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Install Aegir on a dedicated VPS with root access, a resolvable fully qualified domain name (FQDN), a supported PHP and database stack, and either Apache or Nginx. The Debian/Ubuntu package route is fastest: install the web, PHP, database, mail, and utility packages, add Aegir’s repository, install aegir3, then use the Hostmaster panel to create a Drupal platform and site.
Aegir is a Drupal-based hosting control system that sits beside a LAMP or LEMP server to create, deploy, and manage Drupal sites. It can generate virtual-host configuration, create databases, run Drupal installation, and reload services. The official documentation currently identifies release notes for version 3.18; that number is a release identifier, not a performance guarantee. See Aegir’s documentation for release-specific changes.
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Aegir turns repeatable Drupal hosting tasks into managed operations. Its Hostmaster interface and Provision framework can create a site’s web-server configuration, database and database user, Drupal installation, and related service reloads. You still administer the operating system, firewall, TLS, updates, backups, and capacity; Aegir automates the Drupal hosting workflow rather than replacing Linux administration.
Use a dedicated VPS or server. The installer must create database users, write web-server configuration, and restart services, which shared hosting normally does not permit. Run Provision operations under the non-root aegir account so generated files and directories retain controlled ownership and permissions. Installation guidance is documented at the Aegir installation guide.
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Choose the architecture before installing
Start with one VPS unless you already have a reason to separate workloads. A single server reduces network, firewall, credential, and backup complexity. Aegir also supports a hub-and-spoke arrangement in which the Aegir master controls separate web and database servers; that model is useful when independent scaling or isolation justifies the additional operations work.
| Decision | Single VPS | Separate servers |
|---|---|---|
| Operational complexity | Lower: one operating system, local database, and local web service | Higher: SSH trust, remote credentials, firewall rules, DNS, and service verification |
| Workload isolation | Web and database compete for CPU, memory, disk, and I/O | Web and database resources can be isolated and tuned independently |
| Scaling path | Vertical scaling or migration to a larger VPS | Scale web and database tiers separately |
| Network behavior | Local database connection with no inter-server latency | Additional latency and a larger failure and firewall surface |
| Backup design | One host to protect, but a single failure domain | Coordinate database, files, and remote-host recovery procedures |
| Best fit | Most first deployments and small-to-medium installations | Teams with Linux, networking, and database operations expertise |
Prerequisites and compatibility checks
Server, account, and DNS requirements
- Use a dedicated VPS or server with root or equivalent administrative access during setup.
- Assign an FQDN such as
aegir.example.com. Create forward DNS (name to VPS address) and reverse DNS (address to name) before running the installer. - Create or allow the non-root
aegiraccount that will run Provision tasks. Do not run routine Provision operations as root. - Open only the ports you need: SSH for administration, HTTP/HTTPS for sites, and database access only where your topology requires it.
- Have an MTA such as Postfix available. The package installer asks how mail should be configured.
Aegir uses the hostname in database grants and remote-server connections, so an FQDN that resolves in both directions is a functional requirement, not merely a cosmetic label. If DNS is not ready, stop and fix it before installing.
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Software you should prepare
Prepare PHP CLI and the extensions required by your Drupal release, MySQL or MariaDB, an MTA, SSH, rsync, Git, unzip, Composer, and Apache or Nginx. The exact Drupal major and minor version determines the supported PHP and database versions. Drupal’s PHP matrix states that Drupal 10 requires PHP 8.1 or newer and that no supported Drupal release supports PHP 7; consult the Drupal PHP requirements page for the release you will deploy.
Database support is also release-specific. For example, Drupal 11 documentation lists MySQL 8.0 or newer and MariaDB 10.6 or newer among its requirements, with InnoDB and PDO support for MySQL-compatible databases. Verify the current matrix at Drupal’s database-server requirements before choosing an image or upgrading a package.
Apache or Nginx
Choose one web server deliberately. Apache is the traditional default in many Aegir package scenarios. Nginx requires an explicit Nginx and PHP-FPM setup, and security or rewrite behavior normally supplied by Apache’s .htaccess files must be reproduced in the Nginx configuration. Drupal documents web-server considerations at its web-server requirements page.
| Choice | What to verify | Common trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Apache | Apache modules, PHP integration, virtual-host templates, and .htaccess behavior |
Usually familiar and aligned with package defaults; consumes its own memory and process model |
| Nginx | Nginx site templates, PHP-FPM socket/service, rewrites, and security rules equivalent to Apache defaults | Efficient event-driven serving, but requires deliberate PHP-FPM and rewrite configuration |
Install Aegir on Debian or Ubuntu
The following is the official quick-start sequence for a recent Debian or Ubuntu host with an FQDN. Review package versions against your Drupal release before executing it.
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Install the database, Nginx, PHP CLI/FPM and common extensions:
sudo apt install mysql-server php-mbstring nginx php-cli php-fpm php-gd php-pear php-zip php-curlIf you selected Apache, install the Apache/PHP package set instead of Nginx and PHP-FPM. Do not run both web servers on the same HTTP ports unless you have intentionally configured a reverse-proxy arrangement.
-
Harden the initial MySQL installation:
sudo mysql_secure_installationRemove anonymous accounts, prevent unintended remote administrative access, and set strong unique credentials. The exact prompts vary by MySQL or MariaDB package version.
-
Install Aegir’s signing key into a dedicated keyring:
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Add the stable Aegir repository:
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/aegir-archive-keyring.gpg] https://debian.aegirproject.org stable main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/aegir-stable.list -
Refresh package metadata:
sudo apt update -
Install Aegir and its archive-keyring package:
sudo apt install aegir3 aegir-archive-keyring
During installation, expect prompts for the MySQL password and Postfix configuration. At completion, Aegir sends a one-time login URL for the Hostmaster control panel. Open it immediately, sign in, and set the administrator password. Treat that URL as a credential: do not place it in public tickets or shell history.
The quick-start sequence is documented at Aegir’s quick-start page; package behavior and prompts can differ between distribution releases.
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Manual installation when packages are unavailable
Use the manual path when your distribution does not provide a suitable Aegir package or when you need to control the framework layout yourself. Install the operating-system dependencies first, then switch to the non-root aegir account before installing Provision and running Hostmaster.
- Install a supported PHP CLI/runtime, database server, web server, SSH, rsync, Git, unzip, Composer, an MTA, and the PHP extensions required by your Drupal target.
- Create the
aegiraccount and ensure it can read and write the Aegir home and generated platform paths without using root. - Install Drush in the environment used by that account.
- Download Provision into the Drush directory:
drush dl --destination=/var/aegir/.drush provision-7.x- Clear Drush’s cache so it discovers the new command:
drush cache-clear drush- Start the Hostmaster installer and provide the valid FQDN when prompted:
drush hostmaster-installIf the installer cannot resolve the hostname, connect to the database, or write the web-server configuration, fix that underlying system problem rather than rerunning the command repeatedly. The manual procedure and prerequisites are covered in the installation documentation.
Create a Drupal platform
In Aegir, a platform is a Drupal codebase that one or more sites can use. Build and verify the platform before attempting a site installation.
- Sign in to Hostmaster and open Platforms → Add Platform.
- Enter a unique platform name. Use a name that identifies the Drupal major version or release stream without embedding a temporary server name.
- Confirm or edit the publish path. It must be readable by the web-server user and writable where Drupal requires generated files.
- Select one supported source: a Drush makefile, a Composer project containing
composer.json, a Git repository containing a makefile, Composer project, or complete Drupal codebase, or an existing complete codebase. - Enter the makefile URL/path or Git source and save.
- Wait for Aegir’s verification task. Correct inaccessible URLs, authentication failures, invalid makefiles, missing PHP extensions, or dependency errors before using the platform.
After verification succeeds, the platform appears as an available source for site installation and import. Platform guidance is available at Aegir’s platform documentation.
Composer, Git, and makefiles compared
| Source | Strength | Check before verification | Rollback characteristic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Composer project | Explicit PHP dependency graph and lockfile reproducibility | composer.json, compatible PHP/extensions, and a committed composer.lock where reproducibility matters |
Revert the lockfile and code revision, then redeploy the known-good build |
| Git repository | Reviewable history, branches, tags, and access-controlled source | Repository reachability, credentials or deploy keys, and a complete Drupal project or supported build file | Deploy a previous commit or tag |
| Drush makefile | Declarative assembly of Drupal core and contributed projects | Accessible makefile URL/path and valid project versions | Restore the earlier makefile revision and rebuild |
| Existing codebase | Fastest way to bring an already-built site under management | Complete files, compatible settings, ownership, and a tested database export | Restore the prior code and database backup |
Enable Composer deployment
For a Composer-managed platform, enable Administration → Hosting → Optional system features → Aegir Deployment → Composer Deploy via Packagist when that option is appropriate. Aegir detects composer.lock and runs composer install for managed dependencies. Keep the lockfile under version control and review dependency changes before deploying. See the deployment documentation for the feature’s current behavior.
Deploy the first Drupal site
Confirm that the site domain’s DNS points to the VPS before starting. Aegir can create the virtual host and database, but it cannot make a domain resolve at the public DNS layer.
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- Open the Sites area or the hosting task workflow in Hostmaster and choose the action to create or install a site.
- Select the verified platform and the Drupal install profile.
- Enter the site’s domain name exactly as it will be used by visitors. Add aliases only when you have a clear canonical-domain and TLS plan.
- Provide database details or allow Aegir to create the database and user. Use a unique, strong password and avoid reusing the Aegir administrator credential.
- Review the proposed filesystem paths, web-server settings, and administrative account fields.
- Submit the task and watch the task log. Aegir should generate the virtual-host configuration, create the database, run Drupal installation, and reload the relevant services.
- When the task completes, test the domain over HTTP and then HTTPS. Check the Drupal status report, login, writable files directory, clean URLs, cron, and outgoing mail.
If the task fails, copy the first meaningful error from the task log before changing anything. A later cascade error often only reflects the original DNS, permissions, PHP, database, or web-server problem.
Operate platforms and sites after deployment
Use Aegir’s task log and platform/site commands for routine verification, migration, backup, and deployment actions. Before changing code or dependencies, take a tested database and files backup and record the deployed Git commit, Composer lockfile, or makefile revision.
- Verify: confirm that the platform, site files, database connection, and web-server configuration still match Aegir’s records.
- Deploy: promote a reviewed code revision, run dependency installation where applicable, and inspect the resulting task log.
- Migrate: move a site only after validating PHP, database, filesystem, DNS, and ownership compatibility on the destination.
- Backup: store database and user-uploaded files separately from the VPS and perform periodic restore tests.
- Update: keep Drupal core, contributed modules, PHP, and MySQL/MariaDB on supported security versions; check the version-specific Drupal requirement pages before changing a major runtime.
Configure TLS certificates, monitoring, firewall rules, unattended security updates where appropriate, log retention, and an incident contact. These controls are operational necessities for a production VPS, not features that Aegir automatically supplies.
Add a remote web or database server
For a multi-server arrangement, build the remote server first and make its services usable independently. Then register it with the Aegir master, verify it, install a Drupal platform on that server, and add and verify the Drupal installation. Aegir’s server workflow is documented at the server-management guide.
- Prepare the remote host with the required web or database service, compatible PHP/database versions, an administrative path for Aegir, and a resolvable hostname.
- Establish SSH access from the Aegir master using a dedicated, least-privilege account and a managed key. Restrict the key by source address and command scope where your operations model permits.
- Allow only required network flows in both directions. A database host should not expose its database port to the entire internet.
- Add the remote server in Hostmaster and run its verification task. Resolve SSH, DNS, service, package, and permission errors before continuing.
- Install or assign a platform on the verified remote server, then add and verify the Drupal site installation.
- Test site requests, database connectivity, backups, failover assumptions, and restore procedures from the Aegir master and from the relevant network segments.
This design can isolate database and web workloads, but every additional host introduces credentials, firewall rules, DNS dependencies, monitoring targets, and another failure domain.
Security and reliability checklist
- Use a dedicated VPS and least-privilege service accounts; do not run Provision tasks as root.
- Run
mysql_secure_installation, remove anonymous database accounts, and use unique credentials for MySQL/MariaDB, Aegir, Drupal, and SSH. - Verify forward and reverse DNS for the Aegir FQDN and every remote server before installation.
- Keep SSH keys out of web roots and source repositories. Rotate keys and credentials when staff or infrastructure changes.
- Choose Apache or Nginx intentionally and reproduce Drupal rewrite and security behavior when using Nginx.
- Check PHP, database, Composer, and Drupal compatibility before creating or upgrading a platform.
- Use HTTPS, renew certificates automatically, and test renewal before expiration.
- Back up databases, public files, private files, Aegir configuration, and deployment metadata to storage independent of the VPS.
- Monitor disk space, memory, CPU, database health, queue or cron failures, certificate expiry, and failed Aegir tasks.
- Perform a documented restore test; a backup that has never been restored is an assumption, not a recovery plan.
Troubleshooting common installation and deployment failures
The package installer cannot connect to the database
Check that MySQL or MariaDB is running, that the password entered at the prompt matches the administrative credential, and that local authentication rules permit the installer. Confirm the database service is listening on the expected local socket or address before rerunning the package configuration.
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The hostname or site domain does not resolve
Inspect both authoritative DNS records and the VPS provider’s reverse-DNS setting. Test from the VPS and from an external network. Correct the record, wait for the relevant TTL, and only then retry Aegir’s verification or site task.
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Nginx serves downloads or a PHP error page
Verify that PHP-FPM is installed and running, that Nginx’s fastcgi socket or address matches the service, and that the virtual-host template passes index.php requests to PHP-FPM. Also review clean-URL rewrites and deny rules that Apache would normally provide through .htaccess.
Platform verification rejects a repository or makefile
Confirm that the URL is reachable from the VPS, credentials are valid, the repository contains the expected project files, and the makefile syntax or Composer metadata is valid. For private Git sources, test the same deploy key as the aegir account rather than as root.
A Composer deployment fails on dependencies
Compare the lockfile’s PHP and extension requirements with the VPS runtime. Install missing extensions or select a Drupal-supported PHP version; do not bypass dependency checks simply to force a deployment. Re-run the platform verification after correcting the environment.
A remote server fails verification
Test SSH from the Aegir master using the service account, verify host-key handling, check firewall rules, and confirm that the remote web or database service is running. Ensure forward and reverse DNS agree with the names used in database grants and Aegir configuration.
Pre-launch checklist
- FQDN forward and reverse DNS verified.
- Supported Linux, PHP, database, and web-server versions confirmed for the target Drupal release.
- MySQL/MariaDB hardened and credentials stored securely.
- Non-root
aegiraccount owns the expected platform and task paths. - Hostmaster login completed and administrator password changed.
- Platform source verified successfully.
- Site domain DNS and TLS plan ready.
- Site installation task completed without unresolved log errors.
- Drupal status, cron, mail, clean URLs, and file permissions tested.
- Backups, monitoring, firewall rules, updates, and a restore test scheduled.
With those checks complete, Aegir provides a repeatable control layer for deploying and operating Drupal sites on the VPS while leaving you in control of the underlying Linux security, capacity, and recovery design.
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