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When conflict makes farmland unsafe or unreachable, grow only in a secure, permitted place close to where people live, with a dependable source of safe water. If no ground plot is available, containers or a small raised microgarden can produce some locally suitable vegetables, roots, tubers and condiments. Choose the method and crops for the local season, water supply, growing medium, theft risk and how long people can expect to remain in the area.

A small garden can supplement food assistance and household diets, but it cannot replace staple foods, markets, humanitarian support or broader livelihood recovery. Conditions can change quickly, so reassess safety and permission before investing labor or materials.

Put safety, permission and water before crop choice

The first question is not “What should I plant?” It is “Can people reach and use this space safely?” FAO crisis guidance states: “Potential areas for agricultural production need to be assessed in terms of the security situation, the threat of crop theft, the distance between living areas and agricultural land, and the availability of water.” That sequence is practical in a conflict-affected setting.

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Check the site before carrying tools or seeds

  • Security: Do not cultivate a plot that requires crossing an exposed road, checkpoint, mined area, active front line or other known hazard. A garden is never worth a trip through an unsafe area.
  • Distance and supervision: A space beside shelter is easier to water, protect and inspect than a distant field. Consider whether people can reach it during curfews, shelling, displacement or sudden relocation.
  • Permission and tenure: Confirm who controls the land or structure. Written permission is useful where possible, but a clear agreement with the owner, camp management or local authority is better than creating a dispute over land.
  • Theft and vandalism: Assess whether containers, tools, harvests or water can be protected without creating confrontation. Avoid displaying scarce materials in a way that increases risk.
  • Water: Identify the source, carrying distance, reliability and safety of water before planting. A garden that cannot be watered consistently wastes seed and labor.
  • Physical conditions: Look for drainage, sunlight, wind exposure, flooding, contaminated rubble and surfaces that can support containers. Do not disturb suspected unexploded ordnance or debris.

Repeat this assessment after attacks, new displacement, changes in camp rules or loss of a water source. A site that was acceptable last week may not be safe today.

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Choose a growing format that matches the space

There is no single “no-land” solution. Compare options by safety and permission, tending time, water demand, cost and local availability of seed and tools, harvest timing, portability and whether the goal is dietary supplementation or income.

Format Where it can work Advantages Constraints to check
Individual containers Balconies, patios, doorways, rooftops or other permitted surfaces Portable, expandable and suitable when ground access is unavailable Containers dry quickly, need safe drainage and may be stolen or too heavy for a roof
Small raised microgarden A secure yard, communal area, balcony or camp setting Uses a compact footprint and keeps growing medium off contaminated ground Requires a stable table or frame, lining, water and agreement about ownership
Home or shared ground garden Land beside shelter that is safe and legally available Can hold more plants and may be easier to water than many small pots Requires permission, protection from theft, suitable soil and continued access
Rapidly maturing trees or other longer-lived plantings A secure site where people expect to remain Can make use of a small cultivated area when staple-crop farming is impossible Needs time, water and protection; unsuitable when relocation is likely

Containers for the smallest spaces

Use clean, food-safe vessels that can hold growing medium without releasing harmful residues. Reused buckets, boxes or sacks may work if their previous contents are known and non-toxic. Avoid containers that held fuel, pesticides, solvents, industrial chemicals or unknown powders. A vessel that held food is easier to assess than one recovered from an industrial site.

Container gardening is not limited to herbs. FAO describes microgardens as container-based units for vegetables, roots and tubers, and condiments in places including balconies, patios, rooftops and refugee camps. The practical limit is not the label on the container; it is whether the plant has enough rooting space, light, water and protection for the local conditions.

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The one-square-metre microgarden concept

FAO describes a standard microgarden as a custom-built table of about one square metre, lined to prevent leakage and made with recovered wood and materials adapted to local availability. This is a design reference, not a requirement to purchase a proprietary kit. A locally built frame can be adjusted to the available space, provided it is stable, does not leak onto people or structures and can be watered safely.

Raise the growing surface only where the structure can carry the combined weight of wet medium and containers. On a roof or balcony, obtain permission and check structural limits; do not assume a building can support a saturated garden.

Shared beds and community spaces

A shared plot can distribute watering and tools, but it also creates questions about access, harvest allocation and responsibility. Agree on these points before planting. Include both displaced and host communities where the space or water is shared, and use a neutral group or local authority to record the arrangement when that is safe.

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Select crops for the actual access window

Crop choice depends on local climate, season, seed availability, water, growing medium, security and expected time in place. The available evidence does not support a universal crop list or calendar, so avoid advice that assumes one region’s temperatures or rainfall apply elsewhere.

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When the growing season is short

Choose locally suitable crops that can reach a useful harvest within the period people expect to have access. FAO identifies home gardens and rapidly maturing fruit trees as possible approaches when only small areas can be cultivated, but it does not prescribe particular varieties. Ask local growers, agricultural extension workers or humanitarian agriculture staff which seeds are adapted to the current season and commonly available.

If relocation is possible, favor crops and containers that provide value before departure or can be moved. Do not commit scarce materials to a long-lived planting when the site may be lost quickly.

When water is scarce

Start with the water budget, then choose plants that fit it. A small number of well-watered containers is more realistic than a large garden that cannot be maintained. FAO’s forced-displacement guidance describes efficient water management and drip irrigation as options where locally feasible supplies and skills exist. These approaches still require safe water, functioning parts and a plan to repair or replace them.

When the goal is household food

Use a mix that adds fresh vegetables, roots, tubers or condiments to available foods, rather than assuming a container garden can supply all calories. Staple-crop production generally needs more land and reliable access than a microgarden provides. Record which plants are actually eaten and which require too much water or protection, then adjust the next planting.

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When the goal includes income

Growing for sale adds requirements that a subsistence garden may not have: predictable access to a market, safe storage, transport, agreed pricing and enough volume to justify the effort. Treat income production as a separate decision from supplementing household meals, and do not divert scarce drinking water without a community agreement.

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Build a small container or raised garden step by step

  1. Secure the location. Obtain permission, map the safest route and keep the garden close enough for routine inspection. Make sure children and people with limited mobility can reach it without entering hazardous areas.
  2. Choose clean, stable vessels or a frame. Select food-safe containers or locally recovered materials whose previous use is known. Remove sharp edges, brace unstable legs and keep heavy units off weak roofs or ledges.
  3. Provide controlled drainage. Containers need drainage holes so roots do not remain waterlogged. Line a raised table to prevent leakage, direct runoff away from shelters and paths, and avoid contaminating shared water points.
  4. Use a trustworthy growing medium. Use clean soil or a locally accepted medium whose origin is known. Do not collect soil from demolition rubble, industrial sites, waste dumps, latrines, fuel storage areas or places that may contain munitions residue. If contamination is suspected, use a lined container with a verified medium or seek local technical advice.
  5. Obtain locally suitable seed. Match seed to the current climate and season. Keep packets or labels where possible, protect seed from moisture and rodents, and agree who owns unused seed in a shared project.
  6. Plant within the available water and labor. Start with a manageable number of containers. Leave room to move, inspect and harvest plants without damaging neighboring units. Staggering plantings can spread labor and harvest, but only if water and seed supplies allow it.
  7. Set a watering routine. Assign responsibility by name or rotation. Water at times that are safe for people to travel, and keep a simple record of missed watering, leaks or disease so problems are found early.
  8. Protect without escalating risk. Use low-cost barriers, shade or visible ownership markers only when they do not provoke conflict. Store tools in a secure, agreed location and avoid locking a shared garden so tightly that caretakers cannot reach it in an emergency.
  9. Harvest and clean safely. Harvest only from plants grown in a safe medium and watered with safe water. Keep produce away from fuel, sewage, dust from damaged buildings and animal waste. Wash with safe water before eating when that is possible.

Manage water and growing-medium safety

Use water whose safety is understood

Water that looks clear is not automatically safe. Do not irrigate edible plants with untreated wastewater, water mixed with sewage or water contaminated by fuel, chemicals or industrial runoff. Location-specific testing and treatment requirements cannot be determined from a general guide, so consult local water, health or agriculture authorities when contamination is suspected.

Rainwater harvesting can be one option where roofs, gutters and storage vessels are clean and the local authority considers collection acceptable. Keep collected water covered, prevent mosquito breeding and separate it from drinking-water storage. During or after industrial fires, heavy dust, chemical releases or attacks, ask local officials whether collected water should be discarded.

Prevent contamination from the site itself

Urban and camp gardens need attention to product quality and environmental protection. Do not place containers where floodwater from latrines, waste areas or workshops can enter them. Keep animals from defecating in growing medium, and do not add unknown ash, sludge or waste as fertilizer. If a site has a history of dumping or bombardment, use a lined raised system with a verified medium or choose another location.

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Make every liter count

Group containers so one trip serves several plants, repair leaks promptly and shade the medium where appropriate for the local climate. Efficient watering is a design decision made before sowing, not a rescue step after plants wilt. If the water source is intermittent, reduce the planted area before reducing drinking-water access.

Organize shared gardens without increasing tension

Scarce land and water can intensify disputes if a project appears to favor one group. Plan with affected and host communities, clarify who may use the space and water, and document the allocation in a form people understand.

Agree on roles and harvest rules

  • Name a small caretaking team and a backup for each watering period.
  • State whether harvest is for participating households, a communal kitchen, sale or a combination.
  • Decide how tools, seed and replacement materials are stored and who can borrow them.
  • Provide a simple way to report theft, damage or unfair allocation without retaliation.
  • Review the arrangement when new households arrive, water access changes or people relocate.

Joint natural-resource management and conflict-sensitive support are especially important where a garden uses communal water or land. A technically productive plot is not a success if it triggers eviction, violence or exclusion.

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Make the garden useful when displacement is possible

Design for interruption. Keep a written list of seed sources, watering responsibilities and permission contacts in a place that more than one person can access. Use containers that can be moved safely if an evacuation is ordered, but do not endanger people by trying to save plants during an attack.

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Separate portable assets from fixed improvements. Hand tools, seed and lightweight vessels may be recoverable; a heavy raised table or planted tree may not be. Prioritize what can provide food within the expected access period, and avoid promising a harvest date that depends on an unknown climate or variety.

Where people remain longer, a garden can expand gradually after the first containers demonstrate that water, safety and permission are reliable. Expansion should follow available resources, not an arbitrary target area.

Understand what a garden cannot do

FAO emphasizes that urban agriculture cannot be the only means of achieving food security and nutrition. A conflict-affected household may still need food assistance, cash, safe markets, land access, seeds, tools, storage and livelihood support. FAO conflict-response guidance specifically includes seeds and tools among productive assets that may be lost and may need early support.

Gardening also does not solve unsafe water, insecure tenure, lack of fuel, limited cooking facilities or restricted movement. Connect the project with food, water, protection and livelihoods services rather than presenting it as a substitute for them.

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Urban agriculture is broader than planting. At a 2019 FAO event, Liaison Office Director Carla Mucavi described it as including “a wide-range of activities: production, as well as postharvest handling, processing, and marketing of foodstuff of crops, animal source-products, and ornamentals and flowers.” In practice, that means a food-growing effort may also need safe handling, storage, processing and a route to use or exchange the harvest.

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Use this decision path before committing resources

  1. Is the site safe to reach and permitted? If no, do not cultivate it. Look for a smaller, safer space near shelter or wait for a safer arrangement.
  2. Is there a ground plot? If yes, verify soil, drainage and permission. If no, consider clean containers or an adapted one-square-metre raised microgarden.
  3. Can safe water be supplied for the whole access period? If no, reduce scale, change the site or postpone planting. Never substitute contaminated water.
  4. How long can people remain? For a short or uncertain period, choose locally suitable plants and formats that can provide value quickly or be moved. For a stable period, a home or shared garden may be worthwhile.
  5. Who will tend and protect it? If no person or rotation is available, plant less or do not start. Unattended gardens lose water, harvest and trust.
  6. Is the purpose clear? Define whether the garden supplements household meals, supports a communal kitchen or aims to generate income, then match scale and rules to that purpose.

Troubleshoot common failures

The garden dries out

Check whether the water source is actually reliable, whether containers leak, and whether the planted area exceeds the available labor. Move to a safer water source if possible, repair drainage, reduce the number of containers and choose plants suited to local conditions for the next cycle.

Plants grow poorly in containers

Inspect the growing medium for compaction, poor drainage or suspected contamination. Confirm that the container is large enough for the plant and that it receives appropriate light. Do not compensate for contaminated medium with extra fertilizer.

People stop tending a shared plot

Revisit the schedule, travel risks and harvest rules. A missed rotation may reflect insecurity, illness or displacement rather than unwillingness. Simplify the garden, assign backups and renegotiate responsibilities before expanding.

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Tools or harvests are stolen

Do not confront suspected thieves alone. Reassess visibility, storage and site choice with community leaders or protection staff. Reduce exposed equipment and keep only the scale that can be supervised safely.

The site becomes unsafe

Stop travel and tending immediately. Follow local evacuation or protection guidance, and recover materials only when authorities or trusted safety personnel say it is safe. Plants and equipment are replaceable; people are not.

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