do not assume that text visible in the Site Editor is translated by the same mechanism as text rendered by a PHP template. The locale may be identical, while the catalog format and loading path differ.
Internationalize PHP output
Replace hardcoded user-facing text with a translation function at the point where the string is produced. WordPress documents the rule plainly: every string displayed to the user should be wrapped in an i18n function.
Simple and escaped strings
Use __() when you need the translated value for further processing, and _e() when you are echoing it directly. Choose an escaping variant that matches the destination, such as esc_html__() for text content or esc_attr__() for an HTML attribute.
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<h2><?php echo esc_html__( 'Latest articles', 'acme-blocks' ); ?></h2>
<label for='email'><?php esc_html_e( 'Email address', 'acme-blocks' ); ?></label>
<input id='email' aria-label='<?php echo esc_attr__( 'Email address', 'acme-blocks' ); ?>'>Escaping is still required after translation. A translator’s text is data, so send it through the escaping function appropriate for the HTML, attribute, URL or other context in which it will be inserted.
Add context for ambiguous words
Use _x() when the same source word can have different meanings. The context is supplied to translators and becomes part of the catalog key.
<?php echo esc_html_x( 'Home', 'navigation link', 'acme-blocks' ); ?>
<?php echo esc_html_x( 'Home', 'household setting', 'acme-blocks' ); ?>Even when the English source text is identical, these two contexts can receive different translations. Add context where a short label, noun, verb or technical term could reasonably be interpreted in more than one way.
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Do not concatenate a number with a singular noun and hope that translators can repair the grammar. Use _n() (or an escaped equivalent) with singular and plural forms and pass the count.
<?php
$count = 3;
$message = _n(
'%s comment',
'%s comments',
$count,
'acme-blocks'
);
echo esc_html( sprintf( $message, number_format_i18n( $count ) ) );
?>Plural rules vary by language, so translators need both source forms and the numeric value. If a message also needs context, use the contextual plural form rather than inventing separate strings with punctuation.
Keep translatable text extractable
Pass literal source strings to the i18n functions whenever possible. Building a sentence from fragments makes grammar and extraction harder. Keep placeholders such as %s or %d in the translated string, and document what each placeholder represents for translators.
Internationalize JavaScript used by the editor
Editor-side code uses the WordPress JavaScript i18n package, not PHP functions. Import the functions you need from @wordpress/i18n and pass the same text domain used in PHP.
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import { __, _x, _n } from '@wordpress/i18n';
const title = __( 'Featured content', 'acme-blocks' );
const contextualLabel = _x( 'Preview', 'button label', 'acme-blocks' );
const summary = _n( '%d item', '%d items', itemCount, 'acme-blocks' );The script must declare wp-i18n as a dependency so that the WordPress i18n runtime is available before your bundle executes. If the script is registered or enqueued in PHP, include that dependency in the dependency list for the handle.
Load the script catalog with wp_set_script_translations()
WordPress provides wp_set_script_translations() to associate a registered script handle with the theme domain and load the JSON catalog before the script runs. Call it after registering the script and before it is printed.
$handle = 'acme-blocks-editor';
wp_register_script(
$handle,
get_theme_file_uri( 'assets/editor.js' ),
array( 'wp-i18n' ),
'1.0.0',
true
);
wp_set_script_translations(
$handle,
'acme-blocks',
get_theme_file_path( 'languages' )
);
wp_enqueue_script( $handle );The third argument is optional. Supply it when JSON files are self-shipped in a custom directory; the path must point to the directory that contains the generated script catalogs. If you omit the path, WordPress looks in its standard language locations.
Use one registered handle per script whose strings you extract. A translation file generated for a different handle, domain or path will not be selected simply because the source text is identical.
Make authored pattern text translatable
Patterns are a frequent source of overlooked English copy. Static block markup can describe a layout, but it does not execute PHP translation functions. When a pattern contains authored text that must change with the locale, place the pattern in a PHP pattern file and call the appropriate i18n function there.
<?php
/**
* Title: Editorial welcome
* Slug: acme-blocks/editorial-welcome
* Categories: featured
*/
?>
<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p><?php echo esc_html__( 'Welcome to our publication.', 'acme-blocks' ); ?></p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->Keep the block comment delimiters and pattern metadata intact. Only the authored text needs to move into the PHP expression. This approach lets extraction tools see the string and lets WordPress select the translation at runtime. It is especially useful for calls to action, instructional copy and placeholder text that should not remain in English.
For text that is intentionally supplied by a site editor, do not translate the editor’s content in the theme. Internationalize the default or instructional text that your theme owns, while leaving user-entered post content to WordPress’s normal content workflow.
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Extract catalogs with WP-CLI
Extraction creates a source catalog that translators can work from and, for JavaScript, JSON files that the browser can consume.
Create a POT file
From the project directory, run:
wp i18n make-pot ./ languages/your-theme.potThe first argument is the directory to scan; the second is the output file. Adjust both paths for your project. The command collects strings from supported PHP and JavaScript sources and records domains, contexts and plural forms. Review the generated POT file to catch missing strings, an unexpected domain or a pattern that was left as static markup.
Translate the catalog and create JavaScript JSON
A translator works from a PO file made from the POT catalog. After the PO files contain translations, convert them to JED 1.x JSON with:
wp i18n make-json languages/ languages/Use source and destination directories that match your project. The command produces JSON catalogs for JavaScript strings. JavaScript filenames follow WordPress’s documented domain-locale-handle or domain-locale-path-hash naming scheme. The domain, locale and script identity therefore have to agree with the handle and file path used at runtime.
| Artifact | Purpose | Consumed by |
|---|---|---|
| POT | Template containing extracted source strings | Translators or localization workflow |
| PO | Locale-specific source and translated entries | Translation workflow and catalog conversion |
| JSON (JED 1.x) | Browser-readable JavaScript translations | wp_set_script_translations() and wp-i18n |
Regenerate the POT and JSON files whenever strings, contexts, plural forms, domains or script handles change. Treat generated files as build artifacts whose names must not be casually renamed.
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Choose how translation files are delivered
The WordPress.org language-pack path
Themes distributed through the WordPress theme directory can use language packs. WordPress downloads the appropriate packs into wp-content/languages when the site language and installed theme require them. This keeps translations separate from the theme update and lets WordPress update catalogs independently.
This route still requires correct metadata and domains. Automatic delivery does not fix a Text Domain that differs from the theme slug, nor does it repair a JavaScript file whose handle or naming does not match the generated catalog.
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Self-shipped catalogs
A custom or privately distributed theme can ship catalogs in its own language directory. Declare Domain Path, place the files under that path, and load the PHP text domain from the directory with WordPress’s theme text-domain loading API (commonly load_theme_textdomain()). For JavaScript, pass the same directory as the optional third argument to wp_set_script_translations().
Keep PHP and JavaScript catalogs together only if their naming and loading rules are both satisfied. A valid PHP catalog does not automatically translate editor scripts, and a valid script JSON file does not translate PHP output.
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Translation work is incomplete until the theme is exercised with the site language changed. In the WordPress administration area, open Settings → General, change Site Language to the target locale, save, and then inspect both the public site and the Site Editor.
- Open a page that uses each template and template part containing theme-owned text.
- Insert or preview every pattern that contains authored copy.
- Open editor screens that load the theme’s JavaScript and verify labels, notices and controls.
- Exercise singular and plural cases, including zero, one and a larger count where the UI exposes counts.
- Check strings with context, especially short words used as both nouns and verbs.
- Confirm that HTML remains valid and that translated text is escaped correctly in headings, attributes and other destinations.
- Switch back to the default locale and verify that the original source strings still appear when no translation is available.
Test with the same distribution method you will ship. A theme-directory language pack and a self-shipped catalog use different file locations, so success in one arrangement does not prove the other is configured correctly.
Troubleshoot missing translations
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check |
|---|---|---|
| PHP text remains in English | Domain mismatch or catalog not loaded | Compare the theme slug, Text Domain, function calls and catalog domain; verify the language directory and text-domain loading call. |
| Only editor JavaScript is untranslated | No script catalog, missing dependency or wrong handle | Confirm the import from @wordpress/i18n, the wp-i18n dependency, the wp_set_script_translations() call and the generated filename. |
| One script translates while another does not | JSON generated for a different handle or path | Regenerate JSON and compare each registered handle and script path with the documented naming scheme. |
| Pattern copy never appears in the catalog | Text is still static markup | Move authored text into a PHP pattern and wrap it with an escaping translation function. |
| Strings exist in POT but not in the locale | PO entry is untranslated or stale | Open the locale’s PO file, translate the entry, then rerun wp i18n make-json for JavaScript. |
| Wrong wording appears for a short label | Missing context | Use _x() or the contextual plural equivalent and provide a meaningful translator-facing description. |
| Plural sentence is grammatically wrong | Singular and plural were concatenated manually | Replace the construction with _n() and pass the count as required. |
| Translations work in one locale but not another | Catalog lacks that locale or the locale-specific file is not delivered | Check the target locale’s PO/JSON files, naming and delivery path, then retest with that site language selected. |
Release checklist
- The theme slug,
Text Domainheader and every PHP and JavaScript call use the same lowercase kebab-case domain. Domain Pathis declared when catalogs are shipped inside the theme, and the directory exists in the release.- User-facing PHP output uses the correct escaped, contextual or plural function.
- Editor scripts import from
@wordpress/i18nand declarewp-i18nas a dependency. - Each registered script has translations associated through
wp_set_script_translations(). - Pattern-authored copy that needs translation is in a PHP pattern rather than static-only markup.
wp i18n make-pothas been run against the current source tree, and locale files were updated from the resulting catalog.wp i18n make-jsonhas produced JSON with the correct domain, locale and handle or path naming.- The release has been tested from the Site Editor and the public site with at least one target locale selected.
Which implementation belongs where?
The shortest reliable decision rule is to match the API to the code that executes the string.
| Question | Use |
|---|---|
| Will PHP print or build this value? | A PHP i18n function, with escaping appropriate to the output. |
| Does the meaning change with a count? | A plural function such as _n(), not manual concatenation. |
| Can the same source word mean different things? | A contextual function such as _x(). |
| Will a browser-side script display it? | @wordpress/i18n, the wp-i18n dependency and a matching JSON catalog. |
| Is authored text trapped in a static pattern? | Move the pattern to PHP so translation functions can run. |
| Who supplies the catalogs? | Use WordPress language packs for directory-hosted distribution, or ship and explicitly load files from the theme’s language directory. |
Following those boundaries gives a block theme a predictable translation pipeline: declare one domain, mark every owned string, extract catalogs, load the files that match each execution context, and verify the result in the locale your users will see.
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