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To duplicate a MySQL database on the same Linux host, create a logical dump, create the destination database, and load the dump into it:
mysqldump db1 > dump.sql
mysqladmin create db2
mysql db2 < dump.sqlUse --single-transaction for a transaction-consistent snapshot of many InnoDB workloads, and leave out --databases when the destination has a different name. For another server, either include database-creation statements in the dump or create the target database yourself before loading.
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What a MySQL duplication actually copies
A logical dump recreates SQL definitions and table rows by writing statements to a text file and replaying them on the destination. It can reproduce tables, indexes, and data, and may also include views, triggers, stored procedures, functions, and events when those objects are present in the dump and the account has permission to read them.
A database copy is not automatically a copy of the entire MySQL server. Accounts, passwords, roles, and grants are server-level concerns stored in the mysql system database. Decide separately whether those definitions belong on the target; copying application tables without migrating users and privileges can leave an otherwise successful restore unusable, while copying all account data can unintentionally grant access in a development environment.
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Before you start
Confirm the source and destination
- Identify the source database name exactly, including case where the server’s operating system and MySQL settings make database-name case significant.
- Choose whether the destination keeps the same name or uses a new name such as
db2. - Confirm that the destination server has enough free disk space for both the SQL dump and the restored tables. A logical dump can temporarily require space for the dump file, the imported data, indexes, and InnoDB temporary work.
- Use a MySQL account that can read every object you intend to export and create or load objects in the destination.
- Protect the dump file. It contains the database’s data in readable SQL and can include sensitive values.
Check workload and maintenance timing
For a production system, schedule the operation with the application owner. A dump taken while writes continue can be consistent for transactional tables when the appropriate snapshot option is used, but schema changes are a separate risk. The mysqlpump documentation warns that ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE, or TRUNCATE TABLE during a single-transaction dump can make the read inconsistent or cause the dump to fail. Freeze migrations and other DDL for the dump window, or use a backup procedure designed for your workload.
Duplicate a database on the same Linux host
Use the documented three-command procedure
-
Dump the source database to a file:
mysqldump db1 > dump.sql -
Create the destination database:
mysqladmin create db2 -
Load the dump into the destination:
mysql db2 < dump.sql
The first command writes SQL for db1. The second creates an empty database named db2. The third connects to db2 and executes the statements from the file, creating the tables and inserting the rows.
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On a host with several MySQL instances, sockets, ports, or accounts, specify the connection parameters on each command. The password prompt is intentionally interactive when -p is used without a value:
mysqldump -u USER -p --single-transaction db1 > dump.sql
mysqladmin -u USER -p create db2
mysql -u USER -p db2 < dump.sqlReplace USER with the account that has the required privileges. If the source and destination use different sockets or TCP ports, add the appropriate host, port, or socket options consistently to the commands. Avoid putting a password directly on a shell command line, because it can be exposed through shell history or process listings.
Do not use --databases when renaming the destination
When the destination name differs, run mysqldump db1, not mysqldump --databases db1. The --databases option writes a USE db1 statement into the dump. If you then run mysql db2 < dump.sql, that statement switches the session back to db1, so objects can be loaded into the source-named database instead of db2. The destination-name procedure is therefore:
mysqldump db1 > dump.sql
mysqladmin create db2
mysql db2 < dump.sqlIf you want the dump itself to carry database-creation and selection statements, keep the source name and use the cross-server pattern described below.
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Keeping the dump consistent while the server is busy
What --single-transaction does
For many InnoDB workloads, this option starts a transaction-consistent logical snapshot without locking every table for the entire dump:
mysqldump -u USER -p --single-transaction db1 > dump.sqlIt is useful when applications must continue ordinary reads and writes while the export runs. It is not a universal consistency guarantee: nontransactional tables, concurrent schema changes, long-running writes, and workload-specific locking behavior still require review.
DDL is the important exception
Do not run migrations or ad hoc table-structure changes during a single-transaction dump unless you have verified their effect for your MySQL version and storage engines. Operations such as ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE, and TRUNCATE TABLE can invalidate the read view or make the dump fail. A practical production plan has a defined DDL freeze, a maintenance window, or a backup mechanism that handles online schema changes.
When the default procedure is not enough
If the database contains non-InnoDB tables, rapidly changing schemas, or requirements for a crash-consistent server image, stop and choose a method that matches those constraints. A logical dump is portable and easy to inspect, but it is not the same as a physical backup of the server’s data files.
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There are two documented patterns. Choose based on whether the dump should create the database and whether the target name must differ.
Pattern A: include database-creation statements
Use this when the target should receive the source database name and you want the dump to create it:
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On the source server, create the dump:
mysqldump --databases db1 > dump.sql -
Transfer
dump.sqlto the target server using your approved secure file-transfer method. Keep permissions restricted while the file is in transit and at rest. -
On the target server, load the file without naming a database:
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The dump contains statements that create and select db1. The target account therefore needs permission to create the database and all objects represented in the file.
Pattern B: choose a different target name
Use this when the target should be called db2 or another name:
-
On the source server, omit
--databases:mysqldump db1 > dump.sql -
Transfer the file to the target server.
-
Create the destination database on the target:
mysqladmin create db2 -
Load the dump into that database:
mysql db2 < dump.sql
Add -u USER -p and, where necessary, host, port, or socket options to each command. For a busy InnoDB source, the export command can include --single-transaction, subject to the DDL and workload constraints above.
Decide which objects belong in the copy
Do not assume that “duplicate the database” has one universal scope. Write the intended scope into the change plan and verify each category after loading.
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| Object or setting | What a logical database dump can reproduce | Decision you must make |
|---|---|---|
| Tables, indexes, and rows | Table definitions and row data are the normal contents of a dump. | Usually required; check whether staging data must be anonymized before use. |
| Views | View definitions can be included when exported. | Confirm that referenced tables and definer accounts exist on the target. |
| Triggers | Trigger definitions can be exported with the relevant objects. | Check that triggers are not unintentionally firing during data load or application tests. |
| Stored procedures and functions | Routine definitions can be included. | Confirm required privileges, delimiters, SQL modes, and definer identities. |
| Events | Event definitions can be included. | Decide whether scheduled jobs should be enabled on a clone; a test copy may need them disabled. |
| Users, roles, and grants | These are server-privilege data, not merely application-table contents. | Migrate deliberately. The grant tables reside in the mysql database, and copying a user definition can expose production access on the target. |
| Server configuration and data files | A logical dump does not reproduce the server’s physical files or configuration. | Handle configuration, TLS, plugins, and storage separately. |
Object-selection controls are available in MySQL’s logical-backup tooling, but the exact option set depends on the utility and MySQL version. For a straightforward full-database copy, start with mysqldump; for a selective export, enumerate the required object classes and test the resulting file before replacing any target data.
Verify the duplicate before an application uses it
A successful exit status only shows that the client processed the input. Verification must compare the source and destination in the way your application depends on.
- Confirm the database exists. Run
SHOW DATABASES;on the target and verify the intended name appears. - Compare table inventories. Run
SHOW TABLES;in both databases. Investigate missing or extra tables before continuing. - Compare representative row counts. For critical tables, run
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;on both sides. For very large or actively changing tables, record the comparison point and interpret differences in light of dump timing. - Check views and routines. Inspect
SHOW FULL TABLESfor views and query the routine metadata. Confirm that definitions reference the intended database and that definer accounts are valid. - Check triggers and events. Inspect trigger definitions and scheduled events. A clone used for testing should not accidentally send mail, charge customers, or run production cleanup jobs.
- Check character sets and collations. Compare database defaults and critical table or column settings. Differences can change sorting, uniqueness, and comparison behavior even when row counts match.
- Test the application connection. Point a controlled client or staging instance at the target, authenticate with the intended account, run representative reads and writes, and review the server error log.
- Validate permissions. Test the least-privilege account the application will use. Do not infer access from an administrator account used only for the restore.
These checks are operational work to perform in your environment; they are not replaced by the dump command’s completion message.
Logical dump, mysqlpump, MySQL Shell, or physical backup?
The right method depends on scope, naming, object coverage, consistency requirements, and size. A logical SQL file is usually the most portable choice for a one-database clone or a copy that must be renamed.
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|---|---|---|---|
mysqldump |
One database, same-host clone, or portable cross-server transfer. | Simple commands, readable SQL, easy to load into a differently named database. | Restore time grows with object and row count; consistency still depends on storage engines and workload control. |
mysqlpump |
Older logical-backup workflows that need parallelization or object selection. | Can parallelize work and include or exclude selected databases and objects. | Oracle marks it deprecated as of MySQL 8.0.34 and directs users toward mysqldump and MySQL Shell dump utilities for current workflows. |
| MySQL Shell dump and load utilities | Larger or parallel logical transfers where the environment supports MySQL Shell. | Designed for modern dump/load workflows and parallel operations. | Requires evaluating compatibility, operational procedures, and the target’s MySQL version rather than blindly substituting it for a three-command clone. |
| Physical backup | Very large backup and restore workloads or server-level recovery. | Preserves data files in their original format and can restore faster at large scale. | Less portable for renaming one database; requires planning for server version, storage layout, permissions, and recovery procedures. |
Oracle’s mysqldump reference describes cloning databases for development and DBA work and producing slight variations of an existing database for testing. It also identifies physical backup as more appropriate for large-scale backup and restore because the original data-file format can be restored more quickly.
Troubleshoot common failures
The data loaded into the wrong database
Inspect the dump for a USE statement. If it selects db1, the file was created with --databases and will override mysql db2 < dump.sql. Recreate the dump without that option, create db2, and load it again.
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Access denied appears during dump or restore
Check which account and server endpoint each command uses. The export account needs access to the source objects; the restore account needs permission to create or write the destination objects. If views, routines, triggers, events, or definers are involved, include the privileges those objects require rather than granting unrestricted access as a first resort.
The target database already contains tables
Do not load over an important database without a rollback plan. Stop, confirm the intended target name, and decide whether to remove and recreate the empty database, restore into a clean name, or deliberately merge selected objects. A logical dump is not a conflict-resolution tool.
The dump fails or contains inconsistent results
Review concurrent DDL first, especially the operations listed in the single-transaction warning. Check for nontransactional tables and long-running writes, then reschedule with a controlled maintenance window or choose a backup method appropriate to the consistency requirement.
Rows exist but the application behaves differently
Compare character sets, collations, SQL modes, time-zone settings, routines, triggers, events, and permissions. Also check external dependencies such as files, plugins, certificates, and application configuration; those are outside a database-only logical dump.
A repeatable runbook
- Record source host, MySQL version, database name, destination host, destination name, and the object categories required.
- Confirm disk capacity, account privileges, dump-file protection, and a maintenance or DDL-free window.
- Choose same-host or cross-server procedure, and decide whether names stay the same.
- For InnoDB workloads, add
--single-transactiononly after reviewing concurrent writes and preventing conflicting DDL. - Create the dump and check that the command completed before transferring or loading it.
- Create the destination database when the selected pattern requires it; do not use
--databasesfor a renamed destination. - Load the file, capture errors, and retain the dump until verification and rollback decisions are complete.
- Run inventory, row-count, object-definition, collation, permission, and application-connectivity checks.
- Document whether users, grants, events, and other server-level settings were intentionally migrated or intentionally excluded.
This approach gives you a portable clone for development or testing while making the naming, consistency, security, and operational boundaries explicit.
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