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Add a custom Composer repository in the root composer.json of your PHP project, not in a dependency’s file. Choose the repository type that matches your source—composer for a packages.json endpoint, vcs for Git/SVN/Mercurial/Fossil, path for a local package, or artifact for local archives—then configure credentials outside committed files and run Composer from the project directory.
What a custom Composer repository does
Composer calls a repository a “package source.” A repository entry tells Composer where to discover package metadata and, when applicable, download archives or inspect source history. The declaration belongs to the application’s root composer.json; repository declarations in an installed library’s own file are ignored for the root application.
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Repository order is part of the configuration. Composer searches repositories from top to bottom and normally stops searching when it finds a package. Put a private source before a public source when a private fork intentionally uses the same package name.
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The repository schema and precedence rules are documented in the Composer repository documentation; the allowed composer.json fields are described in the Composer schema documentation.
Choose the repository type first
Use the type that describes where package information actually lives. Choosing the wrong type is a common reason for “package not found” and authentication errors.
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| Type | What Composer reads | When to use it |
|---|---|---|
composer |
A network URL serving Composer package metadata, normally packages.json |
A hosted or self-hosted Composer registry |
vcs |
A Git, Subversion, Mercurial, or Fossil repository | A package that Composer should inspect directly from source control |
path |
A local directory containing a package | Local development of several packages in one workspace; Composer can symlink the package |
artifact |
A local directory containing ZIP or TAR archives, each with a root composer.json |
Installing prebuilt package archives kept on the same host |
package |
Inline package metadata written in the root project | Exceptional cases only; you maintain every metadata field manually |
Prepare the Ubuntu project
- Install PHP, the PHP CLI, and Composer using the current Composer installation instructions for your Ubuntu release. Composer’s installer and PHP requirements change over time, so use the instructions appropriate to the release rather than copying an old one-line installer from an unrelated guide.
- Confirm that the command-line tools are available:
php -v composer --version - Change to the directory that contains the application’s root
composer.json:cd /path/to/your/project - Check that Composer sees a valid project file before adding a repository:
composer validate - Ensure the Ubuntu account running Composer can read the project directory and, for a VCS or artifact source, can reach the source path or remote host.
Run all subsequent Composer commands from this project directory. A repository added to a different directory changes a different project, and a repository declared in a package under vendor/ does not change the root application.
Add a Composer-format repository
For a registry that publishes Composer metadata, add a composer entry under the root file’s repositories key. This minimal example points to the endpoint that serves packages.json:
{
"repositories": [
{
"type": "composer",
"url": "https://packages.example.org"
}
],
"require": {
"vendor/package": "^1.0"
}
}Replace the example endpoint and package constraint with the values supplied by your repository administrator. Keep the URL exactly as published by that service; a URL for a web dashboard is not necessarily the URL of its Composer index.
You can edit the JSON directly, or use Composer’s configuration command when supported by your installed Composer version:
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composer config repositories.private composer https://packages.example.orgThe command writes the repository into the current project’s root configuration. Inspect the resulting file and run composer validate after editing. If the project already has a repositories array, preserve its existing entries and insert the private source at the required priority.
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Configure authentication without committing secrets
Private repositories commonly require HTTP basic credentials, a token, or credentials for the underlying VCS host. Do not put passwords, long-lived tokens, or private keys in composer.json or commit them to source control.
Composer authentication configuration
Composer supports authentication configuration outside the project file. Configure the mechanism documented by your repository provider, then test a read-only package operation. Private Packagist’s setup documentation covers organization repository URLs, HTTP basic authentication, and environment-variable examples: Private Packagist setup documentation.
For automation, the COMPOSER_AUTH environment variable can carry JSON credentials supplied by the CI secret store. Keep the value in the runner’s protected secret mechanism rather than writing it into the repository:
export COMPOSER_AUTH='{"http-basic":{"packages.example.org":{"username":"$COMPOSER_USER","password":"$COMPOSER_TOKEN"}}}'Use the exact host and authentication scheme required by your service. Avoid printing the variable in build logs, and rotate tokens if they appear in shell history or logs.
VCS credentials
A vcs repository may authenticate through an SSH key or a scoped access token, depending on the hosting system. Install the key for the Ubuntu user or CI identity that runs Composer, verify host-key handling, and grant the smallest read permission that permits dependency installation. For HTTPS VCS access, configure Composer’s credential store or the CI secret provider instead of embedding credentials in the repository URL.
Install or update the package
After the repository and credentials are in place, choose the command that matches the change you are making:
- For a new dependency, run
composer require vendor/package. Composer resolves a version allowed by the constraint, updates the rootcomposer.json, and writes the resolved versions tocomposer.lock. - For an already-declared dependency whose source or constraint changed, run
composer update vendor/package. Limiting the update to the package reduces unrelated dependency changes. - For a clean deployment of an existing application lock file, run
composer installso the versions recorded incomposer.lockare used.
Validate the final configuration and review the planned operations before changing a production checkout:
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composer validate
composer update vendor/package --dry-runA dry run shows whether Composer can see the package and resolve its dependencies without applying the update. After a successful real update, commit the changed composer.json and composer.lock according to your project’s dependency policy. Applications generally commit the lock file so Ubuntu hosts and CI runners install the same dependency graph.
Control repository precedence and Packagist behavior
Composer evaluates the entries in the order they appear. Place a private repository before a public repository when the private package should take precedence over a package with the same name. This is especially important for an internally patched fork: leaving the public source first can silently select the public package.
If the project must resolve every package through a private mirror, disable the default public repository explicitly in the root configuration:
{
"repositories": [
{
"type": "composer",
"url": "https://packages.example.org"
},
{
"packagist.org": false
}
]
}Only disable the default source when the private service contains, proxies, or otherwise makes available every package the project needs. Otherwise legitimate public dependencies will become unavailable. Verify the effect with a dry run or dependency inspection in the Composer version installed on the Ubuntu host.
Install directly from a VCS repository
Use vcs when the package lives in Git, Subversion, Mercurial, or Fossil and you want Composer to inspect that repository directly. Add a repository entry whose URL is the actual source-control location, then require the package name declared by that repository’s composer.json.
This approach is convenient for a small number of packages and for testing a branch or fork. Composer may need to inspect tags and branches, so resolution can take longer as the number of VCS repositories grows. Ensure the package has a valid root composer.json and that its declared name matches the name used in composer require.
When a VCS source is private, test access as the same Ubuntu user that runs Composer. An SSH key installed only for your interactive account will not automatically be available to a web deployment user or CI runner. Keep branch or development constraints intentional, and replace them with a tagged, stable constraint when the package is ready for normal application updates.
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Use local path and artifact repositories
Path repositories for active development
A path repository points to a local directory containing another Composer package. It is useful when an application and a library are developed together. Composer can symlink the package into vendor/, allowing edits in the library directory to be reflected immediately during development.
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Artifact repositories for local archives
An artifact repository scans a local directory for ZIP or TAR archives. Each archive must contain a root composer.json with package metadata. This is appropriate when build jobs place approved package archives on the host and network access to the original source is intentionally unavailable.
Keep archive naming and version metadata consistent, remove obsolete files when necessary, and ensure the deployment user can read the directory. An artifact directory is not a registry by itself: Composer still needs valid package metadata inside every archive.
Inline package metadata
The package type embeds package metadata directly in the root project. Because you manually maintain the name, version, distribution details, and other fields, it should be reserved for exceptional packages that cannot expose normal Composer metadata. A typo or stale version in the inline definition can cause incorrect dependency resolution.
Self-host a static index with Satis
Satis is described by its official project as “A simple static Composer repository generator.” It reads repository definitions and builds a static Composer registry that can be served by ordinary web infrastructure. The project is maintained separately from Composer itself; check its current composer.json for release-specific PHP and Composer requirements before pinning a version.
The documented representative build flow is:
composer create-project --keep-vcs --no-dev composer/satis:dev-main satis
php satis/bin/satis build satis.json public/Create a satis.json that lists the source repositories and the packages to include, then publish the generated public/ directory behind HTTPS. The official project and usage guide provide the configuration shape and build details: Satis project and Satis usage guide.
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Satis is a good fit when your team wants ownership of the index and hosting. It also creates an operational duty: rebuild and republish the generated output whenever source package versions change, protect the published endpoint, and make the build reproducible for another Ubuntu host or CI runner.
Use managed hosting and mirroring
Private Packagist provides hosted access control and can mirror public dependencies. Its setup documentation describes adding an organization repository URL, optionally disabling packagist.org, configuring authentication, and mirroring public packages: Private Packagist setup documentation.
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Troubleshoot common installation failures
“Package not found”
- Confirm that the entry is in the root
composer.json, not insidevendor/or a dependency. - Check that the repository type matches the source. A
composerentry must point to a Composer metadata endpoint; a Git URL requiresvcs. - Verify the package name and version constraint against the package’s own
composer.jsonor registry metadata. - Check repository order if another source contains the same package name.
Authentication or HTTP errors
- Test the endpoint from the same Ubuntu account that runs Composer.
- Confirm that the credential host matches the repository host and that the token has package-read permission.
- For CI, verify that
COMPOSER_AUTHis present in the job that performs dependency installation and is not being masked incorrectly. - Use HTTPS for registry endpoints and approved SSH keys or scoped tokens for VCS access.
Composer keeps using old VCS data
After changing a VCS driver or repository URL, clear Composer’s cache and run the update again:
composer clear-cache
composer update vendor/packageThe repository guide calls out cache refresh for cases where stale VCS metadata remains after a source change. Recheck the URL and credentials if the refreshed operation still fails.
Local package changes do not appear
Confirm that the repository is configured as path, that the path points to the directory containing the package’s root composer.json, and that your development setup permits symlinking. A copied artifact or normal installed package will not reflect edits made in a separate working directory.
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Disabling Packagist breaks unrelated dependencies
Re-enable the default source unless the private mirror actually provides every required public package. A private repository entry does not automatically mirror the public ecosystem.
Operational checklist for Ubuntu and CI
- Keep the repository declaration in the application’s root
composer.json. - Select
composer,vcs,path, orartifactaccording to the actual package source. - Use HTTPS for registry endpoints and SSH keys or scoped tokens for source-control access.
- Store HTTP basic credentials and tokens in Composer’s authentication configuration or CI secrets, never in committed JSON.
- Review repository order whenever a private fork shares a package name with a public package.
- Pin dependency constraints deliberately and commit
composer.lockfor applications. - Rebuild and publish Satis output whenever included package versions change.
- Record the repository URL, credential owner, and bootstrap steps so another Ubuntu host can reproduce the install.
- Run
composer validateand a dry-run update before applying a repository or constraint change to production.
FAQ
Can a dependency add a repository for my application?
No. Repository declarations are root-only. Add the source to the application’s own composer.json and commit that change.
When should I choose Satis instead of a direct VCS entry?
Choose direct VCS access for a small number of source repositories or short-lived branch testing. Choose Satis when you want a static index that you host and publish as a controlled package source.
Should I disable Packagist for every private repository?
No. Disable it only when your private mirror provides all required public dependencies. Otherwise leave the default source available and place the private repository first when precedence matters.
