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Do not decide whether an AI agent is legitimate from its User-Agent string or IP address alone. Make three separate decisions: whether the request is automated, whether the requester can prove the identity it claims, and whether the requested action is authorized and safe in context. Signed requests verified against a trusted public key provide stronger identity evidence than self-declared headers; behavior, account state and transaction risk still determine what the agent may do.
Use three separate judgments
“Legitimate” is not a single technical status. A useful assessment separates:
- Automation: Is software, rather than a person using a browser interactively, making the request?
- Identity: Can the requester prove that it controls the agent identity it claims?
- Authorization and safety: Is this identity allowed to access this resource and perform this action, and does the sequence look safe for the account, inventory and payment context?
A cryptographic signature can authenticate a signer and protect the integrity of a request. It does not prove that the signer is benign, that a consumer authorized the action, or that every endpoint should be opened to it. Apply identity verification and authorization as separate policy stages.
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Headers are claims, not credentials
An agent can place any name it wants in a User-Agent header. Google describes suspected agents as traffic that self-declares through headers or behaves like an agent without official verification, while AWS warns that User-Agent values can be spoofed. Treat the value as a discovery and correlation clue, never as the sole basis for an allow rule.
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Network origin has limits
An IP address can help correlate sessions and investigate abuse, but legitimate automation may run through shared infrastructure, proxies or changing addresses. An address also says nothing about whether a particular account change or purchase is authorized. Use network information with request context and, where applicable, the crawler’s own published verification procedure. The materials available here do not establish one universal crawler IP or reverse-DNS allowlist, so do not build a global allow rule from an assumed registry.
Keep “verified” and “suspected” visible
Google’s Agent overview dashboard separates verified agents from suspected agents and notes that its recognized-agent inventory continues to expand. If an identity is absent, that means no tracked verified identity was detected by that system; it does not prove that no agent is present. Preserve the distinction in logs and dashboards instead of collapsing every unknown request into “fraud.”
Establish visibility before enforcement
Log enough information to reconstruct what happened, then observe a new classification before using it to block. A practical event record includes:
- Claimed User-Agent, agent name and any agent-specific identity header.
- Signature headers and the result of verification: verified, invalid, expired, unknown or not attempted.
- Source address, forwarding chain as trusted by your edge, autonomous-system or provider context when available, and geolocation used by your existing controls.
- Request method, host, path, query, response status, latency and body-size metadata.
- Session, device and account identifiers, with privacy controls appropriate to your jurisdiction and retention policy.
- Sequence of pages, API calls, cart changes, coupon attempts, login events, account changes and checkout steps.
- Inventory, pricing, refund or payment outcomes associated with the activity.
- The policy action taken: observed, rate-limited, challenged, restricted or blocked.
Start in monitor-only mode for a defined review period. Compare verified and suspected classes for legitimate task completion, challenge rates, conversion and abuse outcomes before changing an allow or deny rule. A dashboard category is an input to policy, not a verdict that replaces your own authorization and fraud controls.
Verify cryptographic identity when the agent supports it
How Web Bot Authentication works
A Web Bot Authentication (WBA) deployment uses asymmetric cryptography and HTTP Message Signatures:
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- The agent operator publishes one or more public keys in a directory.
- The agent signs an outbound request, including the request components required by the signature policy.
- Your edge or verification service retrieves, or otherwise trusts, the corresponding public key.
- The verifier checks the signature, covered components, key validity and freshness before attaching a result to policy evaluation.
AWS describes outcomes such as verified, invalid, expired and unknown bot for WBA-enabled Bot Control. Use the verifier’s result rather than trusting the presence of a Signature header. Canonicalization, covered-component selection, expiry, nonce or replay handling, key rotation and failure behavior must follow the current HTTP Message Signatures and WBA implementation documentation; hand-rolled checks are unsafe.
OpenAI Cloud browser as a current example
OpenAI documents a signed-request example for its Cloud browser. Requests include Signature, Signature-Input and Signature-Agent headers. The documented identity is https://chatgpt.com, and its public-key directory is https://chatgpt.com/.well-known/http-message-signatures-directory. Provider-specific recognition instructions are documented for supported edge services.
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Preserve these headers through CDNs, reverse proxies and internal gateways. If an intermediary strips or rewrites them, a valid request will arrive unverifiable. OpenAI’s launch documentation also states that Cloud browser cannot sign in to websites or complete payments at launch, so a signed Cloud browser request should not be treated as evidence that it completed checkout.
What a valid signature does and does not establish
- It supports attribution to the key holder and integrity of the signed request.
- It does not establish that a human consumer authorized the action.
- It does not establish that the request is within the agent’s permitted purpose.
- It does not make account recovery, password changes, refunds or payment authorization safe by default.
- It depends on the verifier’s trust in the key directory, implementation and key lifecycle, including revocation and rotation.
Apply least privilege to each agent purpose
Map a verified identity to a narrow purpose and resource set. A public crawler, shopping assistant and account-management workflow should not inherit the same permissions.
| Use case | Reasonable default access | Additional controls |
|---|---|---|
| Public search or content crawler | Read-only access to public pages and documented APIs | Respect robots and rate policies; deny account and checkout endpoints |
| Product or availability agent | Read product, price and stock data needed for the stated task | Limit bulk extraction, coupon probing and unusual inventory traversal |
| Cart or shopping workflow | Scoped cart operations tied to a session and consumer context | Require step-up checks for unusual quantity, address or coupon changes |
| Account activity | Only the specific read or change operation authorized by the account | Use strong account authentication, reauthentication and audit logging |
| Checkout or payment | Separate transaction authorization and payment controls | Evaluate consumer, device, merchant and payment risk; never rely on agent identity alone |
Visa’s Trusted Agent Protocol separates agent recognition from linked consumer or device identity and payment-container information. The protocol and Visa implementation are not universal participation requirements; do not assume every merchant or agent supports them.
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Assess behavior across sessions, accounts and transactions
Identity evidence answers “who signed this request?” Behavioral analysis answers “what is it doing here?” Examine the sequence and distribution rather than a single request.
Useful investigative signals
- Rapid movement across login, password-reset, profile, cart or checkout endpoints.
- Repeated failed credentials, payment attempts or account recovery events across many accounts.
- Systematic traversal of product IDs, prices, stock levels or coupon combinations.
- Very similar request patterns spread across many IP addresses, sessions, merchants or low-volume accounts.
- Unusual quantity, address, gift-card, refund or payment-container changes immediately before an attempted transaction.
- Data extraction that is disproportionate to the stated shopping or browsing purpose.
These are investigative signals, not proof of fraud. Score them with account history, consumer or device identity, transaction outcome and the agent’s declared purpose.
Why simple thresholds miss distributed abuse
Visa’s Fall 2025 Biannual Threats Report describes credential stuffing, data extraction and low-and-slow enumeration that can remain below a per-IP or per-account threshold until activity is correlated across sessions and merchants. The report says underground-forum mentions of “AI Agent” rose 477% as criminals discussed automating social engineering, data extraction and transaction execution. That is a report-specific underground-forum measure, not a percentage of web traffic and not evidence that all agent traffic is malicious.
Visa also reported a 25% increase in malicious bot-initiated transactions over the prior six months, including a 40% increase in the United States. Those figures are Visa’s threat-intelligence findings for the period described in its Fall 2025 report; they are not independent, market-wide estimates or a current prevalence rate for your site.
Choose a graduated response instead of an allowlist-or-blocklist switch
- Observe: record identity and behavior while serving the requested public content.
- Rate-limit: slow bursts or repeated enumeration without interrupting ordinary tasks.
- Restrict sensitive endpoints: deny or narrow access to login, account-change, bulk-export, coupon and payment routes.
- Require stronger proof: ask for account reauthentication, device or consumer checks, or transaction verification when risk rises.
- Hold for review: pause a high-value or unusual transaction while preserving evidence for an analyst or rule engine.
- Block: use a deny action when combined identity, behavior and transaction evidence supports it, and define an appeal or expiry path.
Do not allow every request carrying a familiar vendor name, and do not block every automated session merely because it is absent from a recognition directory. Unknown coverage is expected to change as recognized-agent infrastructure expands. Monitor false positives, legitimate task completion and abuse outcomes after every policy change.
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What current services and standards document
| Source | Documented capability | Important scope or qualification |
|---|---|---|
| Google Cloud Fraud Defense | Agent overview with verified and suspected sessions; WBA and conventional User-Agent/IP identification | Recognized-agent inventory continues to expand; this is product documentation, not an independent accuracy evaluation |
| AWS WAF Bot Control | WBA verification using public keys and signed requests, with WAF labels available for policy | AWS says the capability has been available in Bot Control since November 2025; configuration and labels can change |
| Visa Trusted Agent Protocol | Signed agent recognition plus linked consumer/device and payment information for merchant interactions | The framework and Visa implementation do not imply universal merchant or agent participation |
| OpenAI Cloud browser | Signed outbound requests, a published key directory and provider-specific edge recognition guidance | At launch, Cloud browser cannot sign in to websites or complete payments |
| NIST AI Agent Standards Initiative | Ongoing work on standards, open protocols, agent identity and authorization | Updated August 14, 2026; it is an initiative, not a finalized universal deployment standard |
These documents cover different parts of the problem. They do not provide a head-to-head test, common accuracy score or universal false-positive rate. Select an implementation by the evidence and controls it exposes to your own edge, logging and authorization systems.
Implementation checklist for a website operator
- Inventory automation: list public crawlers, shopping or browsing agents, internal service accounts and third-party integrations that legitimately call your site.
- Define protected actions: mark login, account recovery, profile changes, bulk export, coupon issuance, inventory reservation, refunds and payment routes as higher risk than public content.
- Capture claims without trusting them: store User-Agent, agent headers, source context and session identifiers for correlation.
- Add signature verification where available: configure the provider’s current key directory and verification component; preserve signature headers across every proxy hop.
- Record explicit outcomes: distinguish verified, invalid, expired, unknown and unverified requests in dashboards and policy inputs.
- Join events across dimensions: correlate account, device, session, IP, merchant, product and transaction identifiers so distributed low-volume behavior becomes visible.
- Start with observation: measure legitimate completion, challenge rates and abuse findings before enforcing a new classification.
- Attach permissions to purpose: grant read-only or narrowly scoped access first; require separate authorization for account and payment actions.
- Set expiry and review: revisit key directories, provider recognition IDs, policy exceptions and thresholds as documentation and recognized identities change.
Troubleshoot common verification outcomes
The request claims a known agent but has no valid signature
Keep it in the suspected or unverified class. Check whether a CDN, reverse proxy or gateway removed Signature, Signature-Input or Signature-Agent. If headers survived, verify that you are using the operator’s current directory, covered request components and key lifecycle rules. Do not silently convert a failed verification into an allow decision based on User-Agent.
The signature is valid, but the behavior is risky
Retain the identity result and apply behavioral and transaction controls. Rate-limit enumeration, restrict account changes or require stronger consumer and payment checks. A valid signature is not a waiver of least privilege.
The agent is unknown to your recognition service
Serve low-risk public content according to normal controls when appropriate, while logging and limiting sensitive actions. Check whether the provider’s recognized inventory covers this identity; absence is not proof of fraud and should not automatically trigger a site-wide block.
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Compare the challenged request’s signature outcome, account state, sequence and rate with successful sessions. Narrow the rule to the risky endpoint or action, add an explicit verified-purpose exception, and monitor whether the exception creates new extraction or transaction abuse.
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Governance, privacy and change management
Identity directories, detection IDs, provider integrations and key lifecycles change. Pin configuration to documented versions where your provider supports it, monitor directory retrieval and verification errors, and review changes before relaxing controls. Keep an audit trail showing which identity evidence and behavioral factors produced each decision.
Retain only the account, device and transaction data needed for security and fraud prevention, protect it as sensitive operational data, and define retention and access rules. When an agent acts for a consumer, record the authorization relationship separately from the agent’s technical identity so an authenticated machine cannot be mistaken for the person or organization that approved the action.
There is no independently measured site-wide percentage of legitimate versus fraudulent AI-agent traffic established by the sources cited here. Vendor dashboards and threat reports describe their own observations and implementations; use them to improve local detection, not to claim a universal prevalence rate.
Further reading
- Google Cloud Fraud Defense: Monitor agent traffic
- AWS Security Blog: Authenticate legitimate AI agent traffic with AWS WAF Bot Control
- Visa Trusted Agent Protocol specifications
- OpenAI Cloud browser allowlisting guidance
- NIST AI Agent Standards Initiative
- Visa Perspectives: From bot to buyer
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I allow an AI agent based only on its User-Agent string?
No. User-Agent values are self-asserted and can be spoofed. Require stronger identity evidence where available, then apply purpose-specific authorization and behavioral controls.
Does a valid request signature mean the action is safe?
No. A valid signature supports attribution and request integrity. It does not prove consumer authorization, benign intent or permission to change an account or complete a payment.
Should unknown agents be blocked automatically?
No. An unknown classification means your recognition service has no tracked verified identity. Keep low-risk access and sensitive-action controls separate, observe the behavior and escalate based on evidence.
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