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Install WordPress on Debian with the distribution’s integrated package, Apache, MariaDB and PHP, then finish the setup at your site’s /wp address. The reliable sequence is to install the packages, harden MariaDB, create a dedicated WordPress database user, configure an Apache virtual host, add Debian’s hostname-specific configuration file, and complete the browser installer.
This guide follows Debian’s filesystem layout rather than an upstream WordPress tarball. That distinction matters: Debian stores the application under /usr/share/wordpress, content under /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content, and host configuration under /etc/wordpress.
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Use a supported Debian release with shell access, root or sudo privileges, a text editor and a browser. For a public site, point a DNS name at the server before opening the installer. A resolvable hostname is important because Debian selects the WordPress configuration file from the HTTP hostname sent by the browser.
WordPress.org’s current production guidance calls for PHP 8.3 or newer, MariaDB 10.11 or newer or MySQL 8.0 or newer, HTTPS, and Apache or Nginx. Check the versions available on your Debian release before committing to a production deployment:
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cat /etc/debian_version
apt-cache policy wordpress php mariadb-serverDebian’s packaged version can trail the newest upstream release because it follows the release’s maintenance and security policy. Debian lists these WordPress versions by release in January 2026:
| Debian release | WordPress package version |
|---|---|
| Debian 11 Bullseye | 5.7.14 |
| Debian 12 Bookworm | 6.1.9 |
| Debian 13 Trixie | 6.8.3 |
Compare the package, PHP and database versions with the minimum versions required by your planned plugins and themes. A plugin that requires a newer WordPress release may not work on an older Debian stable package. Upgrade Debian through its supported release process, or deliberately choose a separately managed upstream installation after planning its security updates, permissions, backups and migration path.
A vanilla WordPress installation is documented as needing 128 MB of PHP memory. Treat that as a baseline rather than a capacity plan. Page builders, image processing, large imports, busy stores, traffic spikes and poorly behaved plugins can require substantially more memory, CPU, storage and database capacity. Leave room for logs, backups and package upgrades.
Install Apache, MariaDB, PHP and Debian WordPress
Refresh package metadata and install Debian’s WordPress package together with the LAMP components:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install wordpress curl apache2 mariadb-serverThe dependency resolver normally installs PHP and the MySQL-compatible connector required by WordPress. If PHP database support or Apache’s PHP integration is absent, install the connector and module supplied by your Debian release:
sudo apt install php-mysql libapache2-mod-phpConfirm that the runtimes and services are present:
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mariadb --version
sudo systemctl status apache2 mariadbDo not continue while MariaDB or Apache is stopped. Start them and arrange for them to start after a reboot:
sudo systemctl enable --now apache2 mariadbFor a local test machine, the default firewall policy may already permit local access. For a public server, allow only the services you intend to expose, normally SSH and HTTP/HTTPS, and keep MariaDB bound for local application use unless you have a specific, protected reason to allow remote database connections.
Harden MariaDB before creating WordPress credentials
Run Debian’s interactive hardening utility:
sudo mysql_secure_installationFollow its prompts to remove anonymous accounts, restrict remote administrative access, remove the test database and reload privilege tables. The exact questions vary by MariaDB version, so read each prompt instead of accepting a copied answer blindly. This step reduces unnecessary exposure but does not replace operating-system updates, firewall rules, backups or application hardening.
WordPress must have its own database and application account. Never configure it with the MariaDB administrator account. A separate account limits the damage if a plugin, upload or application credential is compromised.
Create the database interactively
Open the local MariaDB client using Debian’s administrative authentication:
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sudo mariadbRun SQL like this, replacing the example password with a long, unique secret:
CREATE DATABASE wordpress CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
CREATE USER 'wordpress'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'replace-with-a-strong-secret';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON wordpress.* TO 'wordpress'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;The grant is scoped to the wordpress database rather than granting server-wide privileges. Keep the password private and do not paste it into a public ticket, article, image or shell history. If your database name or account name differs, use those exact values consistently in the Debian configuration file.
Use a protected SQL file for repeatable setup
For automation, Debian documents executing SQL through its MySQL defaults file. Put the statements in a temporary root-owned file with mode 600, run it, and remove it immediately:
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sudo install -m 600 /dev/null /root/wordpress-db.sql
sudo editor /root/wordpress-db.sql
sudo mariadb --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/debian.cnf < /root/wordpress-db.sql
sudo rm /root/wordpress-db.sqlDo not leave a plaintext password in a broadly readable script, a shared shell history or a backup directory. Verify the account and database if you need to troubleshoot later:
sudo mariadb -e "SHOW DATABASES;"
sudo mariadb -e "SHOW GRANTS FOR 'wordpress'@'localhost';"Configure Apache with a dedicated WordPress virtual host
Create a site definition at /etc/apache2/sites-available/wp.conf. Replace myblog.example.com and the administrator email with values for your server:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName myblog.example.com
ServerAdmin webmaster@example.com
DocumentRoot /usr/share/wordpress
Alias /wp-content /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content
<Directory /usr/share/wordpress>
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride Limit Options FileInfo
DirectoryIndex index.php
Require all granted
</Directory>
<Directory /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content>
Options FollowSymLinks
Require all granted
</Directory>
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>The two directory blocks are deliberate. The document root contains Debian’s packaged WordPress code, while the alias exposes the writable content directory used for themes, plugins and uploads. Do not substitute a generic /var/www/html layout without also changing the package configuration.
AllowOverride Limit Options FileInfo permits the per-directory settings Debian expects while avoiding an unrestricted override policy. Keep the Require all granted directives scoped to the two WordPress locations; do not grant access to unrelated system directories.
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Disable the default site, enable the WordPress virtual host and reload Apache:
sudo a2dissite 000-default
sudo a2ensite wp
sudo service apache2 reloadCheck the active configuration if Apache reports an error:
sudo apache2ctl configtest
sudo apache2ctl -Sconfigtest should report a successful syntax check. The virtual-host listing should show your hostname and the expected configuration file. If another virtual host answers first, check its ServerName, DNS target and whether the default site was actually disabled. Reload Apache after every virtual-host change; editing a file alone does not change the running configuration.
Add Debian’s hostname-specific WordPress configuration
For the hostname myblog.example.com, create:
sudo editor /etc/wordpress/config-myblog.example.com.phpUse values matching the database and user you created:
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<?php
define('DB_NAME', 'wordpress');
define('DB_USER', 'wordpress');
define('DB_PASSWORD', 'replace-with-a-strong-secret');
define('DB_HOST', 'localhost');
define('WP_CONTENT_DIR', '/var/lib/wordpress/wp-content');
?>Debian chooses the first matching file according to the HTTP hostname. It also documents fallback names such as config-example.com.php and config-default.php, but a hostname-specific file is safer for a server hosting more than one site. The hostname in the filename must correspond to the name the browser sends, not merely an internal machine name.
Protect the file from unrelated users while leaving it readable by the web process:
sudo chown root:www-data /etc/wordpress/config-myblog.example.com.php
sudo chmod 640 /etc/wordpress/config-myblog.example.com.phpCheck that the directory permissions do not prevent the Apache process from traversing the path. Do not make the file world-writable, and do not put the database password in a file inside a publicly served document root.
Do not put a second, conflicting wp-config.php in an unrelated document root. Mixing Debian’s configuration discovery with a manually unpacked WordPress tree is a common source of confusing database and content-path errors.
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Open the hostname at its WordPress path:
http://myblog.example.com/wpDebian documents this address redirecting to /wp/wp-admin/install.php. The installer asks for the site title, administrator username, administrator password and email address. Use a unique administrator name rather than a predictable public-facing name, and store the generated password in a password manager.
For a private test machine, the local hostname or an internal DNS name can be sufficient. For an internet-facing site, configure HTTPS before exposing the administrator login. WordPress’s current requirements list HTTPS as part of the recommended production environment; terminate TLS at Apache or at a properly configured reverse proxy, and ensure the canonical site URL uses https. Do not treat an unencrypted first login as harmless if the server is reachable from an untrusted network.
What to verify after the installer finishes
- Visit the front page and confirm that PHP is rendered rather than downloaded as source.
- Sign in at
/wp/wp-admin/and open the dashboard’s site health screen. - Check that the media library can create an upload under
/var/lib/wordpress/wp-content. - Confirm that the site title and administrator email are correct before enabling public registration or installing plugins.
- Open the site from the canonical hostname, not only from an IP address or alternate alias.
- Remove any temporary SQL file and close unused administrative shell sessions.
Maintain the Debian installation
Keep Debian’s package metadata and installed packages current:
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgradeDebian delivers WordPress security fixes through this package route. Review upgrades before applying them on a production site, and take a database and file backup first if the site cannot tolerate downtime or rollback work. Update Apache, PHP and MariaDB along with WordPress; a patched application running on an obsolete runtime is still a maintenance risk.
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Back up the two things WordPress needs
- Database: export the
wordpressdatabase with a MariaDB-compatible dump and store it outside the web root. - Files: back up
/var/lib/wordpress/wp-content, especially uploads, themes and plugins, along with the hostname-specific file in/etc/wordpress.
Test that a backup can be restored on a non-production machine. A backup that has never been restored is only an assumption. Keep at least one copy away from the server so a filesystem failure or compromised host does not destroy the original and its backup together.
Choose the Debian package or an upstream tarball deliberately
| Approach | What it provides | Important trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Debian package | Integration with Debian paths, Apache conventions, package updates and README.Debian |
WordPress versions follow Debian’s release and security-maintenance policy |
| Upstream tarball | Direct control over the WordPress files and upstream release timing | You must design the filesystem layout, update process, permissions and web-server configuration yourself |
This article uses the package route. Do not copy a tarball tutorial’s document root, ownership commands or wp-config.php placement into the Debian layout without understanding the consequences. The package route is usually easier to audit on a Debian host because its paths and update behavior follow system conventions; the tarball route can make sense when a required upstream version is unavailable, but it transfers more operational responsibility to you.
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Single-site and multisite layouts are not interchangeable
The virtual host above is a straightforward single-site arrangement. Debian also documents an alternate helper-script method for pretty permalinks and multisite deployments. Those configurations can require different Apache rules, rewrite support and hostname or path decisions.
Decide whether the server will host one independent site or a network before installing multiple instances. For multisite, read the Debian README and use its helper-script method rather than adding copied rewrite rules to the single-site file. A single-site configuration that works at /wp is not evidence that a network installation is configured correctly. Plan DNS, cookies, administrator roles, backups and domain mapping before converting a working site.
Troubleshoot the failures that occur most often
Apache shows a directory listing or downloads PHP
Check that the WordPress directory block contains DirectoryIndex index.php, that the virtual host is enabled, and that Apache’s PHP integration is installed. Run:
sudo apache2ctl configtest
sudo apache2ctl -S
sudo systemctl status apache2A directory listing usually means Apache is serving the wrong document root or is missing the index directive. PHP downloads generally indicate that the PHP Apache module is not installed or enabled. Also verify that the request is reaching the intended virtual host instead of the default site.
WordPress reports a database connection error
Compare every value in the hostname-specific file with the database account:
DB_NAMEmust bewordpress, unless you chose another database name.DB_USERmust match the dedicated account.DB_PASSWORDmust match exactly, including punctuation.DB_HOSTshould match the account host; the example useslocalhost.- MariaDB must be running.
- The account must have privileges on the selected database.
Check service state and grants:
sudo systemctl status mariadb
sudo mariadb -e "SHOW GRANTS FOR 'wordpress'@'localhost';"If the password was exposed while troubleshooting, change it in MariaDB and update the protected configuration file immediately. A successful login with the administrative account does not prove that the WordPress account has the correct host restriction or database grant.
The browser reaches the wrong site
Verify that DNS resolves to this server, the request’s hostname matches the ServerName, and the WordPress virtual host is enabled. sudo apache2ctl -S shows which virtual host Apache will select. A stale DNS record or an enabled default site can make a correct WordPress installation appear missing. Test with the exact hostname used in the configuration filename.
Pretty permalinks return 404 responses
Review Apache rewrite and module settings and follow the Debian instructions in /usr/share/doc/wordpress/README.Debian. Do not paste rewrite rules from an unrelated upstream installation method; Debian’s helper scripts and package paths may differ. Test the home page first, then one post URL, so you know whether the issue affects routing generally or only rewrite handling.
Uploads fail or themes cannot be installed
Confirm that the alias points to /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content, that the directory exists, and that the web process can write where Debian expects uploads. Inspect Apache’s error log at /var/log/apache2/error.log and avoid making the entire filesystem world-writable as a shortcut. Correct the specific directory ownership or permissions required by the package rather than granting unrestricted access to the whole server.
The package version is older than a plugin requires
First compare the plugin’s minimum WordPress and PHP versions with the versions available from your Debian release. A release package can intentionally trail upstream. Upgrade Debian through its supported release process or choose a separately managed upstream installation only after planning its security updates, backups, permissions and migration path. Do not replace package files in place with an extracted tarball; use a clearly separated migration plan.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Production hardening checklist
- Use a current Debian release and verify PHP, MariaDB or MySQL, and WordPress compatibility before deployment.
- Serve the site over HTTPS and redirect plain HTTP after TLS is working.
- Keep Apache, PHP, MariaDB and WordPress packages updated with Debian’s package manager.
- Use a dedicated database and non-administrator database account.
- Protect
/etc/wordpress/config-*.phpand never publish its database password. - Restrict SSH and database access with the host firewall and network policy appropriate to your environment.
- Back up both the database and
/var/lib/wordpress/wp-content, then test restoration. - Install only maintained plugins and themes, and remove components you no longer use.
- Monitor Apache and MariaDB logs so failed logins, PHP errors and storage problems are visible.
- Check available disk space before updates and media imports.
Apache or Nginx is recommended as the most robust and featureful server for running WordPress, but any server that supports PHP and MySQL will do.
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For this Debian procedure, Apache is the web server, MariaDB supplies the MySQL-compatible database, and Debian’s package conventions connect the two through the hostname-specific configuration file. Following those boundaries is what keeps installation, upgrades and troubleshooting predictable.
Frequently Asked Questions
Which Debian packages install the complete WordPress LAMP stack?
Install Debian’s integrated route with sudo apt update followed by sudo apt install wordpress curl apache2 mariadb-server. If the dependency resolver has not supplied them, add php-mysql and libapache2-mod-php.
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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesCan WordPress use the MariaDB root or administrator account?
No. Create a separate database and user, then grant that user privileges only on the WordPress database. Using the administrator account increases the impact of a compromised plugin or application credential.
Where does Debian store WordPress files?
The packaged application is under /usr/share/wordpress, writable themes, plugins and uploads are under /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content, and host-specific database settings belong under /etc/wordpress.
Why does Debian use a file named config-myblog.example.com.php?
Debian chooses the configuration file from the HTTP hostname. A hostname-specific file lets separate virtual hosts use different databases and credentials. Debian also documents fallback names such as config-example.com.php and config-default.php.
What URL opens the Debian WordPress installer?
Browse to http://myblog.example.com/wp. Debian documents that path redirecting to /wp/wp-admin/install.php, where you enter the site title, administrator account, password and email.
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Is HTTPS required for a private test installation?
A local or private test machine can use an internal hostname, but HTTPS is part of WordPress’s recommended production environment. Configure TLS before exposing an administrator login to the public internet.
How much memory does WordPress need?
WordPress’s hosting handbook lists 128 MB as sufficient for a vanilla installation. Builders, media processing, imports, traffic and plugins can require more, so treat 128 MB as a baseline rather than a production capacity plan.
What should be backed up?
Back up the MariaDB WordPress database, /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content, and the hostname-specific file in /etc/wordpress. Store copies outside the web root and test restoration on a non-production machine.
Should I use Debian’s package or an upstream WordPress tarball?
The Debian package integrates with Debian paths, Apache conventions and package updates. An upstream tarball offers direct control over release timing but requires you to design the layout, permissions, update process and security maintenance yourself. Do not mix the two layouts casually.
Why do pretty permalinks return 404 errors?
Review Apache rewrite and module settings and follow the instructions in /usr/share/doc/wordpress/README.Debian. Rules copied from an unrelated tarball installation may not match Debian’s helper scripts or paths.
The Bottom Line
For a predictable Debian deployment, install the packaged WordPress stack, harden MariaDB, create a database-scoped application user, map Apache to /usr/share/wordpress and /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content, add the hostname-specific file under /etc/wordpress, and finish at /wp. Keep the package, PHP, Apache and MariaDB versions current, use HTTPS for production, and back up both the database and content directory.
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