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To keep a client on the same HAProxy backend server, configure persistence at the backend: use an HAProxy-inserted cookie in mode http, or use a source-IP stick table when you need HTTP and TCP support. If more than one HAProxy instance can receive the client, replicate stick-table data with a peers section and keep server identities consistent. Treat persistence as a routing preference, not as a copy of application state: when a server fails, HAProxy can send the request to another server, but the application must retrieve the session from shared storage or be designed to be stateless.
What session persistence does in HAProxy
Session persistence, also called sticky sessions, means that after HAProxy selects a backend server for a client, later requests from that client are directed to the same server while that affinity remains valid. This can help applications whose session data is held in local process memory, but it also creates an important boundary: HAProxy remembers the routing decision; it does not replicate the application’s memory, login object, shopping cart, or transaction state.
There are two primary persistence mechanisms documented by HAProxy:
- HTTP cookie persistence: HAProxy inserts a cookie containing the selected server’s identifier. The browser returns that cookie on subsequent HTTP requests.
- Source-IP persistence: a stick table records the client address and associates it with a server. The method works in both HTTP and TCP modes.
The right choice depends on protocol, how precisely clients can be identified, whether requests may land on different HAProxy nodes, and what should happen after a backend failure.
Choose the persistence method first
| Method | Protocol support | Affinity key | Identity precision | Important limitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HAProxy cookie | HTTP mode | Cookie stored by the browser | Identifies a browser session | Requires HTTP and a client that returns cookies |
| Source-IP stick table | HTTP and TCP modes | Client source address | Can represent many users with one address | Users behind a NAT gateway, reverse proxy, or other shared source address may be grouped together |
| Peer-replicated stick table | HTTP or TCP, according to the table’s key | Replicated stick-table entry | Preserves the selected mapping when another HAProxy node handles the request | Consumes memory and synchronization traffic as the table grows and changes |
Use a cookie when the application is HTTP-based and browser-level affinity is the desired identity. Use a source-IP table for TCP traffic or when the client cannot participate in cookie persistence, while recognizing that shared addresses reduce accuracy. Add peer replication whenever a floating address, DNS record, or upstream load balancer can send the same client to different HAProxy instances.
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Configure HTTP cookie persistence
Basic backend configuration
The following backend uses round-robin selection for a new client and then assigns a cookie named SERVER_USED:
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backend app
mode http
balance roundrobin
cookie SERVER_USED insert indirect nocache
server app1 192.168.0.10:80 check cookie app1
server app2 192.168.0.11:80 check cookie app2Each server has a distinct cookie value: app1 or app2. On the first request, HAProxy selects an available server and places that value in the client’s browser. On later requests, HAProxy reads SERVER_USED and routes the request to the matching server instead of making a fresh load-balancing decision.
What the directives mean
mode httpenables HTTP-aware processing, which is required for HAProxy’s cookie persistence method.balance roundrobincontrols selection when there is no usable persistence cookie; it does not override a valid cookie-to-server mapping.cookie SERVER_USEDsets the backend cookie name.inserttells HAProxy to add the persistence cookie to the response.indirectallows HAProxy to use the cookie for routing without passing that persistence marker through to the application as a normal application cookie.nocachemarks the response so an intermediary does not incorrectly cache a response carrying a server-selection cookie.checkenables health checking for each backend server. A server that is not available is not a reliable destination for new traffic.- The
cookieargument on eachserverline is the value HAProxy matches in the client cookie.
How to verify cookie affinity
- Send a first request without an existing
SERVER_USEDcookie and note which backend receives it. - Inspect the response headers in the client or browser developer tools and confirm that HAProxy has set
SERVER_USEDwith the selected server value. - Repeat requests while retaining the cookie. They should continue to reach the same healthy backend.
- Remove the cookie and repeat the test. The next request is eligible for a new server selection, demonstrating that the affinity came from the cookie rather than from the client’s address.
Cookie persistence is browser-session affinity, not user-account identity. A different browser, a client that rejects cookies, or a request that omits the cookie will not necessarily follow the same backend.
Use dynamic cookie values when several HAProxy nodes must agree
Instead of assigning a literal cookie value to every server, HAProxy can derive the value from the server’s address, port, and a shared secret:
backend app
mode http
balance roundrobin
cookie SERVER_USED insert indirect nocache dynamic
dynamic-cookie-key a-long-shared-secret
server app1 192.168.0.10:80 check
server app2 192.168.0.11:80 checkWith dynamic, the cookie value is calculated from the backend server IP address, port, and the configured secret. An explicit cookie argument on a server line takes precedence over the generated value.
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Every HAProxy node that may handle the same client must use the same dynamic-cookie secret and a compatible identity for each backend server. If one node derives a different value for the same backend, it may not recognize a cookie issued by another node, and the client can be assigned again. Keep the backend server addresses, ports, and identity mapping aligned across nodes, and protect the shared secret as configuration data.
Configure source-IP persistence with a stick table
Basic configuration
Source-IP persistence stores the client address and the server selected for that address. This example supports TCP mode and keeps an entry for 30 minutes after its activity expires:
backend app
mode tcp
stick-table type ip size 1m expire 30m
stick on src
server app1 192.168.0.10:80 check
server app2 192.168.0.11:80 checkmode tcpmakes the backend operate without HTTP cookie processing. The same stick-table approach can be used with an HTTP backend when source address is the chosen key.stick-table type ipstores IPv4 or IPv6 client addresses as the key type.size 1msets the table capacity to one million entries in this example. Capacity should reflect the expected number of concurrent or recently active client addresses and the memory available to HAProxy.expire 30mremoves an entry after 30 minutes without qualifying activity. The 30-minute value is an example from HAProxy’s session-persistence tutorial, not a universal recommendation.stick on srctells HAProxy to use the connection’s source address as the persistence key.
The shared-address problem
Source-IP affinity is less precise than a browser cookie when many independent users appear from one address. A corporate NAT gateway, mobile carrier gateway, reverse proxy, or another intermediary can make hundreds of users look identical. HAProxy then has one mapping for that source address, so those users may be directed to the same backend and compete for the same affinity slot. If that grouping is unacceptable, prefer an HTTP cookie or redesign the application so its session state is shared independently of the selected server.
Choosing an expiration period
An expiration limits how long an inactive source address remains associated with a server. A shorter period releases entries sooner and allows idle clients to be redistributed; a longer period preserves affinity for returning clients but retains more entries and can keep a potentially stale assignment longer. Start from the application’s session behavior and size the table for the number of addresses that can be active during the expiration window rather than treating 30m as a mandatory setting.
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A single HAProxy process can keep its in-memory stick table, but a client may be sent to another process by a floating address, DNS, or an upstream load balancer. Without shared data, the second HAProxy instance has no local source-IP entry and can choose a different backend. HAProxy’s peers section replicates stick-table data between load balancers.
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Peer-replicated configuration
peers mycluster
peer lb1 192.168.1.10:10000
peer lb2 192.168.1.11:10000
backend app
stick-table type ip size 1m expire 30m peers mycluster
stick on src
server app1 192.168.0.10:80 check id 1
server app2 192.168.0.11:80 check id 2The peers block names the synchronization group and lists the address at which each HAProxy node communicates. The backend associates its stick table with peers mycluster, so entries learned by one node are sent to the other. The explicit server IDs make the identity of app1 and app2 consistent across nodes.
Deployment steps
- List every HAProxy node that can receive production traffic and give each one a stable peer name and reachable peer address.
- Define the same peer group on every node, with the corresponding members and synchronization addresses.
- Attach the backend stick table to that peer group using the
peersparameter. - Use identical key type, capacity, expiration, and stick rule on each node so an entry has the same meaning everywhere.
- Assign explicit, matching IDs to corresponding backend servers. Do not let one node identify a server differently from another.
- Perform a controlled request through each HAProxy node and confirm that the observed source address maps to the same backend after the traffic moves between nodes.
Reloads and synchronization cost
Peer synchronization is also useful during a reload. The old HAProxy process can connect to the new process and transfer stick-table entries; without that handoff, in-memory entries are lost when the old process exits. This protects affinity during a graceful configuration change, provided the replacement process is configured to participate in the same peer relationship.
Replication is not free. Large tables use memory on every participating node, and frequent updates generate synchronization traffic. Monitor the expected table size and update rate before enabling very large capacities. A peer design should preserve the affinity that matters without replicating data that has no operational value.
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Global Profiling Engine deployments
HAProxy Enterprise documentation for Global Profiling Engine deployments instructs operators to reference a shared sessions table in the peers section and to assign explicit server IDs so all load balancers map the same server identity. Apply that model only when it matches the Enterprise feature and topology in use; a standard open-source configuration should use the stick table and peer definitions appropriate to its own configuration.
Understand what happens when a backend server fails
Normal redispatch
If a request contains a persistence cookie for a server that is down, HAProxy normally redispatches the request to another available server. This prevents a dead destination from receiving traffic indefinitely, but it means the application may see the request on a server that did not hold the original process-local session.
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When option persist is appropriate
option persist changes the failure behavior by making HAProxy try the unavailable server first. It is a specialized choice for an environment in which a flapping server may recover and where attempting that destination is preferable to immediate redispatch. It should not be treated as a way to make a failed server reliable: requests can still fail while the server is unavailable, and the application still needs a recovery path.
| Condition | Typical HAProxy behavior | Application implication |
|---|---|---|
| Persistence target is healthy | Route to the associated backend server | Local session state remains available on that server |
| Persistence target is down | Redispatch to another available server by default | Any state held only on the failed server may be missing |
option persist is enabled |
Try the unavailable target first | Useful only for a deliberate flapping-server policy; it can delay successful handling |
| HAProxy node changes without replicated table data | The new node has no previous in-memory source-IP entries | Affinity can be reassigned after the move |
| HAProxy nodes share a peer-replicated table | The receiving node can use the replicated mapping | Routing affinity survives node changes while the entry remains valid |
Make sessions survive backend replacement
Persistence alone cannot provide continuity after a backend replacement because it does not copy application memory between servers. If a login session, cart, or workflow must survive a health-check failure, store that state in a shared database, cache, or another shared service that every eligible backend can access. Alternatively, design the application to be stateless and keep the required state outside the process. HAProxy’s own guidance describes stateless design with off-server state as preferable when the application permits it.
This separation gives you two independent controls:
- Routing affinity: cookie or stick-table configuration reduces unnecessary movement between servers during normal operation.
- State durability: shared or stateless application design allows a request to complete after HAProxy selects a replacement server.
Do not use a long persistence timeout as a substitute for shared state. A longer timeout can preserve a routing choice, but it cannot restore memory from a server that has crashed or been removed.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Troubleshoot common persistence symptoms
Every request appears to move between servers
- For cookie persistence, confirm the backend is in
mode http, the response setsSERVER_USED, and the client returns it on later requests. - Check that each server has a distinct cookie value and that the client is not deleting or blocking the cookie.
- For source-IP persistence, verify that the request actually arrives with the source address you expect and that the stick rule is attached to the backend receiving traffic.
- If traffic crosses HAProxy nodes, confirm that the stick table references the same peer group on every node and that peer connections are reachable.
Different users are pinned together
This usually indicates shared source addresses. Identify whether a NAT gateway, reverse proxy, or carrier intermediary is presenting one address for many users. Move to cookie persistence for HTTP traffic, or accept the grouping only when the application can tolerate it.
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A node change causes a new backend assignment
- For source-IP affinity, check that the table is associated with a
peerssection rather than remaining local to one process. - During reloads, verify that the old and new processes can establish the peer handoff; otherwise the old in-memory entries disappear.
- For dynamic cookies, compare the secret and backend server identity on every HAProxy node. A different secret, address, port, or identity produces a cookie the other node may not recognize.
Users lose their session after a health-check failure
Confirm whether HAProxy redispatched the request to another server. If it did, inspect where the application stores session state. Move that state to a shared database or cache, or make the application stateless; changing the persistence rule cannot recreate process memory from the failed server.
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Production checklist
- Select cookie persistence for browser-level HTTP affinity; select source-IP persistence when TCP support or non-cookie clients require it.
- Give every backend server a stable, distinct identity. Use explicit IDs when several HAProxy nodes must map the same servers.
- For dynamic cookies, use the same secret and compatible server identity on every HAProxy node that can receive the client.
- For source-IP tables, choose capacity and expiration from expected address volume and session behavior; the documented example uses
size 1mandexpire 30m. - Define a
peerssection when clients can move between HAProxy instances, and account for replication memory and traffic. - Test first request, repeated request, cookie removal, node handoff, reload, backend failure, and recovery behavior.
- Document whether normal failure behavior is redispatch or the specialized
option persistpolicy. - Keep application session state outside individual backend memory whenever a user must survive server replacement.
Practical decision examples
Two HTTP application servers behind one HAProxy node
Use the cookie configuration with a distinct value for each server. This gives browser-level affinity without grouping unrelated users who share an office or carrier address. Source-IP persistence is possible, but it is less precise when many users appear from one address.
Raw TCP service with two backends
Cookies are unavailable because HAProxy is not processing HTTP. Use a source-IP stick table and set an expiration that matches how long clients should retain affinity. If clients can arrive through a shared proxy, evaluate whether that address-based grouping is acceptable.
Active-standby HAProxy pair
Use peer replication for the source-IP table so the standby can use the active node’s mappings. Give corresponding backend servers matching explicit IDs, and ensure the peer addresses are reachable during both normal operation and a reload.
Application with strict login continuity
Cookie or source-IP persistence can reduce needless movement, but the application should place session data in a shared database, cache, or other shared service. Then a health-check failure and normal redispatch do not turn a routing event into a lost login.
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Configure HAProxy cookies for precise HTTP browser affinity, source-IP stick tables for HTTP or TCP address-based affinity, and a peer group whenever more than one HAProxy process can receive the same client. Expect HAProxy to redispatch around a failed backend unless you deliberately use option persist; design shared or stateless application sessions so that this necessary failover does not lose user state.
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