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The reliable production fix is to separate static and dynamic traffic: Django collects CSS, JavaScript, images, and admin assets into STATIC_ROOT; Nginx serves that directory directly; Gunicorn handles only application requests. Run collectstatic, make the Nginx URL-to-filesystem mapping exact, grant Nginx read and directory-traverse permission, then test the real asset URL with curl. A 404 usually means collection or path mapping is wrong, while a 403 usually means filesystem permissions are wrong.
Why static files work with runserver but fail behind Gunicorn
Django’s development server is designed to be convenient. With DEBUG enabled, it can locate files in application static directories and, depending on your setup, serve them while it runs the application. That behavior is not the production delivery architecture.
Gunicorn is an application server. It receives requests that reach the Python application, but it should not be responsible for serving every stylesheet, script, image, or admin asset. In production, Nginx should answer requests whose paths begin with your static URL prefix and should pass other requests to Gunicorn. Sending a static request to Gunicorn can produce a 404, add needless application work, or make a configuration mistake harder to see.
The request flow should look like this:
- The browser requests an address such as
/static/css/site.css. - Nginx matches
location /static/and looks for the corresponding file in the collected static directory. - If the file exists, Nginx returns it without involving Django or Gunicorn.
- A request that does not match a static file is handled by the application location and proxied to Gunicorn.
This division also explains why changing a template or stylesheet in a development directory does not automatically change production: the file that Nginx serves is the copy in the collected directory, not the source file in an app.
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Think of the setup as two independent checks. First, Django must produce the right file in one deployment directory. Second, Nginx must translate the public URL to that exact directory. Gunicorn is involved only after those checks fail to match a static location or when the request is genuinely dynamic.
Set Django’s static paths and collect the files
Use settings equivalent to the following. Adjust BASE_DIR to match your project layout.
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STATIC_ROOT = BASE_DIR / "staticfiles"
# Optional source directory for project-level assets:
STATICFILES_DIRS = [BASE_DIR / "static"]STATIC_URL is the URL prefix written into rendered HTML. STATIC_ROOT is the single destination that deployment should expose to Nginx. STATICFILES_DIRS is an optional list of additional source directories; each installed Django app can also contribute a static directory.
Keep the roles separate: STATICFILES_DIRS and app-level static directories are sources, while STATIC_ROOT is an output directory. Pointing Nginx at a source tree can make one developer’s files appear while leaving app or admin files unavailable. Pointing STATIC_ROOT at a directory that also contains source files can make cleanup operations destructive.
Run the collection command
- Activate the same virtual environment and configuration used by the deployment.
- From the directory containing
manage.py, run:
python manage.py collectstatic --noinputThe command gathers files discovered by the enabled static-file finders into STATIC_ROOT. Nginx cannot serve a file that was never copied there, so this step must be part of every deployment that changes assets or installs an app with assets.
Run it after adding an application that supplies static files, upgrading Django (which can change admin assets), or changing a stylesheet or script. If the command reports that no files were copied, that does not prove the public URL is correct; it only means the collection output is already current according to Django’s finder and storage configuration.
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If a file is missing or the wrong version appears, ask Django where it finds the name:
python manage.py findstatic css/site.css --verbosity 2The verbose output lists the searched locations and the selected file. This is especially useful when two apps contain the same relative path: Django’s finder order determines which one is collected. Check the relative name exactly as it appears in the rendered URL; a file called css/Site.css is not the same as css/site.css on a Linux host.
Remove stale files when necessary
Removed applications and renamed assets can leave old files in STATIC_ROOT. To clear files that are no longer provided before collecting the current set, run:
python manage.py collectstatic --clear --noinputUse this deliberately on a directory that is dedicated to collected assets. Do not point STATIC_ROOT at a directory containing source files you still need. After clearing and recollecting, check both the old and new URLs so a stale HTML reference is not mistaken for an Nginx problem.
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Map /static/ to the collected directory in Nginx
The most common production error is a mismatch between the URL prefix and the filesystem path. Nginx’s two directives behave differently:
| Directive | How Nginx builds the path | Example for /static/ |
|---|---|---|
alias |
Replaces the matching location prefix with the alias target. | location /static/ { alias /srv/myapp/staticfiles/; } |
root |
Appends the complete request URI to the configured directory. | root /srv/myapp; resolves /static/css/site.css as /srv/myapp/static/css/site.css. |
If the collected directory itself is /srv/myapp/staticfiles/, alias is usually the clearest mapping because the location prefix is replaced directly. Keep the trailing slash on both location /static/ and the alias path. A missing slash can change how path concatenation works and lead to unexpected 404s.
Always calculate one real request by hand before testing. For /static/css/site.css and alias /srv/myapp/staticfiles/, remove /static/ and append css/site.css; the result is /srv/myapp/staticfiles/css/site.css. With root /srv/myapp, append the complete URI and expect /srv/myapp/static/css/site.css. If that calculation does not match the file’s actual location, changing proxy headers will not solve the problem.
Working Nginx configuration with alias
server {
server_name example.com;
location /static/ {
alias /srv/myapp/staticfiles/;
access_log off;
expires 7d;
try_files $uri =404;
}
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_pass http://unix:/run/gunicorn.sock;
}
}With this configuration, a request for /static/css/site.css maps to /srv/myapp/staticfiles/css/site.css. The try_files $uri =404; check makes a missing asset fail at Nginx instead of being silently forwarded to Gunicorn. The cache setting is optional; it does not create a file or correct a path, so troubleshoot collection and mapping first.
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Equivalent configuration with root
If your files are arranged under a parent directory as /srv/myapp/static/css/site.css, use the parent as the root:
location /static/ {
root /srv/myapp;
try_files $uri =404;
}Here Nginx appends the entire URI, so /static/css/site.css becomes /srv/myapp/static/css/site.css. Do not use root /srv/myapp/staticfiles; when you expect a request for /static/css/site.css to find /srv/myapp/staticfiles/css/site.css; that root would append /static/ again.
Do not accidentally proxy static requests
Keep the static location separate from the application location. Combining an alias with an unrelated proxy_pass in the same block can hide a path error by sending the request to Gunicorn. If you intentionally design a fallback, make its behavior explicit; otherwise, return a direct 404 for a missing static file.
The same separation applies when you use another prefix. If STATIC_URL is /assets/, change the location to location /assets/ and calculate paths using that prefix. A valid alias under /static/ is irrelevant if the browser is requesting /assets/.
Apply the configuration safely
- Validate the configuration that Nginx will load:
sudo nginx -tFix every syntax or path-related error before reloading.
- Reload the running instance:
sudo systemctl reload nginxA reload applies configuration without stopping existing connections. If your machine has several Nginx installations or configuration trees, verify which compiled configuration path the running binary uses:
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Diagnose a 404 systematically
A 404 means the requested URL did not resolve to a file in the location Nginx is serving, or the request is reaching an application path that has no matching view. Work from the browser’s actual request rather than guessing a filename.
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Open the rendered page source or browser developer tools and copy the failing URL, for example /static/css/site.css. Check the path, capitalization, and prefix exactly. Linux filesystems are case-sensitive, so Site.css and site.css are different names.
2. Check the collected file
For an alias /srv/myapp/staticfiles/ mapping, the expected file is:
/srv/myapp/staticfiles/css/site.cssIf it is absent, rerun collectstatic. If it still does not appear, use findstatic to determine whether Django can discover the source file at all. If Django discovers a different file with the same relative name, inspect finder order and the selected path rather than copying files by hand.
3. Compare both prefixes
The value of STATIC_URL and the Nginx location prefix must describe the same URL space. For example, STATIC_URL = "/assets/" requires a matching location /assets/; a location /static/ block will never match those requests.
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4. Resolve the mapping by hand
- For
alias, replace the location prefix with the alias target. - For
root, append the complete URI to the root directory.
Write the resulting path down and check it on the server. This simple calculation exposes doubled prefixes, a wrong deployment directory, and missing trailing slashes.
5. Check location precedence and typos
Another server block or a more specific location can shadow the block you edited. Confirm that the request’s host name selects the intended server block and that no regular-expression location captures the same path first. Also check spelling in filenames and directories.
6. Decide whether the 404 came from Nginx or Gunicorn
Watch the access log while requesting one known asset. If the request is logged by the static location and returns 404, focus on collection and filesystem mapping. If it reaches the application proxy, inspect location matching and remove any unintended fallback. This distinction prevents changing Django views when the request should never have reached Django.
Diagnose a 403 or “permission denied” response
A 403 generally means Nginx found the path but its worker process cannot traverse a directory or read the file. Inspect the configured Nginx error log while making one request:
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tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.logThe log identifies the exact path and often the failing permission check. The Nginx worker user needs:
- Execute permission on every parent directory leading to the collected tree.
- Read permission on each static file.
- Read and execute permission on directories that contain those files.
Grant only the access required for the collected static tree. Do not make the entire project directory world-writable as a shortcut; that creates an unnecessary privilege and tampering risk. If deployment creates files as a different user, set ownership, group membership, or directory modes so the Nginx identity can read the output without exposing secrets, source code, or the virtual environment.
Check the whole path, not just the final file. A readable file still produces a 403 when Nginx cannot execute (traverse) one of its parent directories. Conversely, changing permissions on the project root may expose unrelated settings, source, or credentials; limit access to the collected tree and its required parents.
When HTML loads but CSS or JavaScript does not
Use the browser’s developer tools, open the Network panel, reload the page, and inspect each failed asset request. The status code and requested URL distinguish several causes:
- 404: the file was not collected, the URL prefix is wrong, or Nginx maps the URI to the wrong directory.
- 403: the file exists but Nginx cannot traverse or read it.
- Requests go to the wrong host or scheme: a stale template, mixed HTTP/HTTPS URL, or host mismatch is generating an address your server does not serve.
- An old file is returned: browser or intermediary caching may be serving earlier HTML or assets; verify the response and the filename currently present in
STATIC_ROOT.
Inspect the final HTML, not just Django settings. The browser requests exactly what the template rendered. A correct Nginx block cannot fix an HTML tag that points to an obsolete prefix or hostname. If a storage backend creates hashed filenames, compare the name in the HTML with the actual collected name instead of assuming the unhashed source name remains available.
Django admin files and hashed filenames
The admin interface uses static assets supplied by Django. After installing or upgrading Django, run collectstatic again and verify a representative path such as:
/static/admin/css/base.cssIf your configured storage backend generates hashed filenames, the names referenced by the rendered HTML must be the names that actually exist in STATIC_ROOT. Do not manually substitute an unhashed filename when the storage backend has produced a hashed one. Check the generated HTML and the collected directory together.
An admin page that renders without styling is therefore useful evidence: dynamic HTML reached Django, but the separate admin CSS request failed. Troubleshoot that request URL and status independently of the login view or Gunicorn socket.
Test delivery from the server’s public URL
Once collection, mapping, and permissions are corrected, test the same URL a visitor uses:
curl -I https://example.com/static/admin/css/base.css
curl -sS https://example.com/static/admin/css/base.css -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}n'Interpret the result in context:
| Observed status | What it normally indicates | Next check |
|---|---|---|
| 200 | Nginx delivered the requested asset. | Open the page and verify the browser requests the same URL. |
| 404 | Collection, URL prefix, location selection, or filesystem mapping is wrong. | Check the collected path, STATIC_URL, and root/alias calculation. |
| 403 | The path is present but blocked by traversal or read permissions. | Read the Nginx error log and inspect the worker identity and directory modes. |
Run the request while watching both access and error logs. The access log confirms which server handled the request; the error log explains filesystem failures. A successful curl proves the public delivery path works, but the browser can still request a different URL if the rendered HTML contains a wrong prefix, host, or scheme.
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A deployment checklist that prevents regressions
STATIC_URLis the same URL prefix used by the Nginx static location.STATIC_ROOTis a dedicated, known directory on the deployed host.collectstatic --noinputruns after asset changes and dependency installs.findstaticcan discover every required project and admin asset.- The Nginx mapping uses either a correctly calculated
aliasor a parent-directoryroot. - Both the static location and an alias target end with the appropriate trailing slash.
- The static location is not unintentionally proxied to Gunicorn.
- Nginx’s worker user can traverse parent directories and read collected files.
sudo nginx -tpasses, and the active instance is reloaded.- A direct
curlrequest returns the expected status for a real asset. - The access and error logs are checked during one test request.
- Rendered HTML uses the same, current filenames that exist in the collection directory, including any hashes.
When to use a CDN or object storage instead
Nginx-local delivery is one valid architecture, especially when the application host owns the collected directory. Larger deployments may place collected assets in object storage or behind a CDN instead. The debugging questions remain the same: are assets collected into the expected destination, do rendered URLs point to that destination, and does the serving layer have permission to read them? If a CDN or object store is involved, verify its URL and cache behavior separately from the Gunicorn proxy. Do not add a second Nginx fallback merely to conceal a missing upload or an incorrect prefix.
For a comparison between deployments, examine five things: URL-to-filesystem mapping (root versus alias), whether everything is collected into one STATIC_ROOT, which layer serves files locally or remotely, which identity has read access, and how caching or hashed filenames are handled. Changing serving layers does not remove the need for a deterministic collection step.
Common fixes that do not solve the underlying problem
- Restarting Gunicorn repeatedly: this cannot create a file missing from
STATIC_ROOTor change an Nginx mapping. - Adding a wildcard proxy: forwarding every request to the application can make static 404s look like Django routing errors and consumes application workers.
- Changing permissions on the entire project: this may hide a 403 while exposing source code and secrets; grant access only to the collected tree.
- Editing a configuration file without checking the active path:
nginx -Vcan reveal that the running binary uses another compiled configuration path. - Testing only the home page: HTML can return 200 while every CSS and JavaScript request fails. Test one real asset URL directly.
What the correct final state looks like
Django’s source assets may be spread across project and app directories, but deployment produces one known collection target. Nginx’s static location maps the public prefix to that target and returns a direct 404 when a file is absent. The broader location proxies application requests to the Gunicorn socket with the forwarded host, client IP, forwarding chain, and scheme headers. After a configuration reload, a direct request for an existing asset returns 200, while a missing asset fails clearly instead of consuming an application worker.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why do static files work with runserver but not with Gunicorn?
runserver can serve development static directories when debugging is enabled. Gunicorn is an application server and should not be the static-file server in production. Run collectstatic, let Nginx serve STATIC_ROOT, and proxy only dynamic requests to Gunicorn.
Should I use Nginx root or alias?
Use alias when the location should map directly to the collected directory, such as location /static/ { alias /srv/myapp/staticfiles/; }. Use root when the configured directory is the parent of the URL path, such as root /srv/myapp; for files under /srv/myapp/static/. Calculate one real URL by hand before choosing.
Why does Nginx return 404 for a file that exists?
The file may exist in a source directory but not in STATIC_ROOT, or root/alias may resolve the URL to a different path. Compare the exact browser URL, run findstatic, calculate the filesystem path, and check for a mismatched prefix or shadowing location.
What causes a 403 for /static/?
The Nginx worker usually cannot traverse a parent directory or read the collected file. Inspect the Nginx error log and grant the worker identity the necessary directory execute and file read access without making the whole project world-writable.
How can I tell whether the request is reaching Gunicorn?
Watch the Nginx access log while requesting a known asset. A correctly matched static location should serve the file directly. If the request is proxied, inspect location precedence and remove an unintended proxy_pass fallback from the static block.
Why is the Django admin unstyled after an upgrade?
The admin assets may not have been recollected. Run python manage.py collectstatic --noinput, then request /static/admin/css/base.css directly. If storage generates hashed names, verify that the name in rendered HTML matches the file in STATIC_ROOT.
What should I test after editing Nginx?
Run sudo nginx -t, reload Nginx, confirm the active configuration path with nginx -V if necessary, and test the public asset URL with curl -I. A 200 confirms delivery; 404 points to collection or mapping; 403 points to permissions.
The Bottom Line
Collect the assets into a dedicated STATIC_ROOT, map the exact STATIC_URL prefix to that directory with a correctly calculated alias or root, and keep static requests out of Gunicorn. Then validate and reload Nginx, inspect permissions and logs, and test a real asset URL. This sequence turns an unexplained missing stylesheet into a specific collection, mapping, or access problem.
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