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For a single Linux VPS, use faasd, OpenFaaS’s single-host distribution, rather than building a one-node Kubernetes cluster. Give faasd a clean, dedicated server, start with about 2 vCPU, 2 GB RAM and 20 GB of disk, put the gateway behind HTTPS, restrict firewall exposure, and protect the generated administrator credential. faasd CE is intended for personal, non-commercial use; a commercial deployment requires the appropriate OpenFaaS Edge licensing.
Choose the right OpenFaaS architecture first
OpenFaaS functions can run on Kubernetes or on faasd. The APIs and function model are compatible, but the operational trade-off is substantial on a single VPS.
Why faasd fits one VPS
faasd runs without Kubernetes. It uses containerd and CNI while retaining the OpenFaaS API, so you avoid managing a control plane, scheduler and cluster networking on a machine that may have limited memory. It is the practical starting point when you need one host, a small number of functions and straightforward administration.
Reserve the VPS for faasd. The OpenFaaS Edge guidance warns against co-locating Docker with faasd because both may use containerd, iptables and CNI; overlapping rules or runtime state can make networking and container startup unreliable. Remove or stop Docker before installing faasd rather than trying to troubleshoot a mixed runtime later.
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When Kubernetes is the better destination
Kubernetes becomes the logical next step when you need several nodes, host-level fault tolerance, independent worker capacity, or the broader scheduling and policy controls of a cluster. It carries more installation, upgrade, backup and networking work. A migration does not require rewriting every function: the OpenFaaS deployment overview says functions from faasd can be carried forward to OpenFaaS on Kubernetes.
Capacity planning
Current OpenFaaS Edge planning figures are 512 MB–1 GB RAM, with 1 GB recommended, 2–4 vCPU and 10–25 GB of disk. The faasd repository gives a more practical Linux-host baseline of 2 vCPU and 2 GB RAM. For a real production VPS, begin around 2 vCPU, 2 GB RAM and 20 GB of disk, then increase capacity for image layers, logs, bursts of concurrent invocations and any stateful data.
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| faasd CE | One Linux host, no Kubernetes | Personal, non-commercial use; up to 15 functions and one namespace; commercial use limited to 60 days under the current Edge guidance | Single-host backups and upgrades; basic authentication | Learning, prototypes and personal services |
| OpenFaaS Edge (faasd-pro) | One Linux host, no Kubernetes | Commercial single-host option; current license terms must be verified before deployment | Multiple namespaces, network policies or segmentation, private DNS and detailed resource metrics are described as production features | Commercial workloads that still fit one VPS |
| OpenFaaS on Kubernetes | Cluster of one or more nodes | Terms and resource limits depend on the selected OpenFaaS edition and cluster design | Cluster scheduling, ingress and storage operations; identity and TLS depend on the chosen edition and ingress | Growth beyond one host, higher availability or multi-node capacity |
The CE function and commercial-use figures above come from current OpenFaaS Edge documentation. Licensing can change, so confirm the terms that apply to your organization before accepting production traffic.
Prepare a clean Linux VPS
Use a stable host and name
Provision a supported 64-bit Linux VPS with an x86_64 or 64-bit Arm CPU, a static public IP or a DNS name whose address you control. Create the DNS name before requesting a certificate; for example, functions.example.net can point to the VPS with an A record and, if you use IPv6, an AAAA record.
Patch the operating system and create an administrator
- Log in as the provider’s initial administrator and apply the distribution’s security updates.
- Create a separate named administrator account and grant it sudo access. Test a second SSH session with that account before disabling the original emergency access.
- Use SSH keys, not passwords. Keep a recovery console or out-of-band access available in case a firewall rule blocks SSH.
- Enable unattended security updates if your distribution supports them, while retaining a maintenance process for faasd and its components.
Remove runtime conflicts
Check whether Docker or another container runtime is installed. Stop and remove it, or provision a fresh VPS. The warning is specifically about collisions involving containerd, iptables and CNI, so a host that appears idle can still interfere if old services or network rules remain enabled.
Set the firewall before opening the gateway
Allow SSH only from an administrator allowlist and permit HTTPS only from the clients that need the API or function endpoints. Do not expose a plain HTTP gateway listener to the Internet. If your installation binds it locally or to an internal interface, leave it there and publish only the reverse proxy’s TLS port.
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With a firewall manager such as UFW, the policy concept is:
sudo ufw default deny incoming
sudo ufw default allow outgoing
sudo ufw allow from ADMIN_IP to any port 22 proto tcp
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
sudo ufw enableReplace ADMIN_IP with your actual administrator network, and use your distribution’s native firewall tooling if UFW is not installed. Verify the active rules from a second session before ending the original one.
Install faasd
Install faasd CE
Clone the official repository and run its installer as documented:
git clone https://github.com/openfaas/faasd --depth=1
cd faasd
./hack/install.shThe installer configures the faasd services and supporting containerd/CNI components. Review its output rather than assuming that a zero-length command response means the gateway is ready.
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For commercial use, choose the OpenFaaS Edge (faasd-pro) package or install script for your Linux family. The Edge installation path is separate from CE and can include production features such as multiple namespaces, segmentation, private DNS and resource metrics. Use the current instructions supplied with your subscription, and record the exact package and version so that a rollback is possible.
Verify services and listeners
After installation, identify the systemd units that were created and inspect their status:
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systemctl list-units --type=service | grep -i faasd
systemctl --failed
ss -lntupUse journalctl -u UNIT_NAME -n 100 --no-pager with the unit name shown on your host. Look for containerd, networking or permission errors before deploying a function. Confirm which address and port the gateway is listening on; the intended public path should be the HTTPS reverse proxy, not an unprotected listener.
Install the CLI and pin what you run
You need the OpenFaaS command-line client on your workstation or an administration host. The documented arkade method is:
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curl -sSL https://cli.openfaas.com | sudo -E shReview the installer and pin the resulting CLI version in your administration notes or automation. The CLI documentation notes that there is no Docker latest tag, so use an explicit version for images and tools instead of relying on a moving tag.
Retrieve credentials and make the first login
OpenFaaS CE and Standard use Basic Authentication. Enterprise editions can use OIDC and JWT; the identity options available to a particular commercial faasd deployment depend on the edition you purchased. The generated administrator password is shown during installation or in the documented secret location. Treat it as a secret immediately.
- Read the generated password without placing it in a command-line argument or a repository. If you must copy it into a shell variable, use a protected prompt such as
read -s PASSWORDand clear the variable when finished. - Log in through standard input:
echo -n "$PASSWORD" | faas-cli login --username admin --password-stdin- Point the CLI at the gateway URL when it is not using its default endpoint, then test an authenticated read operation.
- Rotate the credential immediately if it appeared in shell history, process listings, terminal recordings or source control. Where the selected edition supports it, create separate administrator and deployment identities instead of sharing the administrator login.
Authentication being enabled by default does not make an Internet-facing gateway safe by itself. Credentials sent over unencrypted HTTP can be observed, and an attacker who can tamper with requests can invoke or alter functions.
Put the gateway behind HTTPS and a custom domain
Point DNS at the VPS
Create the A and, if applicable, AAAA records for the hostname you will use. Wait for the records to resolve from outside the VPS before requesting a certificate. Keep the hostname stable; changing it later requires another certificate and client configuration update.
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Terminate TLS at a reverse proxy
Run a reverse proxy or ingress in front of the faasd gateway. Obtain a certificate trusted by your clients for the DNS name, configure the proxy to forward authenticated requests to the internal gateway address, and redirect HTTP to HTTPS. Keep the gateway’s plain HTTP listener on localhost or an internal interface whenever the deployment method permits it.
The OpenFaaS deployment documentation states: “Authentication is enabled by default with OpenFaaS, however you will also need to obtain a TLS certificate for your cluster if you are using OpenFaaS on the public Internet.” The REST API guidance likewise says that when OpenFaaS is exposed over the Internet, HTTPS should be enabled to prevent snooping and tampering. These are separate controls: Basic Auth identifies a caller, while TLS protects the credential and request in transit.
Limit the exposed surface
- Expose only TCP 443 to intended clients and TCP 22 to an administrator allowlist.
- Do not publish the gateway’s unencrypted port or containerd sockets.
- Restrict outbound traffic where practical, especially for functions that process untrusted input or fetch remote URLs.
- Monitor certificate expiry, failed authentication, reverse-proxy errors and unexpected service restarts.
Deploy a first function without weakening the host
Build outside the VPS
Build function images on a workstation or CI system and push them to a registry. The Edge guidance specifically recommends building elsewhere and having faasd pull images. This keeps compilers, source trees and build credentials off the production host.
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Use immutable version tags or image digests, scan images before publication, and remove unused layers when disk pressure appears. A tag such as orders:1.4.2 is easier to audit than a mutable development tag; a digest is stronger when your registry workflow supports it.
Store registry and application secrets correctly
Put registry credentials and application secrets in OpenFaaS secrets, not in function source code, stack files committed to Git, image layers or command history. Grant each function only the secrets it needs, and rotate them after a suspected exposure.
Deploy a harmless test
Start with a small, trusted image and an endpoint that has no destructive side effects. For example, a deployment command can use an explicit image reference:
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faas-cli deploy --name hello --image registry.example.com/team/hello:1.0Use the gateway’s authenticated HTTPS URL, invoke the function with a known test input, and verify the response from outside the VPS. Check the function logs, container status and resource use locally before calling the deployment successful. Remove the test function when validation is complete.
Set function boundaries deliberately
Function code should treat every request body, header and URL parameter as untrusted. Set invocation timeouts, memory limits and concurrency according to the workload instead of accepting defaults blindly. Short limits reduce the damage from accidental infinite work; appropriate concurrency prevents one function from consuming all CPU or memory on a small VPS.
Keep network access narrow. A function that only writes to one internal API should not have unrestricted egress. Separate public handlers from administrative functions, and do not put credentials for unrelated services in a shared secret. On Edge, use the documented network policies, segmentation and private DNS features where your design requires stronger tenant or service isolation.
Backups, upgrades and day-to-day operations
Back up the state that matters
- Back up
/var/lib/faasdand any function data volumes before upgrades. - Record the faasd, gateway, watchdog, CLI and operating-system versions alongside configuration changes.
- Keep a known-good function image or digest and a documented rollback procedure.
- Test restoration on a disposable VPS; a backup that has never been restored is only an assumption.
Watch capacity and reliability signals
Monitor disk consumption, memory pressure, CPU saturation, container restarts, queue depth, invocation failures and certificate expiry. Image layers and logs can fill a small disk even when function traffic is low. Alert before the filesystem reaches 100 percent because containerd and the gateway may fail in different ways once writes are refused.
Patch on a schedule
Apply operating-system security updates and review faasd, gateway and watchdog updates during a maintenance window. Read release notes, back up first, deploy the change, invoke a test function and watch logs before declaring the upgrade complete. Keep a rollback image or package version when the release process allows it.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
| Symptom | Likely cause | Checks and recovery |
|---|---|---|
| Installer fails while configuring networking | Docker or another runtime left containerd, iptables or CNI state on the host | Stop and remove the conflicting runtime, inspect active services and interfaces, then reinstall on a clean host if rules cannot be confidently reconciled. |
| CLI login fails over the public hostname | Wrong gateway URL, certificate mismatch, blocked port or an HTTP-to-HTTPS proxy error | Resolve DNS from an external network, inspect the certificate name and expiry, confirm TCP 443 is allowed, and test the internal gateway separately from the proxy. |
| Login succeeds but invocation is unauthorized | Credentials were sent to a different gateway, the namespace is wrong, or the deployment identity lacks permission | Confirm the CLI endpoint, selected namespace and identity. Use a separate deployment credential only after it has the required scope. |
| Function remains pending or repeatedly restarts | Insufficient memory or disk, an image pull failure, a bad image architecture or a startup error | Inspect service and function logs, check disk and memory pressure, verify the registry credential and image architecture, then redeploy an explicit known-good image. |
| Requests time out under modest traffic | Function timeout, excessive concurrency, CPU contention or a slow dependency | Measure invocation duration, lower concurrency, set a suitable timeout and memory limit, and monitor queue depth and dependency latency. |
| Certificate warnings return after an upgrade | The reverse proxy is serving the wrong certificate or renewal did not run | Check the proxy’s active certificate and renewal logs, verify DNS still points to the VPS, and reload the proxy only after the renewed certificate is present. |
Know when to leave a single VPS
A single host has a single host’s failure domain. Move to OpenFaaS on Kubernetes when you need additional worker capacity, multiple failure domains, cluster-level scheduling or an operating model that already supports Kubernetes. Plan the migration before the VPS is full: export function definitions, inventory secrets and volumes, test images on the target cluster and document DNS and certificate changes.
Because faasd and OpenFaaS on Kubernetes share the OpenFaaS API model, existing function definitions can be carried forward, but storage, ingress, identity and network-policy behavior still need validation. Do not treat API compatibility as proof that stateful data or every security rule migrates automatically.
Pre-launch security checklist
- The VPS is 64-bit, patched and dedicated to faasd.
- Docker and conflicting container runtimes are absent or disabled.
- A non-root sudo administrator and key-based SSH are working.
- The firewall allows only administrator SSH and required HTTPS traffic.
- The gateway is reachable publicly only through a trusted TLS certificate and reverse proxy.
- The generated password is stored securely, tested through stdin and rotated if exposed.
- Function images are built elsewhere, scanned and pinned by version or digest.
- Secrets are stored through OpenFaaS secret mechanisms with least-privilege access.
- Timeout, memory and concurrency limits match each function’s workload.
/var/lib/faasdand data volumes are backed up, and a restore test has succeeded.- Disk, memory, restarts, queue depth, authentication failures and certificate expiry are monitored.
- The CE-versus-Edge licensing decision has been made before commercial traffic is accepted.
Bottom line
For one Linux VPS, faasd is the simplest sound architecture: dedicate a modest 2-vCPU, 2-GB host, install it on a clean system, authenticate through the CLI, and expose only an HTTPS reverse proxy. Use faasd CE for personal or non-commercial workloads within its stated limits. Select OpenFaaS Edge for a licensed commercial single-host deployment, and plan a Kubernetes migration when one machine can no longer provide the capacity or failure isolation your service needs.
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