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Use stunnel as a TLS wrapper around Redis: on the Redis host, stunnel accepts an encrypted connection and forwards decrypted traffic to Redis on 127.0.0.1:6379; on the application host, a client-mode stunnel accepts a local connection and creates the encrypted connection to the server. Keep Redis itself off the network, validate the server certificate with a trusted CA, limit the firewall to the tunnel port, and test that direct port 6379 access is unavailable.
This protects the inter-host connection without changing Redis. The application-to-client-stunnel and server-stunnel-to-local-Redis legs are still local plaintext TCP, so host security and least-privilege access remain important.
How the Redis stunnel design works
Stunnel adds TLS to an existing TCP service. It does not make Redis TLS-aware; it terminates TLS at one end and passes ordinary Redis protocol traffic to the local process.
| Location | stunnel mode | Accepts | Connects to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Redis host | Server mode | External TLS connection on the tunnel listener | Redis on 127.0.0.1:6379 |
| Application host | Client mode | Plaintext application traffic on a local listener | Redis host’s TLS tunnel address and port |
The application should connect only to the client-side listener. It must not connect directly to the Redis host’s address. The server-side listener is the only externally reachable Redis-related port, and the firewall should allow it only from approved client addresses.
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What is and is not encrypted
- The TCP hop between the two stunnel instances is protected by TLS.
- Traffic between an application and its local client-mode stunnel is plaintext on the same host.
- Traffic between server-mode stunnel and Redis is plaintext on the Redis host.
- Redis authentication is separate from transport encryption. Redis documentation notes that the
AUTHcommand itself is sent as an ordinary Redis command, so it cannot stop an eavesdropper who can observe the network.
Prepare the Ubuntu hosts
Use two hosts in the usual layout: an application host running client-mode stunnel and a Redis host running server-mode stunnel. They can be separate virtual machines or physical systems. If both processes are on one machine, a tunnel may still be useful for a local policy boundary, but it does not protect traffic from a compromised host.
Confirm versions and service capabilities
Ubuntu package behavior changes between releases. Before writing a production configuration, check the installed binaries and supported options:
stunnel -version
stunnel -optionsRecord the Ubuntu release, the stunnel package version, and the service unit installed by that package. The available directives for certificate verification and TLS 1.3 ciphersuites can differ, so do not copy a directive that your installed binary does not list.
Install the package
sudo apt update
sudo apt install stunnel4The package normally provides a system service and a configuration directory. Confirm the exact unit and configuration path on your release:
systemctl list-unit-files | grep -i stunnel
systemctl status stunnel4Enable the unit that your package supplies so the tunnel starts after reboot. On releases using the conventional unit, this is:
sudo systemctl enable stunnel4Some Ubuntu packages also use an enable flag in /etc/default/stunnel4. If the service reports that startup is disabled, inspect that file and follow the comments supplied by the package before restarting the unit.
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Plan certificates and trust before configuring stunnel
A server-side TLS endpoint needs an X.509 certificate and its private key. Clients need the CA certificate, or CA bundle, that issued the server certificate. Keep the server private key on the Redis host; clients need the trust material, not a copy of that key.
Choose the identity clients will verify
Issue the server certificate for the DNS name that clients use in the stunnel connect setting. If clients connect by IP address, the address must be represented in the certificate’s subject-alternative names. Configure certificate-chain validation and, where supported by your stunnel version, hostname checking. A certificate that chains to a trusted CA but names a different host does not authenticate the intended Redis endpoint.
Protect key material
- Store the server key in a root-owned directory.
- Set permissions so only root, or the account that must read the key, can read it.
- Do not copy the server private key to application hosts.
- Use your organization’s certificate issuance, renewal, revocation, and backup procedures.
- Reload stunnel after a certificate replacement and verify the new certificate from a client.
Mutual TLS is an optional additional control. In that design, the server also validates a client certificate and each approved client receives its own certificate and private key. Do not enable client-certificate verification unless you have a process to issue, rotate, and revoke those client credentials.
Configure the Redis host
Bind Redis to the local interface
Edit the Redis configuration used by the installed service and bind Redis to 127.0.0.1 (and the IPv6 loopback address if your local policy requires it). Keep Redis’s normal port at 6379 for the local stunnel connection. Restart Redis using the service name and configuration layout provided by your Ubuntu package, then check that it is listening only on loopback:
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Create a server-mode stunnel configuration
Create a dedicated service section in the stunnel configuration directory. The following is a minimal pattern; replace the certificate paths, key path, listener address, and local Redis port with values for your deployment:
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[redis-server]
accept = 0.0.0.0:6380
connect = 127.0.0.1:6379
cert = /etc/stunnel/redis-server.crt
key = /etc/stunnel/redis-server.keyServer mode is the default when client = yes is absent or set to no. The accept port, 6380 in this example, is the only port that remote clients should reach. The connect value must remain local so Redis is never bypassed.
If your certificate authority requires an intermediate chain, install the chain in the certificate file in the order required by your certificate policy. Use the verification directives supported by your installed stunnel version when enabling mutual TLS. Keep the private key readable only by the service account or root:
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sudo chown root:root /etc/stunnel/redis-server.key
sudo chmod 600 /etc/stunnel/redis-server.keyRestrict the firewall
Allow the tunnel port only from the application hosts or their controlled network range. Do not open port 6379. The exact firewall command depends on whether the host uses UFW, nftables, or another firewall, but the resulting policy should have these properties:
- Inbound TCP 6380 is allowed only from approved client addresses.
- Inbound TCP 6379 is denied from other hosts.
- Outbound access is limited to the destinations required by the service.
After applying the rule, test from an unapproved network as well as from an approved client. A rule that permits the entire Internet defeats the purpose of the tunnel.
Configure the application host
Create a client-mode configuration
On the application host, set client = yes. The client section accepts ordinary Redis traffic locally and establishes TLS to the server-side listener:
client = yes
[redis-client]
accept = 127.0.0.1:16379
connect = redis.example.internal:6380
CAfile = /etc/stunnel/redis-ca.pem
verify = 2Replace redis.example.internal with the name on the server certificate and replace the CA path with the trust bundle used by your organization. verify = 2 requests certificate verification against the configured CA in stunnel versions that support that setting. Use stunnel -options and the Ubuntu manpage to confirm the syntax for your release. If your build supports an explicit hostname-checking directive, configure it to match the certificate name rather than relying only on chain validation.
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The local listener is 16379 here to avoid colliding with a local Redis service. If no local process uses port 6379, you can instead accept on 127.0.0.1:6379. Never bind the client listener to a public interface: applications on the same host should use the loopback address.
Point applications at the local listener
Change the Redis host and port in the application to 127.0.0.1:16379 (or the local port you selected). Keep Redis authentication enabled and provide the password or ACL credentials through the application’s existing secret mechanism. The application speaks normal Redis protocol to stunnel; stunnel supplies the TLS connection to the remote endpoint.
Start the tunnels in a controlled order
- Install the server certificate, key, and CA material with the intended ownership and permissions.
- Start or reload the server-side stunnel section on the Redis host.
- Inspect the service status and logs for certificate, permission, bind, or configuration errors.
- Confirm that the server host listens on the tunnel port and that Redis still listens only on loopback.
- Install the client CA bundle and client configuration.
- Start or reload the client-side stunnel section.
- Connect the application or
redis-clito the local client listener and authenticate to Redis.
Use the service manager’s status and journal commands for the unit name installed on your Ubuntu release. If you run stunnel manually for a first test, use the configuration file explicitly and stop that process before enabling the service, otherwise two processes may compete for the same listener.
Verify encryption and Redis reachability
Check listeners and process ownership
ss -ltnp | grep -E '6379|6380|16379'On the Redis host, port 6379 should show loopback only, while the stunnel port should show the intended listening address. On the client host, the application-facing port should show loopback only.
Inspect the TLS handshake
From an approved client host, use an OpenSSL client to connect to the server-side listener and inspect the certificate chain, negotiated protocol, and verification result. Supply the CA file and the server name when your certificate policy requires hostname validation. A successful TCP connection alone is not proof of certificate authentication; the certificate must chain to the expected CA and identify the expected host.
Test Redis through the tunnel
Run redis-cli against the local client listener, then authenticate and issue a harmless command such as PING. The expected response is PONG. Repeat the test with the application itself so connection pooling, timeouts, and authentication handling are exercised.
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Prove direct plaintext access is blocked
From the application host, attempt to reach the Redis host’s address on port 6379. The connection should be refused or blocked by the firewall. A direct plaintext attempt to the tunnel listener should not be treated as a valid Redis test: that listener expects a TLS handshake, so a non-TLS Redis client should fail rather than receive an unencrypted Redis session.
Read logs during the test
Stunnel logs identify certificate verification failures, unsupported options, permission errors, refused upstream connections, and listener conflicts. Correlate the stunnel timestamp with Redis logs and the application’s connection errors. Increase logging only for diagnosis and return to the normal level after testing so secrets and connection metadata are not retained unnecessarily.
Troubleshoot common failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check |
|---|---|---|
| Client cannot start | Another process owns the local listener | Use ss -ltnp; choose an unused loopback port or stop the conflicting service. |
| “Certificate verify failed” | Wrong CA bundle, incomplete chain, expired certificate, or a name mismatch | Confirm the CA file, certificate dates, chain, and the hostname used by connect. |
| Server accepts TLS but Redis commands fail | The server-side connect target is wrong or Redis is down |
Test Redis locally on 127.0.0.1:6379 and inspect the server stunnel log. |
| Connection works locally but not remotely | Firewall, routing, or listener binding problem | Check the tunnel listener address, allowed source range, and network path to the tunnel port. |
| Redis is still exposed | Redis is bound to a non-loopback address or an old firewall rule remains | Recheck ss -ltnp, Redis bind settings, and inbound rules for port 6379. |
| Service works after a manual start but not after reboot | The unit is not enabled or the package startup flag is disabled | Inspect the installed unit and /etc/default/stunnel4, then enable the correct service. |
Operate the tunnel securely
Rotate certificates without an outage
Install the replacement certificate and chain alongside the existing material, update the configuration, verify file permissions, and reload the server stunnel. Keep the old certificate available until every client has successfully validated the replacement, particularly when the issuing CA or trust bundle changes. Then remove superseded private keys according to your retention policy.
Limit administrative exposure
- Restrict shell and file access to the stunnel configuration and private key.
- Store Redis passwords and ACL secrets outside world-readable configuration files.
- Monitor tunnel restarts, certificate expiry, failed handshakes, and unexpected source addresses.
- Document the listener port and firewall dependency so a security rule is not removed during routine maintenance.
- Remember that a host compromise can expose plaintext on either local side of the tunnel.
Understand coverage limits
A client/server stunnel pair protects the application-to-Redis path that passes through those two endpoints. It does not automatically encrypt Redis replication links, Sentinel traffic, or cluster-bus traffic. If those channels cross hosts, they require their own supported protection.
When native Redis TLS is a better fit
Redis native TLS is preferable when the Redis build and deployment support it and you need TLS for more than one client path. Redis’s TLS configuration uses a server certificate, private key, and CA certificate or bundle. Redis can listen on a dedicated tls-port; setting the ordinary port to 0 disables the non-TLS listener. The Redis command-line client supports TLS with certificate, key, and CA options, and native TLS can cover clients, replication, and the cluster bus.
| Decision factor | Stunnel around Redis | Native Redis TLS |
|---|---|---|
| Redis support required | Works when Redis itself is not TLS-aware, provided TCP access is available. | Requires a Redis version and build with native TLS support. |
| Client coverage | Applications use a local plaintext listener and need stunnel on each client host. | TLS is handled by Redis-aware clients using the Redis TLS port. |
| Replication and cluster-bus coverage | Not covered automatically by one client/server tunnel pair. | Supported as part of Redis’s native TLS configuration. |
| Key and certificate management | Managed in stunnel configuration and service permissions. | Managed directly by Redis and its clients. |
| Operational complexity | Adds tunnel processes, service units, firewall rules, and local listener ports. | Removes the extra proxy layer but requires TLS-capable Redis clients and a coordinated Redis configuration. |
| Performance | Introduces TLS processing and an additional proxy hop; the available documentation does not provide a universal numeric overhead. | Also introduces TLS processing; measure with your Redis version, cipher policy, workload, and hardware. |
Do not choose based on a generic performance number: no authoritative universal figure applies to every workload. Benchmark the complete deployment if latency or throughput is a release requirement.
Managed Redis as an operational alternative
A managed Redis service can provide in-transit TLS, certificate handling, monitoring, and high-availability operations without requiring you to maintain Ubuntu tunnel hosts. Provider documentation may also describe a stunnel client pattern for Redis-compatible clusters when applications cannot use native TLS directly. Evaluate the provider’s TLS defaults, whether mutual client authentication is available, network controls, regional availability, service limits, and pricing before migrating. Managed service operations are simpler at the host level, but they add provider-specific configuration and recurring cost.
Quick Recap
Final deployment checklist
- Redis binding: Redis listens on loopback, not a public or private network interface.
- Server tunnel: server mode accepts TLS on the restricted tunnel port and connects only to local Redis.
- Client tunnel:
client = yesaccepts only loopback application traffic and connects to the server tunnel. - Trust: clients validate the server certificate chain and name using the intended CA.
- Keys: private keys have restrictive ownership and permissions and are not copied to clients unnecessarily.
- Firewall: only approved client addresses can reach the tunnel port; port 6379 is not remotely reachable.
- Authentication: Redis ACL or password authentication remains enabled because TLS and Redis identity checks solve different problems.
- Verification: logs, listener checks, a TLS handshake, a local
PING, and a failed direct plaintext attempt all produce the expected results. - Scope: replication and cluster-bus links are protected separately or by native Redis TLS.
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