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If Apache will not restart after installing mod_pagespeed, do not keep retrying the restart. Run the Apache configuration test, capture the first fatal message from the service journal or error log, and fix that specific problem. Then confirm that pagespeed.conf is in the correct distribution directory, pagespeed_module is loaded, ModPagespeed on is enabled, and the mod-pagespeed and pagespeed-optimizer packages are compatible. Restart apache2 on Debian or Ubuntu, or httpd on a RHEL-family system, only after the configuration test passes.
Start with the exact failure, not another restart
A failed restart is a symptom, not a single mod_pagespeed error. Apache may be rejecting a malformed directive, loading a duplicate definition, failing to find a package-created file, or being unable to attach to an optimizer release with an incompatible cache format. The first fatal line in the configuration-test output and the service log determines which repair path applies.
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Identify the distribution and service name
| System family | Apache service | Package-created mod_pagespeed configuration | Typical error log |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debian or Ubuntu | apache2 |
/etc/apache2/mods-available/pagespeed.conf |
/var/log/apache2/error.log |
| RHEL-family Linux | httpd |
/etc/httpd/conf.d/pagespeed.conf |
/var/log/httpd/error_log |
The paths above are the package defaults. A local administrator may have changed Apache’s include tree or log location, so treat the path named in the error as authoritative.
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Run a configuration test before touching the service
Use the Apache control program available on your installation. On most current packages, apachectl is present; Debian systems may also provide apache2ctl.
sudo apachectl configtestIf that command is not found on Debian or Ubuntu, run:
sudo apache2ctl configtestA healthy test ends with Syntax OK. Any other result requires correction before a restart. Save the complete output, including the filename and line number. If several messages appear, begin with the first fatal error; later messages can be consequences of that first failure.
Collect service and log context
Run the commands for your service name immediately after the failed start or restart. The -b option limits the journal to the current boot, while -n limits the number of recent entries.
# Debian or Ubuntu
sudo systemctl status apache2 --no-pager
sudo journalctl -u apache2 -b -n 100 --no-pager
sudo tail -n 100 /var/log/apache2/error.log
# RHEL-family systems
sudo systemctl status httpd --no-pager
sudo journalctl -u httpd -b -n 100 --no-pager
sudo tail -n 100 /var/log/httpd/error_logKeep the exact line that names a file, directive, module, or worker. “Service failed” from systemd is only a summary; the Apache configuration test, journal, or error log normally contains the actionable reason.
Confirm that the package installed the expected configuration
The signed mod_pagespeed repository supplies a mod-pagespeed package. Its Apache integration includes a pagespeed.conf file and the settings that point the module at the pagespeed-optimizer worker. If that file is missing, in the wrong include directory, or only partly installed, Apache can fail before it ever loads the module.
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Debian and Ubuntu checks
- Check the package-default location:
/etc/apache2/mods-available/pagespeed.conf. - Inspect the file named by
apachectl configtest, rather than assuming the package copy is the file Apache read. - Check whether the Apache include layout contains an enabled reference to the package configuration. Do not create a second hand-written copy if the package already supplies one.
- Look for edits in virtual-host files under
/etc/apache2/sites-available/or other included files if the error points outsidepagespeed.conf.
If the configuration file is absent after a package installation, repair the package installation or reinstall the same release through the configured repository. Copying a configuration from an unrelated server can introduce paths, directives, or optimizer settings that do not match your installed release.
RHEL-family checks
- Check
/etc/httpd/conf.d/pagespeed.conf, the normal package location. - Confirm that the main Apache configuration includes the
conf.ddirectory. The configuration test will identify the effective include path if it does not. - Inspect any virtual-host file named in the error for a duplicate
ModPagespeeddeclaration or an unsupported directive.
Do not move the package file merely to make a guessed include path work. Fix the include that Apache actually uses, or restore the distribution’s normal layout.
Use the package manager to verify ownership and release
When the file exists but Apache reports that it cannot open or load it, verify that the installed package owns the file and that the package operation completed successfully. Debian-family systems can query package metadata with dpkg; RHEL-family systems can use rpm. The exact output depends on the repository release installed on the host. A missing file, an interrupted transaction, or mixed repository releases should be corrected before editing Apache by hand.
Verify module loading and the directives that enable optimization
Once the file and include path are plausible, check whether Apache actually loads the module and whether the request is eligible for optimization.
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Check the loaded module list
sudo apachectl -M | grep -i pagespeedThe list should contain pagespeed_module. If it does not, Apache may be reading a different configuration tree than the one you edited, the package’s load directive may be missing, or the module load failed earlier in the startup sequence. Resolve that problem before testing response headers.
Check the main enable directive
sudo grep -RIn --include='*.conf' 'ModPagespeed' /etc/apache2 /etc/httpd 2>/dev/nullOn the effective virtual host or global configuration, confirm that ModPagespeed on is present. A module can be loaded successfully while optimization remains disabled with ModPagespeed off or while a more specific virtual-host setting overrides the global value.
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Check the output filter and content type
mod_pagespeed processes HTML responses. Inspect the package-created configuration for its expected output-filter mapping and compare it with any local override. The response used for verification must have an HTML content type, normally text/html; a stylesheet, image, JSON response, compressed proxy response, or an application response that never reaches Apache’s filter is not a valid optimization test.
Do not replace the package’s filter declaration with a guessed directive. If the configuration test reports an unknown directive, restore the syntax supplied by the matching package release and remove the unsupported local line.
Repair syntax errors, duplicates, and bad includes
When configtest names a file and line, open that exact location and inspect the surrounding directives. The most reliable fix is usually smaller than a full reinstall: correct the typo, remove the duplicate, or restore the missing include.
Typical configuration-test categories
| What Apache reports | What it indicates | Repair |
|---|---|---|
| A syntax error with a filename and line number | Apache cannot parse that directive or its value. | Correct the named line, then rerun configtest. |
| An unknown or unsupported directive | The module that owns the directive is not loaded, or the directive is not valid for the installed release. | Confirm pagespeed_module; remove or replace a locally added directive that the installed release does not support. |
| A missing file or failed include | The include path points to a file that is absent, moved, or unreadable. | Restore the package file or correct the include to the distribution’s actual path. |
| A duplicate directive or conflicting virtual-host setting | The same setting is declared more than once, or a local override changes the intended value. | Keep one authoritative declaration and remove the conflicting copy. |
| A module-load failure | Apache cannot attach the module library or one of its required components. | Check package integrity and release compatibility before attempting another restart. |
Handle virtual-host overrides carefully
A global ModPagespeed on does not guarantee that every site is optimized. A virtual host can turn it off, use a different filter setting, or return a non-HTML content type. Conversely, placing a directive in a context where that directive is not allowed can make the entire Apache configuration invalid. Follow the filename and line number from the test; do not move directives between global and virtual-host contexts as a trial-and-error fix.
Test after every edit
- Make one logical change.
- Run
sudo apachectl configtest(orapache2ctl configteston Debian if required). - Confirm that the reported error has disappeared and that no new fatal line has replaced it.
- Only after the test reports
Syntax OKshould you proceed to service startup.
Repeatedly issuing systemctl restart while the test fails adds no diagnostic value and can leave the service down longer.
Keep mod-pagespeed and pagespeed-optimizer on a matched release
The Apache module and the pagespeed-optimizer worker are separate package components that must remain compatible. During an upgrade, update mod-pagespeed and pagespeed-optimizer together. A module and worker using different cache formats can prevent the Apache module from attaching, even when the Apache syntax itself is valid.
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Check both installed versions
Use the package database rather than relying on a filename or an old installation note. On Debian or Ubuntu, query both package names with dpkg-query; on RHEL-family systems, query them with rpm -q. If one package is absent, held at an older release, or sourced from a different repository channel, stop the restart attempt and correct the package state.
# Debian or Ubuntu example
sudo dpkg-query -W -f='${Package} ${Version}n' mod-pagespeed pagespeed-optimizer
# RHEL-family example
sudo rpm -q mod-pagespeed pagespeed-optimizerThe command may report that a package name is not installed; that result is itself useful evidence. Do not substitute a similarly named third-party package without confirming that it supplies the worker expected by your module.
Upgrade as one transaction
Use the package manager configured for the signed mod_pagespeed repository and request both components in the same update operation. Review the proposed versions before accepting them. If the resolver wants to keep one component back, investigate the repository or package hold instead of forcing a partial upgrade.
Start the optimizer before Apache
After a matched upgrade, start the optimizer process using the service unit or launcher installed by your package, then restart Apache. The exact unit name can differ with the package build; use the unit shown by your system’s package installation rather than inventing a second worker command. If the optimizer cannot start, inspect its own service status and log before restarting Apache.
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When the configuration test is clean, the module is present, and the worker is running, restart the correct service:
# Debian or Ubuntu
sudo systemctl restart apache2
sudo systemctl status apache2 --no-pager
# RHEL-family systems
sudo systemctl restart httpd
sudo systemctl status httpd --no-pagerA successful systemd transaction only proves that the process started. Complete the check with the module list and an actual HTML response.
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Verify the module after startup
sudo apachectl -M | grep -i pagespeedConfirm that pagespeed_module is still listed. If it disappeared after the restart, compare the configuration used by the running service with the file you tested; distributions can have more than one Apache control binary or configuration root.
Verify the response header
Request a known HTML page and inspect the response headers:
curl -sD - -o /dev/null https://your-host.example/Check that the response is HTML and look for an X-Mod-Pagespeed header. Use a page that reaches this Apache instance directly. A reverse proxy, CDN, application gateway, or security layer may remove or replace headers, so an absent header does not by itself prove that the module failed to load. First confirm the local Apache process and content type, then investigate intermediary header handling.
Choose the repair path from the evidence
| First reliable evidence | Next action | Success condition |
|---|---|---|
configtest identifies a malformed directive |
Correct or remove that directive and retest. | Syntax OK with no replacement fatal error. |
pagespeed.conf is missing or not included |
Repair the package installation or the distribution-specific include path. | Apache reads the package configuration without an include error. |
apachectl -M lacks pagespeed_module |
Fix the module load or package integrity problem. | The module appears in the loaded-module list. |
The module loads but ModPagespeed on is absent or overridden |
Set one valid enable directive in the effective configuration and remove conflicting overrides. | The intended virtual host has optimization enabled. |
| The module and worker releases differ | Upgrade or roll back both packages as a matched pair, then start the worker first. | The worker starts and Apache attaches to it normally. |
| Apache starts but no header appears | Confirm the response is text/html, verify the virtual-host setting, and check whether a proxy strips headers. |
A direct HTML response carries X-Mod-Pagespeed. |
Recovery checklist for a production server
- Record the exact failed command, timestamp, and first fatal Apache line.
- Keep the last known-good configuration available before editing.
- Run the configuration test after each logical change.
- Do not delete the package-created configuration while diagnosing an include or module problem.
- Do not mix an old optimizer with a newly upgraded module.
- Start the optimizer before restarting Apache after a matched package update.
- Check the correct service name:
apache2for Debian or Ubuntu,httpdfor RHEL-family systems. - After startup, check both
apachectl -Mand a real HTML response header.
If Apache remains down after a failed change, restore the last known-good configuration, rerun the test until it reports Syntax OK, and then start the service rather than repeatedly issuing restarts against an invalid configuration.
What a successful fix looks like
The repair is complete only when all four layers agree: the configuration test is clean; the distribution’s pagespeed.conf is included; pagespeed_module is loaded with ModPagespeed on for the site being tested; and the matched optimizer is running. A clean systemd status without those checks confirms process startup, not active page optimization.
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