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Yes—you can run several independent Ghost publications and PHP applications on one VPS. Put Nginx on the public IP addresses and ports 80 and 443, then let each Nginx server block select a site from the request’s hostname. Ghost sites proxy to separate localhost ports; PHP sites use separate document roots and PHP-FPM targets. Each domain still needs DNS records, its own HTTPS certificate, isolated credentials, and a service that starts reliably after a reboot.
What the finished architecture looks like
Nginx is the only service exposed directly on HTTP and HTTPS. It reads the Host header and chooses the matching server_name. The selected block either proxies the request to a Ghost process listening on loopback or passes PHP requests to PHP-FPM.
The Tool Desk
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|---|---|---|---|
| Ghost publication A | server_name ghost-a.example.com with proxy_pass |
Ghost process on a unique port such as 127.0.0.1:2368 |
Directory, systemd unit, database credentials, logs and port |
| Ghost publication B | A separate server block and hostname | A different Ghost process, for example 127.0.0.1:2369 |
Directory, systemd unit, database credentials, logs and port |
| PHP application A | root /var/www/php-a/public and front-controller routing |
The installed PHP-FPM Unix socket | Document root, application files, secrets and database account |
| PHP application B | A separate root and server_name |
Its configured PHP-FPM socket or pool | Document root, application files, secrets and database account |
A practical filesystem layout is:
/srv/ghost/site-a/
/srv/ghost/site-b/
/var/www/php-a/public/
/var/www/php-b/public/
/etc/nginx/sites-available/ghost-a.example.com
/etc/nginx/sites-available/ghost-b.example.com
/etc/nginx/sites-available/php-a.example.com
/etc/nginx/sites-available/php-b.example.comOnly enabled files should be symlinked into /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/. Keeping one file per hostname makes it possible to test, disable and migrate a site without editing a giant shared configuration.
Prerequisites and capacity planning
Use a supported operating baseline
Ghost’s current hosting guidance lists Ubuntu 24, Node.js 22 LTS, MySQL 8.0, Nginx, systemd, a non-root user, HTTPS and firewall rules for SSH, HTTP and HTTPS. It lists at least 1 GB of memory as the baseline for Ghost hosting. That is a starting point, not a promise that a 1 GB VPS can run many busy sites: every additional Ghost process, PHP worker, database workload and backup job consumes the same CPU, RAM, storage I/O and network capacity.
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Ghost is open source and can be installed on almost any VPS provider, but select a plan with enough headroom for peak traffic, database buffers, image processing and upgrades. Measure memory and disk usage before adding another site rather than treating the minimum as a multi-site capacity figure.
Prepare names, addresses and credentials
- Create a separate hostname for every site, such as
ghost-a.example.com,ghost-b.example.com,php-a.example.comandphp-b.example.com. - Reserve a unique Ghost directory, canonical URL, local port and database account for each publication.
- Give each PHP application its own document root and database credentials. Use a separate PHP-FPM pool when different applications need different limits or Unix users.
- Use a non-root administrative account with
sudo. Do not run application processes as root. - Allow only required firewall traffic: SSH from trusted addresses where possible, plus TCP 80 and 443. Do not expose MySQL or PHP-FPM sockets to the Internet.
Install the shared edge services
Install Nginx, database and firewall packages
On an Ubuntu server, update the package index and install Nginx, MySQL and the firewall tools from the distribution repositories. Install the PHP runtime, PHP-FPM and required extensions for each application; package names and the resulting socket path vary by distribution and PHP version.
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sudo apt install nginx mysql-server ufw
sudo systemctl enable --now nginx mysqlOpen only the intended ports, then check the active rules:
sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw status verboseDo not assume a socket such as /run/php/php-fpm.sock exists. Inspect the installed PHP-FPM service and its pool configuration, then use the actual socket (often versioned, for example /run/php/php8.x-fpm.sock) in the relevant Nginx block.
Install each Ghost publication independently
Create a dedicated directory and run Ghost-CLI as a normal user
Install Ghost-CLI for the administrative account that will own the publication files, then create one directory per site. Ghost-CLI’s production setup can create the Nginx configuration, Let’s Encrypt SSL configuration, low-privilege ghost user and systemd unit. It also supports separate directories and multiple instances.
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sudo npm install --global ghost-cli@latest
sudo mkdir -p /srv/ghost/site-a
sudo chown deploy:deploy /srv/ghost/site-a
sudo -iu deploy
cd /srv/ghost/site-a
ghost installDuring the installer prompts, enter the canonical URL for only this publication and unique MySQL credentials. Repeat the process in /srv/ghost/site-b with a different URL and database account.
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Verify the generated port before configuring neighbors
Ghost instances must not share a localhost port. Ghost-CLI normally chooses and records a port during production setup; inspect the generated configuration and systemd unit, and confirm that the second instance uses another port such as 2369. Do not blindly copy the first site’s proxy configuration.
Ghost is designed to have a reverse proxy in front of it. Preserve the forwarded protocol header so Ghost knows whether the original request was HTTPS. An incorrect value can cause an HTTPS redirect loop.
server {
listen 80;
server_name ghost-a.example.com;
location / {
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:2368;
}
client_max_body_size 50m;
}For the second publication, change both server_name and proxy_pass to the second hostname and port. The 50 MB body limit is only an example; raise it in the specific site block when imports, themes or media require larger requests, rather than increasing it globally for every site.
Check the service before putting it behind DNS
sudo systemctl status ghost_site-a
sudo systemctl is-enabled ghost_site-a
curl -I http://127.0.0.1:2368The exact systemd unit name is generated from the installation. A healthy unit should start at boot and restart after a crash. Test the second unit on its own port before diagnosing Nginx.
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Configure PHP sites with separate roots and FastCGI targets
Keep public files and secrets in the right places
Point each PHP hostname at its own public directory. Keep application code, configuration and uploaded data outside directories intended for direct download where the framework permits it. Explicitly deny access to secret files such as .env, private keys and deployment manifests.
Create one server block per PHP hostname
server {
listen 80;
server_name php-a.example.com;
root /var/www/php-a/public;
index index.php index.html;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
}
location ~ .php$ {
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php-fpm.sock;
}
location ~ /.env {
deny all;
}
}Replace the example socket with the path used by the installed PHP-FPM service. Repeat the block for the second application, changing the hostname and document root. If the applications require different PHP versions, use the corresponding versioned sockets or dedicated pools rather than sending both sites to an unavailable or incompatible endpoint.
The try_files fallback sends clean URLs to the application’s front controller while allowing existing static files to be served directly. Confirm that the framework’s deployment instructions agree with this routing rule.
Enable sites without creating a catch-all accident
Write each configuration under /etc/nginx/sites-available/, then enable only the files that should answer requests:
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/ghost-a.example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/ghost-b.example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/php-a.example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/php-b.example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginxRemove or disable the distribution’s default server if it can answer unmatched requests. Otherwise a typo in DNS or server_name may display the wrong site while all application services are healthy. Always run nginx -t before a reload; a failed test leaves the current working configuration in place.
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Point DNS at the VPS and issue HTTPS certificates
Create records for every hostname
Create an A record for each hostname that points to the VPS IPv4 address and an AAAA record when the VPS is correctly configured for IPv6. Wait for the records to resolve publicly before requesting certificates. A certificate request for one hostname does not cover unrelated names unless they are explicitly included.
Use Ghost-CLI SSL or an ACME client
Ghost-CLI documents a Let’s Encrypt SSL stage as part of production setup. For PHP sites, use an ACME client such as Certbot with the Nginx plugin, or another compatible Let’s Encrypt workflow. Ports 80 and 443 must reach this VPS during validation.
- Resolve each hostname from an external network and verify that it returns the VPS address.
- Enable the plain HTTP server blocks and run
sudo nginx -t, followed by an Nginx reload. - Request a certificate for each hostname through Ghost-CLI’s SSL step or your ACME client.
- Enable the HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect and reload Nginx after the certificate configuration passes a syntax test.
- Visit every hostname independently, check the certificate name and expiry, and confirm that Ghost’s canonical URL and PHP application URLs use HTTPS.
Automated renewal must be enabled and observed. A certificate that was issued successfully once can still expire later if the renewal timer, DNS, firewall or webroot changes.
Separate processes, permissions, databases and logs
Let systemd supervise Ghost
Systemd is Ghost’s default recommended process manager. Keep one unit per publication so an outage in one process does not require manually launching the others. Use systemctl status, journalctl -u and the Ghost logs to distinguish an application failure from an Nginx routing error.
Use least privilege
Ghost-CLI creates and maintains a low-privilege Linux user for its installation. Preserve that ownership model. For PHP, give the web process write access only to directories that actually need uploads, caches or generated files. Never make an entire application tree world-writable to solve a permissions error.
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Keep database accounts and backups independent
Each Ghost publication should have its own MySQL database and credentials; each PHP application should likewise use an account limited to its database. Store credentials outside the public root and rotate them independently.
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Monitor shared resources
- RAM and swap pressure as each Ghost and PHP worker starts.
- CPU saturation and load during traffic spikes, imports and image processing.
- Disk space, inode usage and storage latency.
- MySQL errors, slow queries and connection limits.
- Nginx access and error logs, Ghost systemd journals and PHP-FPM logs.
- Certificate expiry and renewal-job results.
Deployment choices: Ghost-CLI, manual configuration or containers
All three approaches can place multiple sites behind one Nginx edge, but they shift responsibility differently.
| Decision area | Ghost-CLI production install | Manual host-managed install | Containerized deployment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upgrade ownership | Ghost-CLI supplies a documented upgrade path per instance. | You manage Node, Ghost, systemd units and compatibility yourself. | You manage image versions, compose files, volumes and migrations. |
| SSL automation | Production setup can create Nginx and Let’s Encrypt integration. | You configure an ACME client and renewal hooks. | You configure certificate storage and an ACME-aware edge workflow. |
| Per-site isolation | Separate directories, ports, users, units and databases. | Isolation is whatever you explicitly build. | Processes and networks are separated by containers, but volumes and host resources remain shared. |
| Backup and restore | Ghost-CLI documents full-site backup; you choose retention and off-site storage. | You design file, database and configuration backups. | You back up volumes, databases and compose configuration. |
| Observability | systemd, Ghost logs and Nginx logs. | Depends on your units, log rotation and monitoring. | Container logs plus host and database monitoring. |
| Migration effort | Moving directories and databases is familiar on a conventional VPS. | Migration can be straightforward but is highly bespoke. | Reproducible once the compose and data migration process is tested. |
Ghost’s current hosting information indicates that the project is moving toward modern Docker Compose tooling for newer self-hosted features. Check the installation path and compatibility requirements for the Ghost version you intend to deploy instead of assuming that an older host-based procedure remains the preferred route.
Troubleshoot by separating DNS, Nginx and application layers
| Symptom | Checks | Likely correction |
|---|---|---|
| The wrong site appears | Resolve the hostname, inspect server_name, list enabled symlinks and check the default server. |
Fix DNS or the hostname mismatch, enable the intended file and disable the unwanted catch-all. |
| Ghost returns 502 Bad Gateway | Check the Ghost systemd unit, confirm the process is listening on the expected loopback port and compare that port with proxy_pass. |
Start or repair the unit, or correct the proxy port. Do not expose the Ghost port publicly. |
| HTTPS redirects loop | Inspect the proxy headers and Ghost URL configuration. | Pass X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme to Ghost and ensure the canonical URL is HTTPS. |
| PHP files download instead of execute | Check PHP-FPM status, the socket path and the PHP location block. | Start the matching PHP-FPM service and point fastcgi_pass at the real socket. |
| Uploads fail with a request-size error | Check the relevant Nginx server block and the application’s own upload limit. | Raise client_max_body_size only for the site that needs it, then reload Nginx. |
| Certificate issuance fails | Verify public DNS, TCP 80/443 reachability and that the hostname is served by this VPS. | Correct DNS or firewall routing, reload Nginx, then rerun the Ghost-CLI SSL step or ACME client. |
| One site becomes slow after another is busy | Review RAM, CPU, disk I/O, MySQL connections and PHP-FPM worker counts. | Reduce worker pressure, optimize the busy application, add capacity or move workloads to separate VPSs. |
Know the scaling and availability boundary
A single VPS can host multiple independent Ghost and PHP sites, but it remains one failure domain. A VPS outage, full disk, kernel problem or overloaded database affects every hostname. Plan maintenance and backup windows with that shared risk in mind.
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Ghost officially supports one Ghost instance per site and does not support load-balanced clustering or multi-server deployments of any description. Do not place two active Ghost instances behind a load balancer and assume they share state safely. If availability, geographic redundancy or stronger tenant isolation exceeds one VPS, design and test a separate multi-server architecture rather than treating horizontal Ghost clustering as supported.
Quick Recap
Final deployment checklist
- Every hostname has correct A and, where applicable, AAAA records.
- Nginx owns ports 80 and 443; Ghost and PHP backends listen only on local interfaces or sockets.
- Each Ghost site has a unique directory, canonical URL, localhost port, database account and systemd unit.
- Each PHP site has a unique public root, correct PHP-FPM socket and protected secret files.
- The default Nginx catch-all cannot serve the wrong site.
nginx -tsucceeds before every reload.- HTTP redirects to HTTPS for every hostname, and certificates renew automatically.
- UFW exposes SSH, HTTP and HTTPS only as required.
- Backups include files and databases, are stored off the VPS and have been restored in a test.
- Memory, disk, logs, services and certificate renewal are monitored before production traffic is moved.
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