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To find secrets across cloud accounts, repositories, and CI/CD, inventory the places credentials can live—not just the contents of a vault. Build a map spanning repository files and Git history, cloud secret stores, pipeline settings and identities, runtime configuration, and supporting infrastructure. Record identifiers, access, ownership, age or expiry, and remediation status; keep secret values out of the inventory. Then prioritize exposed credentials and those that are long-lived, widely shared, or able to reach production or high-value data.
What a useful secrets inventory includes
A secrets inventory is a controlled record of credentials and their access context, not a repository of the credentials themselves. Its purpose is to answer operational questions: where is a credential stored or used, what can access it, who owns it, and what must change if it is exposed or no longer needed?
Microsoft’s Safe Secrets Standard calls for inventorying passwords, API keys, connection strings, certificates, and other credentials across application code, CI/CD pipelines, runtime environments, and supporting infrastructure. That scope is important: a list of vault entries does not reveal copies in pipeline variables, deployment configuration, or a service’s runtime settings. Microsoft Safe Secrets Standard
| Inventory area | What to map | What a finding cannot establish on its own |
|---|---|---|
| Repositories | Repository, branch or history location, finding type, alert or issue identifier, and responsible team | Whether the credential remains valid or whether copies exist elsewhere |
| Cloud secret stores | Provider, account or subscription, region or resource group where relevant, vault, secret identifier, metadata, and access principals | Which applications consume the secret unless you map consumers separately |
| CI/CD | Pipeline or project, variable or service connection identifier, identity, permitted environments, and linked vaults | Whether a pipeline writes retrieved values to logs, files, or artifacts |
| Runtime and supporting infrastructure | Workload, environment, configuration source, identity, deployment path, and owner | Whether all deployed instances have stopped using an old credential |
Use a stable record for each credential or finding. Include a non-secret identifier, credential type, storage location, account or subscription, repository or pipeline if applicable, environment, owner, privilege or scope, last-rotated date if known, expiry if configured, likely consumers, exposure surface, and response state. Record whether the credential has been rotated or revoked and how the old credential’s retirement was verified. If the same credential appears in several places, link the findings rather than treating them as unrelated secrets.
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Do not copy the value into spreadsheets, tickets, dashboards, scan exports, or example commands. A value-bearing artifact creates another place that must be secured and cleaned up. If an incident procedure genuinely requires access to the value, handle it in the designated restricted response process rather than the general inventory.
Set scope before scanning
First define the organizational boundaries, then collect findings. An inventory that says “all accounts” is only meaningful if the account population is known and the collection method can reach it.
- List the organizations and business units. Identify the owners responsible for repositories, cloud environments, delivery platforms, and workloads.
- Enumerate cloud boundaries. Record every in-scope AWS account and Azure subscription, plus the relevant regions, resource groups, and vaults. For any other provider, verify its current organization, project, API, and permission model from that provider’s official documentation; the examples below do not establish a universal cloud command.
- Enumerate code and delivery systems. Include organizations, repositories, pipeline projects, runners or agents, deployment environments, and the identities used to connect them.
- Identify runtime and infrastructure sources. Ask service owners where workloads receive credentials: deployment templates, environment configuration, application settings, certificates, and other supporting infrastructure.
- Mark gaps explicitly. For each boundary, record whether it was scanned, listed, inaccessible, excluded, or not yet assigned an owner. A failed or partial collection is not a clean result.
Capture the scope and collection date alongside the inventory. Cloud resources, repositories, and pipeline permissions change; without a dated scope, a reader cannot tell whether a missing finding means “none found” or “not checked.”
Find credentials in repositories and Git history
Run repository secret scanning across the repositories in scope, and preserve enough finding metadata to connect each alert to an owner and a response. GitHub says secret scanning checks the entire Git history on all branches for hardcoded credentials such as API keys, passwords, and tokens, and creates repository alerts when it detects a leak. Public repositories receive scanning automatically. Organization-owned private and internal repositories require GitHub Secret Protection on GitHub Team or GitHub Enterprise Cloud. Enterprise public monitoring can also look for secrets associated with enterprise members in public repositories. Confirm current plan entitlements and repository ownership before treating those repositories as covered. GitHub secret scanning
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Scanning coverage has boundaries. GitHub’s pattern-pair detection requires the credential ID and secret to be in the same file and both to be pushed; a pair split across files or repositories does not trigger those alerts. Public monitoring also has a defined scope. A clean result therefore speaks only to the scanner’s supported patterns and surfaces, not to every credential that may exist in a development workflow. GitHub detection scope
Turn alerts into inventory records
- Preserve the repository and alert identifiers, detection type, branch or commit context where provided, and the team accountable for the code.
- Separate confirmed credentials from suspected matches, and track validation without copying a secret into the ticket.
- Note whether the repository is public, private, or internal and whether its scanning entitlement and history coverage are confirmed.
- Record the likely consumers and access scope before rotating, so responders can coordinate updates without delaying containment of an exposed credential.
A source-code detector can complement this work: AWS documents CodeGuru Reviewer detection for hardcoded passwords, database connection strings, usernames, and similar items. That code detection is not evidence that every account, repository, or runtime has been covered, and it does not replace an inventory of managed secret stores. AWS Secrets Manager best practices
Inventory cloud secret stores
For each cloud boundary in scope, first establish the population of accounts or subscriptions and vaults; then collect metadata from each store. Listing metadata is useful because it can help map names, identifiers, and lifecycle attributes without exporting the credential itself. Do not assume a successful listing in one account means organization-wide coverage.
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AWS Secrets Manager
AWS recommends managed storage, limiting access, monitoring, and rotation. Secrets Manager encrypts stored secrets at rest using AWS KMS and sends retrieved secrets over TLS. For inventory, record the account and vault context, secret identifier, available metadata, access policy or principals, owner, and known consumers. Keep the distinction clear between the managed-store inventory and detection of hard-coded material in code. AWS Secrets Manager best practices
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AWS’s Workload Credentials Provider documents cross-account retrieval using IAM role chaining with STS AssumeRole. Its tag-based discovery when prefetching secrets calls for secretsmanager:ListSecrets, along with relevant retrieval permissions and role trust. This describes a workload’s ability to discover and retrieve secrets; it is not, by itself, an organization-wide inventory or ownership process. Treat the identities, trust relationships, and accounts involved as part of the access map. AWS Workload Credentials Provider documentation and AWS provider repository
Azure Key Vault
Establish which subscriptions and resource groups are in scope, identify the vaults there, and list secrets in each vault. Azure CLI’s az keyvault secret list returns base identifiers and attributes; it does not list individual versions or return secret values. The operation requires secrets/list. Use the version-list operation only if version metadata is relevant to the inventory question, rather than collecting versions by default. Azure CLI Key Vault reference
Listing vault entries does not reveal all pipelines or workloads that consume them. Track access principals and map those principals to pipeline identities, runtime workloads, and environments wherever possible. A secret identifier without its authorized consumers is a partial inventory, not a usage map.
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A cross-project Google Cloud Secret Manager inventory procedure and its required permissions are not established here. Do not adapt an AWS or Azure command and present it as a Google Cloud method. Verify the current official documentation for organization and project scope, listing method, and IAM requirements before defining a GCP collection process. Apply the same evidence discipline to any provider-specific steps not covered above.
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Map CI/CD identities, variables, and runtime use
Pipeline configuration is a separate surface from the vault itself. A pipeline may hold a variable directly, use a service connection or workload identity, fetch a named secret from a vault, or retrieve a larger set of secrets. Inventory the linkage: which pipeline can use which identity, vault, account, and deployment environment? Include the repository that triggers the pipeline and the workloads it deploys when those relationships are known.
In Azure Pipelines, the Key Vault task can retrieve named secrets or all secrets from an Azure Key Vault. The service principal or managed identity used by the pipeline needs Get and List permissions. This integration makes pipeline-to-vault access discoverable, but retrieved values may flow into scripts or build artifacts if the pipeline is configured carelessly. Track the pipeline’s vault access and environments, and do not publish secret-bearing files. Azure Pipelines Key Vault integration
For each pipeline or runtime path, capture the identity and its effective permissions, not merely the name of a variable group or vault. Note where the credential can be exposed during execution, such as script output or generated files, and whether that output is retained as an artifact. Avoid placing values in diagnostic logs or inventory exports. Microsoft’s standard recommends reducing unmanaged service-to-service credentials primarily through Microsoft Entra managed identities; where a native managed identity or workload identity is available and suitable, prefer it over manually distributed long-lived credentials. Microsoft Safe Secrets Standard
Prioritize findings and respond safely
Not every inventory record carries equal risk. Use exposure, lifetime, sharing, privilege, and production reach to determine response order. Microsoft’s standard prioritizes credentials that are externally exposed, long-lived, broadly shared, or grant access to production systems and high-value data. Put confirmed external exposure first; then prioritize credentials with broad or sensitive access and the greatest likely impact. Microsoft Safe Secrets Standard
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| Priority signal | Why it changes urgency | Record or action |
|---|---|---|
| Credential exposed externally or committed to a repository | Assume an exposed hard-coded credential may be compromised | Rotate or revoke promptly; track affected consumers and the replacement |
| Long-lived or broadly shared credential | It has more opportunity for misuse and may be harder to attribute | Identify every consumer and plan a controlled replacement or narrower access |
| Production access or access to high-value data | Misuse can affect critical services or sensitive information | Escalate according to incident severity and verify the credential’s scope |
| Unclear owner, consumer, or status | No team may be able to rotate it safely or confirm retirement | Assign an accountable owner and trace dependencies before routine cleanup |
- Contain the credential. For a credential detected in a repository, GitHub recommends rotating it immediately. Revoke it if rotation is not the appropriate mechanism. Do not wait for Git-history cleanup before invalidating an exposed credential. GitHub secret scanning
- Coordinate the replacement. Use the consumer map to update applications, pipelines, and runtime configuration. Confirm that the replacement is delivered through an approved mechanism and does not create a new unmanaged copy.
- Verify the old credential is no longer usable. Record revocation or rotation evidence and check known consumers for failures or continued use. If the old credential remains valid, the exposure has not been fully contained.
- Address the repository history appropriately. Removing a secret from Git history can be time-intensive and is often unnecessary after revocation. Choose history rewriting when there is a specific reason to do so, and treat rotation or revocation as the immediate containment action.
- Close the record with evidence. Track owner, action taken, date, affected consumers updated, and the way retirement was verified. Keep evidence free of the secret value.
For ongoing management, AWS documents that Secrets Manager can rotate automatically as often as every four hours. This is a service capability, not a universal rotation schedule: feasibility and impact depend on the credential’s consumers and whether the service supports the rotation approach. AWS Secrets Manager best practices
Make coverage measurable and repeatable
One scan or listing is a snapshot. A durable process assigns an owner to each boundary, repeats collection after material changes, and tracks the coverage limitations along with findings. Establish a baseline for each source and keep collection timestamps, access errors, exclusions, and entitlement status with that baseline.
- Repository coverage: compare the repository list with the organization’s known repository population; track public, private, and internal status and the relevant plan entitlement.
- Cloud coverage: reconcile collected accounts, subscriptions, vaults, and relevant regions or resource groups against the cloud inventory used by the organization.
- Pipeline coverage: reconcile pipeline projects, identities, service connections, and deployment environments against the delivery platform population.
- Runtime coverage: ask workload owners to validate configuration sources and consumers not discoverable from repository or vault listings alone.
- Finding lifecycle: measure whether each record has an owner, exposure classification, response state, and evidence of credential retirement where required.
When selecting or combining scanning and inventory approaches, compare their actual coverage, not just a headline claim that they “scan for secrets.” Check which surfaces, repository types, histories, accounts, subscriptions, and environments are included; which patterns and exclusions apply; and whether the tool returns identifiers and metadata without writing values to logs or artifacts. Also verify list/read permissions and identity blast radius, the workflow for alert ownership and rotation, and current plan availability or cost. Product entitlements and cloud APIs can change, so verify the provider’s current terms before treating a capability as guaranteed coverage.
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Common inventory mistakes to avoid
- Treating “no findings” as “no secrets.” A scanner result is limited to its patterns, configuration, entitlement, and scanned surfaces. Keep unscanned or inaccessible sources visible as gaps.
- Stopping at vaults. Vault listings do not enumerate secrets copied into repository settings, pipeline variables, runner configuration, logs, deployment templates, or runtime configuration.
- Exporting values to make the report easier to read. Identifiers and attributes are generally enough for ownership and remediation; the secret value adds exposure without improving a routine inventory.
- Confusing retrieval capability with inventory. An application’s ability to discover tagged secrets across accounts is not proof that all accounts, secrets, or owners have been enumerated.
- Removing a committed string but leaving it active. Treat exposure as a credential lifecycle problem: revoke or rotate, update consumers, then confirm the old credential is retired.
- Leaving identity out of the record. A vault entry’s risk depends on who or what can retrieve it. Record pipeline, role, service principal, or managed identity permissions as part of the access context.
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