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A 500 Internal Server Error after a hosting or infrastructure migration means the new server reached an unexpected condition while handling the request. The browser message cannot identify whether the cause is DNS routing, a rewrite loop, missing runtime settings, permissions, a database failure, or exhausted capacity. Capture one failing request and its server-log entry first, then troubleshoot in this order: active DNS host, redirects and rewrites, files and runtime, database, capacity, and post-migration crawl settings.
What the 500 response tells you—and what it does not
HTTP status 500 is a server-side catch-all. MDN defines it as a response sent when the server encounters an unexpected condition that prevents it from fulfilling the request. The response itself does not reveal the failing component. Improper server configuration, an unhandled application exception, incorrect file permissions, and an out-of-memory condition can all produce the same status.
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| Observed scope | What it suggests | First evidence to collect |
|---|---|---|
| Every URL, including a static image or CSS file | Host routing, server configuration, permissions, resource exhaustion, or a global runtime failure | New host access and error logs for the same request time |
| Only the home page or dynamic routes | Application bootstrap, environment variables, database connection, or a front-controller rewrite | Application error and database messages |
| Only one directory or URL pattern | A path-specific rewrite, missing file, directory permission, or migrated content issue | That path’s rewrite trace and filesystem entry |
| Only requests through the old domain | DNS, redirect, canonical-host, or HTTP/HTTPS rules | DNS answers and the complete redirect chain |
1. Capture a reproducible failure before changing anything
Make a small incident record for every test. Include the exact UTC time, hostname, path, HTTP method, response headers, client location, and whether the request was made over HTTP or HTTPS. This lets you match the request to a precise access-log and error-log entry instead of searching through unrelated traffic.
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- Request four representative URLs: the home page, a known-good static asset such as an image or stylesheet, one migrated content URL, and one URL that currently fails. Use a private browser window or a command-line client so cached responses do not hide the result.
- Record the status and headers. A command such as
curl -I https://example.com/pathshows the status,Locationheader, server header, and caching directives. For a full request, usecurl -sv https://example.com/path -o /dev/null; keep the output with the UTC timestamp. - Check the response from the new host directly if you know its address. Supplying the intended host header can distinguish an application failure from a DNS mistake:
curl -sv --resolve example.com:443:203.0.113.10 https://example.com/path -o /dev/null. Replace the example address with the actual new server address. - Open access and error logs on the server that handled the request. Search by timestamp, host, path, and request ID if the platform supplies one. The error entry is the evidence that separates a rewrite parse error from an exception, permission denial, memory limit, or upstream timeout.
- Classify the blast radius. Test one static file and one application page on the same host. A static file failing alongside dynamic pages points lower in the stack; a static file succeeding narrows attention to the application, rewrite front controller, or database.
Do not repeatedly refresh a production error page while changing several settings at once. Make one reversible change, repeat the same request, and preserve the before-and-after log entries.
2. Confirm that DNS and the active server are correct
During an infrastructure move, changing DNS is what actually shifts visitors to the new server. A 500 seen after the change may be generated by the new host, by an old host still receiving some traffic, or by a proxy pointing at the wrong origin. Check the answer from more than one resolver and verify the destination independently of your local cache.
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1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors- Query the authoritative and public answers. Use
dig +short A example.com,dig +short AAAA example.com, and, for a delegated name,dig +trace example.com. Compare the results with the new server’s documented IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. On systems withoutdig,nslookup example.comprovides a basic check. - Check both the apex and subdomains. The
wwwrecord, an API hostname, and any asset or media hostname may still point to the old environment. A redirect can appear correct while a secondary hostname returns 500. - Test through more than one network or resolver. A local answer can be cached. Compare a normal connection with a separate network, and query a public resolver explicitly when appropriate. Record the resolver, answer, and time.
- Inspect old and new server logs during the same interval. Google Search Central recommends watching access and error logs on both sides while traffic shifts. Requests still arriving at the old machine identify remaining DNS, cache, or hard-coded links; requests reaching the new machine but failing there identify the active remediation target.
- Check TLS and virtual-host selection. The new server must present the certificate for the requested hostname and route that hostname to the migrated site. A default virtual host can load the wrong document root or configuration even when DNS is correct.
Do not declare DNS finished merely because one resolver returns the new address. Keep monitoring until old-host traffic has fallen as expected, and keep the old environment available for a controlled rollback if your migration plan permits it.
3. Simplify redirect and rewrite rules
Redirects may live in a web-server configuration, a virtual-host block, or a per-directory .htaccess file. A migration often changes the document root, canonical hostname, HTTPS termination point, or rewrite module. A rule that was valid on the old server can therefore create a loop or fail to parse on the new one. MDN notes that a redirect loop introduced by a server-configuration change can lead to a 500 response.
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Find loops before editing application code
Follow the entire chain rather than looking only at the final browser message:
- Run
curl -sSIL --max-redirs 20 https://example.com/old-pathand list everyLocationvalue in order. - Look for alternation between HTTP and HTTPS,
wwwand the apex domain, the old and new domains, or two old and new path formats. - Check whether a proxy terminates TLS before the application. If the application does not trust the proxy’s forwarded protocol, it may keep redirecting an already-secure request back to HTTPS.
- Check whether both the old server and new server apply the same canonicalization rule. Two layers may redirect in opposite directions.
Reduce the configuration to a known-good rule
Temporarily disable nonessential migration rules and test one old URL at a time. Keep only the canonical redirect required for that test, then add path mappings incrementally. A valid old URL should normally receive the intended permanent redirect (301 or 308), and the destination should return the page rather than another redirect to the original URL.
On Apache, verify that the rewrite module is loaded and that the configuration is permitted in the directory context. A minimal file commonly begins with RewriteEngine On, but the correct directives depend on the host. Some installations require an appropriate RewriteBase; symlink options and AllowOverride policy also vary. Use the server’s configuration test before reloading, for example apachectl configtest where that command is provided by the platform. Do not assume that a directive accepted on one host is accepted on another.
Recover safely from a bad rule
- Restore the last known-good configuration or rename the newly added
.htaccesstemporarily, if you have console access and the change is safe to reverse. - Reload or restart only after the configuration test succeeds.
- Retest the same URL and inspect the new error-log line.
- Add one rule or one path pattern at a time, keeping a copy of each working version.
4. Compare files, runtime, and environment settings
Once DNS and redirects are not responsible, compare the deployed site with the source environment. A migration can omit a hidden file, point the document root at the wrong directory, run the application under a different user, or leave secrets behind because they were never stored in the web tree.
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Verify the deployed file tree
- Compare a manifest or checksum of the source and destination trees, including hidden files and deployment-generated directories.
- Confirm that the virtual host’s document root contains the intended entry point, not a parent directory or an empty release directory.
- Check that uploaded media, compiled assets, framework caches, and required vendor or dependency directories were transferred.
- Confirm that the application is not trying to write into a read-only release directory or a missing temporary directory.
Check permissions without guessing numbers
The web-server user must be able to read application files and traverse every parent directory. It may also need write access to specific cache, upload, or session directories. The correct ownership and mode depend on the operating system, web server, CMS or framework, and host policy; there is no safe universal permission number. Use the exact “permission denied” path from the error log and follow the platform’s deployment documentation. Avoid making the entire site world-writable as a quick fix.
Match the runtime and extensions
Identify the runtime actually serving requests, not merely the version installed for your shell account. Check the interpreter version, required extensions, configuration files, process manager, and worker user. A command-line runtime can differ from the PHP-FPM, application server, or container runtime used by the web server. Missing modules, incompatible extensions, disabled functions, and changed memory or execution limits frequently surface as startup errors or unhandled exceptions.
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Compare the new host’s environment with the source deployment: application mode, base URL, encryption keys, cookie settings, mail credentials, storage endpoints, and database variables. Confirm that values are available to the service account and that a restart or reload has actually applied them. Never paste credentials into a public log or commit them to the site files.
5. Diagnose the database branch
A page that reaches application code but cannot connect to its database commonly ends in a 500. Google lists a broken database connection as a valid cause of failed pages in migration diagnostics. Treat the database as a separate dependency and test it from the same network context as the application.
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- Read the first database-related error. Distinguish authentication failure, name-resolution failure, connection refusal, TLS or certificate rejection, timeout, and missing table. Each points to a different correction.
- Resolve the configured database hostname from the application host. A hostname that resolves on your laptop may not resolve inside the new server, container, or private network.
- Test network policy. Check firewall rules, security groups, database allow-lists, port exposure, and whether the new server’s source address is authorized.
- Validate credentials and the selected schema. Confirm the username, password, database name, character set, and connection options. Ensure the account has the permissions required by the application.
- Check schema and migrations. A successful login followed by “table not found,” column errors, or migration-lock errors means the data copy or schema deployment is incomplete, not that DNS is broken.
- Inspect connection limits. A database that accepts a manual connection can still reject application traffic when the pool or server reaches its connection limit.
Take a backup before running corrective migrations or altering production data. After repairing the connection, test a read page, a write operation such as a form submission, and any background job that uses the same database.
6. Check memory, workers, timeouts, and upstream capacity
Google warns that it crawls a migrated site more heavily than usual because requests redirected from the old site are added to normal crawling. A server sized for ordinary traffic can therefore hit its limits immediately after launch. Capacity failures may appear as intermittent 500s, slow responses followed by errors, or failures only on expensive pages.
- Memory: inspect host memory, swap activity, container limits, and runtime memory limits. Look for out-of-memory-killer events or worker processes being terminated.
- CPU and process limits: review load, process quotas, and concurrency limits. A saturated worker pool can leave requests waiting until they time out.
- PHP-FPM or equivalent pools: check active, idle, and maxed workers, queue length, and slow-request logs. A pool sized for the old traffic pattern may be too small after the move.
- Database connections: compare application pool size with the database’s maximum connections. Leaked or long-running connections can exhaust either side.
- Timeouts: compare proxy, web-server, runtime, and database timeouts. Increasing every timeout can worsen queueing; first identify which upstream is slow.
- External dependencies: inspect storage, payment, email, API, and DNS-dependent services if the error log shows an upstream failure. Add sensible retries only where the application supports them.
Use a short, repeatable request while watching metrics. If errors correlate with concurrency, temporarily reduce crawl or launch load where you control it, increase capacity or worker limits according to the host’s guidance, and then retest under a representative load. Do not conceal a capacity problem by returning a cached success for pages that require fresh data.
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A green home page is not a completed migration. Validate the URL map, application behavior, assets, and crawl signals before closing the incident.
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Test status codes and redirects
- Sample old URLs from every important path pattern. Each should return the intended 301 or 308 destination, not a chain or loop.
- Check the final canonical URLs. Working pages should return 200; intentionally removed content should return an intentional 404 or 410 rather than a generic 500.
- Test trailing-slash, case, query-string, pagination, and language variations if your site uses them.
Test real user flows
- Load images, JavaScript, CSS, fonts, and downloadable files from the new host.
- Submit representative forms and test authentication, logout, password reset, and any checkout or account flow that applies to the site.
- Open database-backed pages, search, filters, feeds, and scheduled or queue-driven features.
- Repeat tests from both HTTP and HTTPS entry points and from the old and new hostnames.
Restore crawlability
During a move, teams sometimes add a temporary robots.txt disallow rule or a noindex directive. Remove those migration-only blocks when the new site is ready. Update XML sitemaps and submit the current versions. In Google Search Console, use URL Inspection and Crawl Stats to check that representative URLs are available and that crawl errors are declining. Continue watching access and error logs while Google and other crawlers revisit redirected URLs.
Choose the remedy from the evidence
| Evidence | Likely layer | Safe next action |
|---|---|---|
| No request appears in the new host’s logs | DNS, proxy, TLS, or virtual-host routing | Verify A/AAAA answers, hostname selection, certificate, and old/new log traffic |
| Immediate configuration parse error after enabling a rule | Web-server or .htaccess syntax/module policy |
Restore the last known-good file, run the configuration test, then add rules incrementally |
| Static assets work but dynamic pages fail with an exception | Runtime, environment, application bootstrap, or database | Use the stack trace and first dependency error; verify extensions, secrets, and connection settings |
| Only one path pattern fails | Path rewrite, missing deployment files, or directory permissions | Compare that path’s rule and file tree; test the web-server user’s access |
| Failures rise with concurrent requests | Memory, workers, database connections, or upstream timeouts | Correlate logs with resource metrics and adjust capacity or limits deliberately |
| Old URLs alternate between two destinations | Canonical-host or HTTP/HTTPS redirect loop | Draw the chain, disable duplicate rules, and keep one authoritative canonicalization layer |
This evidence-led approach also determines the safest recovery: a reversible configuration change is preferable to an untracked edit; a rollback is preferable when the new release is incomplete; and a backup is essential before database or file-tree changes. Judge success by stable logs and correct behavior, not by one browser refresh.
Prevent the next migration 500
- Create a complete old-to-new URL map and test representative redirects before changing DNS.
- Export the production web-server configuration, runtime settings, environment variables, scheduled jobs, and dependency versions as part of the deployment record.
- Run a staging smoke test with the new host, including a static asset, dynamic page, database read and write, login, form, and redirect chain.
- Lower DNS TTL ahead of a planned move where appropriate, but remember that cached answers can persist beyond the nominal TTL.
- Keep access and error logs, metrics, and an uptime check for both environments during the transition.
- Plan capacity for normal traffic plus the additional crawling and redirected requests that follow a migration.
- Keep migration-only robots and
noindexcontrols in a clearly documented checklist with an explicit removal step. - Use versioned, reviewable configuration and a tested rollback path. Never make an emergency permission or rewrite change without recording how to undo it.
The practical order is important: establish which server handled the request, read the exact log entry, simplify redirects, verify the deployed runtime and files, repair database dependencies, then address capacity and crawl settings. Each step reduces the set of possible causes while preserving a reversible path back to the last known-good state.
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