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Give an AI agent delegated, least-privilege access—not your password. Create a separate identity or connector, limit it to the exact data and actions required, keep reusable secrets outside the model’s context, and require an approval step for sending, deleting, publishing, or other consequential operations. Enforce those rules in the identity provider and connected service; a prompt telling an agent to be careful is not an access control.
Why account access creates a distinct security problem
An agent can read private information, receive untrusted content, and call tools that change state. Those capabilities interact: a message, web page, document, log entry, or tool description may contain instructions designed to redirect the agent. If the agent can both retrieve sensitive data and act on an account, a successful prompt injection or tool misuse can turn a harmless task into data disclosure or an unauthorized change.
OWASP describes this combination through risks including direct and indirect prompt injection, tool abuse, data exfiltration, and excessive autonomy. The practical response is to assume that an agent may eventually encounter hostile or misleading content and to limit what it can do when that happens. Least privilege reduces the blast radius; it does not make an injection impossible.
Start with the smallest useful task
Before connecting an account, write down four boundaries:
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- Task: the precise outcome, such as summarizing incoming support mail or preparing a calendar draft.
- Account and resource: which mailbox, folder, drive, project, database, team, or records the agent may access.
- Data: which fields or documents are necessary, and which must remain unavailable even if they are in the same account.
- Actions: the operations permitted, separated into read, create, update, delete, send, publish, and administrative changes.
This prevents a vague request such as “manage my email” from becoming a broad account grant. A summarizer normally needs message-read access, not the ability to send or delete. An agent that drafts a reply can return the draft for human review instead of receiving automatic send permission.
Choose delegated access instead of shared credentials
When a service offers an authorization flow for an integration or agent, use it. The service can issue a token tied to selected scopes, resources, and an identity without revealing the person’s reusable password to the model. Prefer an identity dedicated to the agent or integration, so activity is attributable and the grant can be revoked without disrupting the user’s normal sign-in.
| Access method | Action and resource scope | Lifetime and revocation | Does the agent see a reusable secret? | Attribution and approval | Main concern |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delegated connector with short-lived token | Can be narrowed to named operations and resources when the service supports those scopes | Can expire and be revoked independently | Normally no; a connector or broker presents the token | Can identify the agent and user; downstream policy can require approval | Broad or poorly designed scopes still permit misuse while the token is valid |
| Static API key | Often broad; some services offer limited keys, but granularity varies | Usually long-lived until rotated or disabled | Yes, if placed in configuration, prompts, files, or logs | May identify only the key, not the human or task; approval is not automatic | Bearer possession can grant access to everything covered by the key |
| Shared account password | Usually the full account’s permissions | Change or disable the account password; rotation can affect other users | Yes | Poor attribution; the service sees the shared account | Exposes authentication and often enables unrelated account actions |
| Open shell or generic tool | Boundaries depend on the host and its credentials rather than the task | Depends on host configuration | Potentially; environment variables, files, and command history may be readable | Requires a separate policy layer to add meaningful approval | Excessive agency and access to unrelated files or networks |
OAuth 2.0 and similar identity standards provide a foundation, not a guarantee of narrow authorization. NIST notes that broad role entitlements and poor implementations remain problems, and that API keys commonly provide broad, unscoped access. Examine the actual permissions and resource restrictions offered by the service.
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Set up access safely: a practical sequence
- Record the task contract. Write the allowed resource, data classes, operations, maximum duration, and the actions that always require a person. Treat this document as the specification for the connector and policy checks.
- Create or select a separate identity. Use an integration or agent identity when available rather than sharing a person’s account credentials. Give it an owner, a clear name, and an accountable team. Separate identities make activity review and independent revocation possible.
- Run the service’s delegated authorization flow. Approve only the scopes needed for the task. If an administrator must consent to a permission, have the administrator review the exact resource and operation rather than approving a broad bundle by habit.
- Narrow both action and resource. Choose read-only over read/write where possible, and select a mailbox, folder, project, team, site, or record set instead of an entire tenant or account. If a service cannot narrow the data or action enough, do not connect the account for an autonomous workflow.
- Keep token presentation outside the model. Put the authorization exchange and token storage in a connector, gateway, or controlled secrets service. The model should request an allowed operation; it should not inspect a refresh token, password, API key, or production credential.
- Use complete mediation. Check every downstream request against the delegated identity, resource, operation, and current policy. Do not rely on an earlier approval or on the agent’s claim that a request is safe. A policy gateway should reject requests outside the grant.
- Add explicit approval for consequential actions. Pause before sending a message, deleting data, changing permissions, publishing content, transferring money, or making another externally visible or hard-to-reverse change. Show the exact target, content, and operation to the reviewer, then issue a narrowly scoped approval for that action.
- Isolate the runtime. Use a sandbox or separate environment when the deployment allows it. Do not mount credential-rich home directories or unrelated project folders. Restrict outbound network access to destinations the workflow requires.
- Log useful events without logging secrets. Record the agent identity, user, requested operation, resource, decision, approval, and result. Redact tokens, passwords, message bodies, and other sensitive values from diagnostic output.
- Test denial paths. Confirm that a request for an ungranted folder, write operation, delete operation, or external destination fails. Test that an expired or revoked grant stops working and that an approval cannot be replayed for a different target.
Design permissions around data as well as actions
Read-only is safer than write access, but it can still expose confidential information. Scope the data itself wherever the platform permits it. A mailbox-wide read grant may reveal legal, medical, financial, or personal messages even if the agent cannot send anything. A drive-wide grant may expose documents that have no relationship to the task.
- Use a dedicated folder or project for material the agent must process.
- Exclude sensitive fields or record types through the connector or a filtering service.
- Separate drafting from execution: let the agent create a draft or proposed change, then have a human or a tightly controlled worker perform the final operation.
- Prefer specific operations such as “list messages” or “create draft” over a generic command that can call arbitrary endpoints.
- Set an audience and resource restriction on tokens when the identity system supports it, so a token issued for one service or resource cannot be reused elsewhere.
Short token lifetimes complement, but do not replace, least privilege. A token with excessive permissions can still be misused during its valid period.
Keep sensitive credentials out of the agent’s view
Do not paste a password, refresh token, API key, private certificate, or production bearer token into a chat, system prompt, agent instruction, document the agent can read, shell history, configuration file, or log. Anyone who obtains a bearer token may be able to present it as the authorized caller.
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Process environments and .env files are not automatically safe. An injected instruction may persuade an agent with file or shell access to print them, and diagnostic tooling may capture their contents. NIST also warns that keys and bearer tokens can appear in configuration files, Markdown files, and logs.
Use the service’s supported authorization flow and keep the resulting secret in a controlled connector or secrets manager. The connector should expose an operation such as read_messages or create_draft, not a function that returns the raw token. If a human must complete a sign-in, keep the authentication ceremony separate from the agent’s working context and do not ask the agent to copy the resulting secret.
Make approval and policy enforceable
Prompts communicate intent; they cannot reliably enforce access restrictions. Put authorization checks in the identity provider, API gateway, connector, or another policy layer that runs for every request. The policy should evaluate:
- which agent and user are calling;
- which resource and data set are targeted;
- which operation is requested;
- whether the grant is still valid and unexpired;
- whether the operation crosses a human-approval threshold; and
- whether the destination, volume, or timing violates an additional rule.
For a mailbox assistant, a defensible design is a read-only mailbox scope plus a separate “create draft” operation. The agent returns the proposed message to the user. A send operation remains blocked until the user approves the exact recipient list, subject, and body; the service then checks the approval and delegated scope again before sending.
Assume incoming content can manipulate the agent
Treat email, web pages, documents, logs, retrieved text, and tool descriptions as untrusted input. A malicious instruction hidden in one of those sources can try to make the agent reveal data, call a more powerful tool, or bypass a review step. Do not grant extra authority merely because content requests it.
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Isolation reduces consequences if an injection succeeds:
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- Run the agent in a sandbox or separate account where practical.
- Mount only the directories and datasets required for the task.
- Block access to host credentials, cloud metadata endpoints, and unrelated sockets.
- Restrict network egress to approved services and methods.
- Use allow-listed tools with typed parameters instead of unrestricted shell access.
- Require a fresh, user-visible confirmation for high-impact actions rather than allowing content to trigger approval implicitly.
These controls constrain damage; they do not prove that prompt injection has been eliminated. AWS guidance for agent access to its resources makes the same assumption operationally: design controls as if the agent can use anything included in its granted entitlements.
Platform examples: useful patterns, not universal instructions
Microsoft Entra and Microsoft 365
Microsoft’s enterprise documentation provides a concrete example of the principles. An agent identity can receive delegated or application permissions through an OAuth consent workflow, with administrator consent required for some permissions. Access packages can contain memberships or permissions that expire or can be revoked. The documentation also describes narrowing Azure role assignments to specific resources, authorizing Exchange access per mailbox, and using Teams resource-specific consent per team.
Those controls illustrate the value of resource-specific grants, expiry, and separate consent. They are Microsoft platform features, not steps that every consumer account or service exposes. Check the exact permission names, consent requirements, audit events, and revocation behavior in the service you are connecting.
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An AWS Security Blog post published April 14, 2026, discusses access patterns for AWS resources through Model Context Protocol and emphasizes that an agent should be assumed capable of using any entitlement it receives, whether that entitlement is an OAuth scope, API key, or IAM permission. Its examples concern AWS resource access and MCP; apply the underlying least-privilege and boundary ideas to other architectures only after checking their own controls.
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Giving the agent your normal password
Why it fails: the password usually unlocks the whole account, is difficult to attribute, and may be retained in prompts, transcripts, files, or logs.
Recovery: change the password, invalidate active sessions and refresh tokens, review sign-in and account activity, remove the shared credential from every place it was stored, and replace the integration with a delegated identity.
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Using an all-purpose API key
Why it fails: API keys often lack action- and resource-level restrictions. A short expiry does not fix an overbroad key while it remains valid.
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Putting a secret in an environment file
Why it fails: agents with shell or file access may read it, and logs or support bundles may copy it.
Recovery: rotate the secret immediately, remove it from files and history, check logs and backups for exposure, and move token handling into a connector or secrets service that does not return raw values to the model.
Relying on “never send” in the system prompt
Why it fails: a prompt is not an enforcement boundary and may be overridden by untrusted content or a tool path that bypasses the instruction.
Recovery: remove the send permission, expose a draft-only operation, and enforce approval and complete mediation in the downstream service.
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Granting read-only access to everything
Why it fails: read access can still disclose sensitive records, and a compromised agent can copy them elsewhere.
Recovery: narrow the resource and data set, restrict network egress, review access logs, and revoke the broad grant before issuing a task-specific one.
Skipping revocation and expiry reviews
Why it fails: an integration that was useful for one project can become an unowned, permanent path into an account.
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Operational checklist
- Have I written the exact task, account, resource, data, and operations?
- Is there a dedicated, attributable identity rather than a shared personal login?
- Are read and write permissions separated?
- Is the grant limited to the smallest resource and data set available?
- Are credentials absent from prompts, agent-visible files, environment variables, shell history, and logs?
- Does a connector or policy gateway enforce every downstream request?
- Are sending, deleting, publishing, permission changes, and other high-impact actions blocked until a person approves the exact operation?
- Are runtime isolation and network egress restrictions appropriate to the data and tools involved?
- Can I see which identity performed each action?
- Can I revoke or expire the grant independently, and have I tested that revocation?
What this approach can and cannot guarantee
Delegated authorization, narrow scopes, secret isolation, approval gates, and runtime boundaries substantially reduce unnecessary authority and limit the consequences of misuse. They do not make an agent trustworthy by default. A granted entitlement can still be used unexpectedly; a read-only grant can still expose private data; and some consumer services may offer no agent identity, fine-grained scopes, or convenient revocation.
The safest design is therefore layered: give the agent only the autonomy, tools, and access its task requires, for only as long as it needs them; keep raw credentials out of its context; and make the connected service—not the model—decide whether each action is authorized.
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