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Yes—you can serve many independent domains over HTTPS from one VPS and one public IP. Point every domain’s DNS records to the VPS, create a separate Nginx server block for each hostname, and use SNI so Nginx selects the right certificate and site. You can issue one certificate per domain, combine names in a SAN certificate, or use a wildcard for subdomains within one domain.
How one VPS serves several HTTPS domains
Name-based virtual hosting lets Nginx distinguish sites by hostname instead of requiring one IP address per domain. A browser connects to the VPS on port 443, sends the requested hostname through TLS Server Name Indication (SNI), and Nginx selects the matching HTTPS server block and certificate. After TLS negotiation, the same hostname selects the correct document root or reverse-proxy target.
The arrangement works for separate websites, applications, or combinations of static files and upstream services. Each site should have an explicit server_name, its own root or proxy_pass destination, and a certificate whose subject alternative name (SAN) includes every hostname that site accepts.
What you need before configuring Nginx
- A VPS with a public IPv4 address, IPv6 address, or both, and administrative access.
- Authoritative DNS control for every domain and subdomain you intend to publish.
- Nginx installed and running on the VPS.
- Firewall rules allowing inbound TCP 80 and TCP 443. Port 80 is needed for HTTP-01 certificate validation and for ordinary HTTP-to-HTTPS redirects; port 443 carries encrypted traffic.
- A separate filesystem directory or upstream service for each site.
- Certbot installed if you want it to request, install, and renew Let’s Encrypt certificates.
Decide the complete hostname set first. For example, example.com and www.example.com are two names even when they serve identical content. Include every alias in both the relevant server_name directive and the certificate request.
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Step 1: Point every domain at the VPS
Create A and AAAA records
Create an A record for each hostname that should resolve over IPv4. If the VPS has working IPv6, create an AAAA record as well. The records must point to the same machine that will answer the Nginx request. A stale or incorrect AAAA record can send IPv6 clients—and an ACME validation request—to a different server even when the A record is correct.
Use the exact names you will place in Nginx. If you want both the apex name and www, create records for both, or use a DNS alias where your DNS provider supports one. Do not request a certificate until public DNS resolution reaches the intended VPS.
Confirm resolution and reachability
Check each hostname from a network outside the VPS and verify that it resolves to the expected address. Then confirm that the firewall and any provider-level network rules allow TCP 80 and 443. DNS resolution alone does not prove that Nginx is reachable; both the address and the listening ports must be correct.
Step 2: Create an HTTP server block for each site
Keep sites in separate server blocks. This makes hostname ownership, logs, challenge files, roots, and later certificate mapping unambiguous. The following example serves two names from one directory and leaves an explicit path for ACME HTTP-01 validation.
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
root /var/www/example;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
root /var/www/example;
}
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}
Create an equivalent block for each additional domain, changing the server_name values and root directory. For an application server instead of static files, replace the content handler with the site’s upstream target:
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name app.example.net www.app.example.net;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
root /var/www/app-challenge;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:3000;
}
}
The challenge location must be served by the HTTP block that owns the hostname. If a different block, default site, or upstream handles that path, the validation service will retrieve the wrong content.
Step 3: Choose a certificate layout
You do not need one certificate for every domain. Certbot can request separate certificates or one certificate containing several names. Choose based on how independently the domains must be operated.
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| Strategy | How it works | Advantages | Trade-offs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Separate certificates | Request and install a certificate for each domain or closely related hostname set. | Revocation, rotation, delegation, and troubleshooting stay isolated. A problem with one certificate affects fewer sites. | More certificate objects and more individual renewal mappings to monitor. |
| SAN certificate | Pass multiple names with repeated -d options in one Certbot request. |
Fewer certificate objects and a consolidated renewal operation. | Adding or removing one name changes a shared certificate and couples otherwise unrelated domains. |
| Wildcard certificate | Cover subdomains beneath one registrable domain, such as a wildcard for *.example.com. |
Convenient when many subdomains share one domain and certificate policy. | A wildcard covers only one label level. It does not cover unrelated domains or deeper levels automatically, and all names share the same certificate lifecycle. |
Separate certificates are usually easier when different customers, teams, or applications need independent control. A SAN certificate is practical when the names change together. A wildcard is limited to its parent domain and scope; it cannot replace certificates for unrelated domains.
Step 4: Obtain certificates with Certbot
One certificate for one site
With the Nginx installer, request all aliases for one site in a single invocation:
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com
Certbot can also obtain files without changing Nginx by using certonly. This is useful when you want to review or maintain the server blocks yourself:
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sudo certbot certonly --webroot -w /var/www/example -d example.com -d www.example.com
For webroot validation, Certbot writes a token below /.well-known/acme-challenge/. The validation service then requests that URL over HTTP, so the hostname must resolve to this VPS, port 80 must be reachable, and the correct HTTP block must expose the selected webroot.
One SAN certificate for several domains
Pass every covered name with its own -d option:
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com -d example.net -d www.example.net
Use this only when you accept the shared lifecycle. Reissuing the certificate to add or remove a domain changes the certificate used by all names in that request.
Separate requests for operational isolation
Run an independent request for each domain when ownership, revocation, or renewal must remain separate:
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.net -d www.example.net
The exact certificate lineage and file location are reported by Certbot. Record which lineage belongs to each Nginx server block rather than assuming that similarly named domains share files.
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When HTTP-01 cannot work
HTTP-01 requires inbound HTTP access and a challenge URL that reaches the right server. If port 80 cannot be exposed or DNS directs validation elsewhere, use DNS validation instead. DNS validation places proof in DNS rather than relying on an inbound HTTP request; follow the DNS method supported by your Certbot setup and DNS provider.
Step 5: Add an HTTPS server block for each hostname
After a certificate is issued, create a port-443 block that repeats the exact names and references the matching certificate chain and private key. The paths below illustrate the conventional Certbot layout; use the paths Certbot actually reports on your system.
server {
listen 443 ssl;
listen [::]:443 ssl;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
root /var/www/example;
index index.html;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}
For a reverse-proxied application, keep the certificate directives in the HTTPS block and send requests to that site’s own upstream:
server {
listen 443 ssl;
listen [::]:443 ssl;
server_name app.example.net www.app.example.net;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/app.example.net/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/app.example.net/privkey.pem;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:3000;
}
}
Repeat the pair of HTTP and HTTPS blocks for every site. The certificate in a block must cover every name listed in that block. If you deliberately use one SAN certificate for several domains, each corresponding HTTPS block can reference the same certificate files while retaining its own content or upstream configuration.
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Step 6: Redirect HTTP without breaking renewal
Once the certificate is working, ordinary HTTP requests should permanently redirect to the same host and URI over HTTPS. Preserve both values so a request such as http://example.com/docs?a=1 becomes the equivalent HTTPS URL.
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
root /var/www/example;
}
location / {
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
}
Keep the challenge exception if your renewal method uses HTTP-01. The redirect may remain in place for all other paths; the ACME location must still expose the token from the correct webroot. If you use DNS validation exclusively, the challenge-path exception is not needed for validation, but retaining a deliberate configuration can make future method changes easier.
Step 7: Test and reload Nginx safely
- Check the complete Nginx configuration with the distribution’s configuration-test command, commonly
sudo nginx -t. - Fix every syntax error, duplicate directive, missing certificate file, or incorrect path before reloading.
- Reload rather than stopping the service, using the service manager command for your operating system, commonly
sudo systemctl reload nginx. - Visit every hostname over HTTPS and verify that it reaches the intended root or upstream.
- Inspect the certificate presented for each hostname. Confirm the requested name appears in the certificate SAN list and that the chain is complete.
- Request an HTTP URL for each hostname and confirm that it redirects to the same host and path on HTTPS.
Test every alias separately. A working apex domain does not prove that its www alias, IPv6 route, or second domain uses the same server block.
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Why the wrong certificate appears
The hostname is absent from the certificate
A browser error such as NET::ERR_CERT_COMMON_NAME_INVALID means the certificate presented does not cover the requested hostname. Add that hostname to the certificate request and to server_name, then install the resulting certificate in the matching HTTPS block.
Nginx selected the default HTTPS server
If no HTTPS block matches the SNI name, Nginx serves the default server for that listening address and port. Remove an unneeded default site or configure it intentionally, and make every production hostname explicit. Confirm that the port-443 block contains the exact spelling of the requested name, including any www alias.
The certificate files are mapped to the wrong site
Separate roots do not automatically imply separate certificates. Check each block’s ssl_certificate and ssl_certificate_key paths and compare the certificate SAN list with the block’s server_name values. A valid certificate can still be wrong for the site if it is referenced by the wrong block.
SNI or client compatibility is involved
Name-based HTTPS relies on SNI to tell Nginx which certificate to present. Modern browsers and clients support SNI, but an older or unusual client may receive the default certificate instead. Test with a current browser or HTTP client and inspect the negotiated certificate for the exact hostname.
ACME authorization failures
DNS still points somewhere else
Validation follows public DNS, not the server you intended. Recheck both A and AAAA records and remove stale addresses that lead to another machine. The challenge request must arrive at this VPS before Certbot can succeed.
Port 80 is blocked
HTTP-01 cannot fetch a token through a blocked firewall, security group, or provider-level rule. Permit TCP 80 or switch to DNS validation when inbound HTTP is unavailable.
The challenge path reaches the wrong root
Request the exact /.well-known/acme-challenge/ URL and verify that the file is served by the intended HTTP server block. Common causes include a default site capturing the hostname, a redirect placed ahead of the challenge location, or a reverse proxy forwarding the token to an application that does not contain it.
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Internationalized domain names
For an internationalized domain, configure the ASCII/Punycode form in Nginx’s server_name directive. Use the same canonical form when requesting the certificate and when checking which names the certificate covers. A visually identical Unicode spelling does not guarantee that Nginx and the certificate matcher are using the same hostname representation.
Renewal and reload planning
Certbot can install certificates and modify Nginx configuration, but the timer, hook, and service-reload behavior depends on the operating system and deployment. Before relying on unattended renewal, perform a controlled renewal test in a staging or non-production procedure and verify that:
- Validation still reaches the correct HTTP block or DNS zone.
- The renewed files are written to the lineage referenced by Nginx.
- Nginx performs a successful configuration test after renewal.
- The service reloads without interrupting unrelated domains.
- The newly presented certificate contains every hostname expected by that site.
When domains use separate certificates, a failure in one renewal should have a smaller blast radius. With a SAN certificate, one failed or misconfigured renewal can affect every name sharing that certificate, so monitor all of them after a change.
Operating several domains cleanly
Keep ownership boundaries visible
Use one configuration file, root directory or upstream definition, and log destination per site where practical. Explicit boundaries make it easier to identify which domain owns a certificate, challenge file, application process, and error log.
Keep names consistent
Decide whether each site accepts the apex name, the www alias, or both. Put exactly those names in DNS, HTTP and HTTPS server_name directives, and the certificate request. Inconsistent aliases are a frequent reason for a default site or name mismatch.
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A static site should have its own document root and file handler. A proxied application should have its own upstream target. Do not point two domains at one root or upstream unless that shared behavior is intentional; Nginx will route correctly, but the application may still generate the wrong canonical URLs or content.
Review the default server deliberately
Unmatched hostnames fall back to a default server for the address and port. Decide what that server should do, then remove or modify distribution-provided default files that would otherwise capture traffic unexpectedly. This is especially important on a new VPS where the default welcome page may still be enabled.
Quick Recap
Deployment checklist
- Every hostname resolves publicly to the intended VPS through the correct A and, when used, AAAA record.
- TCP 80 and 443 are allowed by the VPS firewall and any external network firewall.
- Each domain has a distinct HTTP server block with exact
server_namevalues. - Each HTTP block serves the ACME challenge path from the correct root when HTTP-01 is used.
- Each domain has a certificate strategy: separate, SAN, or wildcard with a clearly understood scope.
- Each HTTPS block listens on 443, names the correct hostnames, and references the matching full chain and private key.
- Unmatched traffic cannot silently replace a production site because the default server is intentional.
- HTTP redirects preserve the original host and request URI while leaving the challenge path usable.
- Nginx configuration tests pass before every reload.
- Browser or HTTP-client checks confirm the certificate names, chain, redirect, and content for every hostname and alias.
- A controlled renewal test confirms validation, file updates, Nginx reload, and continued service for all affected domains.
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