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Detect unauthorized processes by joining operating-system process telemetry to the AI agent’s own event log. Record each parent-child relationship, executable path, command-line argument, environment, user identity, working directory, timestamps, exit status, file writes and network destinations. Then correlate those facts with the agent’s prompt, plan, tool request, tool response and runtime logs. A child process with no matching approved tool call is a high-priority anomaly.
When you confirm one, preserve volatile evidence, pause the agent, revoke its execution and credentials, isolate the host or workspace, and only then terminate descendants where practical. Long-term prevention requires OS-enforced sandboxing, least-privilege identities, default-deny tool policies and a human approval gate for sensitive operations; model instructions alone are not a security boundary.
What makes an AI-started process unauthorized?
An agent normally creates a process through an approved tool call, such as a terminal command, build task or test runner, in a known working directory and under a constrained identity. Treat a process as unauthorized when it falls outside that approved scope, even if the command appears technically successful.
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- A shell, script interpreter, downloader, privilege-changing utility or persistence tool appears when the task did not require it.
- The executable is outside an approved directory, has an unexpected hash, or was recently dropped by another process.
- The command line contains encoded payloads, remote URLs, credential access, service creation, scheduled-task changes or attempts to disable security controls.
- The process runs as a different user, with elevated rights, an unexpected environment, or a working directory outside the project.
- Outbound connections go to destinations not on the project’s allowlist, or a process opens listeners or reverse-shell connections.
- The process has no corresponding agent tool-call ID, or its timestamp falls outside the agent session.
MITRE ATT&CK’s Process Creation data component (DC0032) describes process monitoring as crucial for finding unauthorized binaries, scripting abuse and privilege-escalation attempts. A process name alone is not enough: legitimate interpreters can be abused, and a renamed binary can evade a name-only rule.
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Telemetry you need before you investigate
Collect process, agent and host evidence into one timeline. Keep the original event and a normalized record so that later analysis does not lose command-line or identity details.
Process and host fields
| Field | What to capture | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Process identity | PID, parent PID, full ancestry, executable path, file hash and signer where available | Shows who launched the process and whether the binary is trusted or newly introduced. |
| Invocation | Complete command line, arguments, interpreter mode and standard input source | Reveals encoded commands, downloaded scripts and dangerous switches that a short process name hides. |
| Execution context | User or service account, group membership, token or role, environment variables and current working directory | Identifies privilege changes, secret exposure and movement outside the intended workspace. |
| Timing and result | Start and stop time, exit status, signal, stdout and stderr | Lets you correlate the action with an agent event and determine whether it completed, crashed or was killed. |
| Impact | File creations and modifications, loaded libraries, child processes, open handles and network destinations | Defines what the process changed and whether data left the host. |
Google Cloud’s agent-runtime documentation describes collecting runtime processes, scripts and libraries alongside control-plane and runtime logs. Whatever platform you use, retain enough detail to reconstruct the process tree rather than only storing a “command executed” message.
Agent-side fields
Record the session identifier, conversation or task identifier, model output, plan revision, tool name, tool-call ID, arguments, approval decision, tool response and runtime errors. Use a single clock source or record clock offsets; otherwise a process can appear to precede the request that launched it.
Join records on both time and identity. A tool-call ID is stronger evidence than a timestamp alone, while the parent PID and agent worker identity help when several sessions run on the same host. Store denied requests as well as allowed ones: repeated denials can indicate prompt injection or an agent trying to find a path around policy.
Establish a baseline and detection rules
Define normal operation
For each agent, document approved executables and interpreters, working directories, user IDs, environment variables that may be passed, network destinations, expected process counts and maximum run time. Record which build tools or test frameworks legitimately create grandchildren. A baseline should be specific to a repository and task type; “any process launched by the agent” is too broad to detect abuse.
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Alert on high-risk deviations
- Unexpected parent-child relationships, such as a documentation task launching a shell that launches a network utility.
- Executables outside the allowlisted path, unsigned or newly written binaries, and scripts fetched during execution.
- Privilege transitions, access to credential stores, attempts to mount filesystems, or changes to startup files and scheduled tasks.
- Network activity from a process class that normally has no network access, especially connections to unapproved destinations.
- Process trees that grow beyond the baseline count, survive after the agent session ends, or restart themselves.
Prioritize alerts that combine signals. An interpreter in an approved build may be harmless; the same interpreter with a base64-encoded command, a new outbound connection and a missing tool-call record warrants immediate containment.
Check for instruction tampering
Inspect repository files, issue text, web pages, documents and tool responses that the agent read before the event. Microsoft’s agent-runtime guidance describes prompt injection as content that can cause an agent to request harmful actions. Look for instructions that ask the agent to ignore its policy, reveal secrets, disable controls, or run commands unrelated to the user’s task. Preserve the exact content and its source; do not “clean” the file before collecting evidence.
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- Freeze the timeline. Note the current UTC time, agent session, host or container, operator and alert that triggered the investigation. Stop automatic log rotation for the relevant window if your retention system permits it.
- Capture the tree. Export every descendant of the agent worker, including PID, parent PID, path, arguments, user, working directory, start time, environment and open network connections. On Linux, administrators commonly use a process-tree view such as
pstree -ap <PID>together with a detailed process listing; exact fields depend on privileges and the operating system. - Snapshot volatile state. Save process metadata, loaded libraries, sockets, temporary files, shell history where permitted, and agent runtime logs before killing anything. Hash collected files and record who collected them.
- Correlate each process. Search the agent log for a matching tool-call ID, approved command and response. Mark processes with no approval, altered arguments or an unexpected parent as unauthorized until explained.
- Trace impact. Review file-write events, modified binaries, credentials accessed, persistence locations, DNS and network connections, and any child process that outlived its parent.
- Classify the cause. Decide whether the event was an allowed task misclassified by policy, a tool or sandbox escape, a compromised dependency, or prompt injection. Keep the classification provisional until evidence supports it.
Immediate containment: stop damage without destroying evidence
Pause execution and revoke authority
Stop the agent session or revoke its execution lease first. Disable shell, code-execution and external-network tools for the affected identity and for any parallel sessions that share credentials. Do not rely on asking the model to stop; revoke the capability at the tool or runtime layer.
Rotate exposed secrets
Revoke or rotate API tokens, cloud credentials, SSH keys, registry credentials and other secrets visible in the agent environment. Check both environment variables and files the process could read. Replacement credentials should be issued with narrower permissions and a short lifetime.
Isolate the execution boundary
Quarantine the host, container or workspace from sensitive networks while preserving a controlled forensic channel. Network isolation should block lateral movement and exfiltration, but keep the evidence path needed to collect logs and snapshots. If the workspace is shared, isolate the project rather than deleting it.
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Terminate descendants carefully
After capture, kill unauthorized descendants and verify that no child, service or scheduled task remains. Terminating only the visible shell can leave a grandchild running. Record the signal or action used, the time, and the resulting process list. If a process is actively exfiltrating data or causing damage, emergency termination takes precedence; document what evidence could not be preserved.
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Look for persistence
- Review scheduled tasks, service definitions, startup files, shell profiles, container entrypoints and modified launch scripts.
- Compare binaries and dependencies with a known-good image or repository revision.
- Check for new users, role bindings, access keys, listeners and firewall changes.
- Search outbound logs for destinations contacted by the process and determine whether any data transfer succeeded.
Prevent child-process escapes permanently
Use an OS-enforced sandbox
Sandbox the agent worker, not just the model prompt. VS Code’s agent sandboxing documentation states that filesystem and network restrictions are enforced by the operating system and inherited by child processes. That inheritance is the key property: a script cannot gain broader access merely by spawning another process. Validate the same property in your runtime; a wrapper that restricts only the top-level executable is insufficient.
The Apache RFC-AI-0004 guidance states: “The agent‘s executing process MUST run inside an OS-level sandbox at all times.” Treat this as a design requirement. The sandbox should constrain filesystem reads and writes, network egress, device access, process creation and privilege changes.
Adopt default-deny policies
Default-deny filesystem reads, network egress and binary invocation, then add explicit allowlists for the repository, package registries, build tools and required services. Keep secrets outside the workspace and inject narrowly scoped, short-lived credentials only for the operation that needs them. Restrict the working directory and prevent path traversal into host mounts or other projects.
Enforce least privilege
Give the agent a dedicated operating-system account and cloud identity with no administrative rights. Separate read-only analysis from write-capable build jobs, and separate network-enabled tasks from offline tasks. Require human approval for destructive file operations, credential use, infrastructure changes, package publication and commands that alter persistence or security settings.
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Put policy at the tool boundary
Model-generated plans are advisory. Add middleware hooks that inspect the requested tool, arguments, identity, working directory and current policy before execution. OWASP’s Agent Control Standard describes this pattern as declarative policies and runtime hooks that make agent actions inspectable and controllable.
Deploy new rules in audit mode first. Microsoft recommends observing detections and validating accuracy in audit mode before switching to block mode. Tune false positives using real task traces, then enforce blocking for clearly unauthorized operations. Keep the original request, policy decision, reason and operator override in an immutable audit trail.
Detection and prevention controls compared
| Control or guidance | Primary role | Blocking point | Isolation and child-process behavior | Useful evidence or scope |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MITRE ATT&CK Process Creation (DC0032) | Detection model | Post-execution monitoring | Does not provide a sandbox; it helps define process-creation data to collect. | Unauthorized binaries, scripting abuse, privilege escalation and parent-child relationships. |
| Google Cloud Agent Platform Threat Detection | Runtime detection and cloud finding generation | Primarily alerting and investigation | Applies to supported AI agents and their runtime environment; containment depends on your cloud controls. | Processes, scripts and libraries; documented detections include malicious binaries or scripts, container escapes, reverse shells, attack tools, suspicious token generation and excessive permission denials. |
| Microsoft Defender for Endpoint AI agent runtime protection | Runtime inspection and enforcement | Audit mode records a detection; block mode prevents supported high-risk actions. | Protection depends on the supported integration and endpoint policy, not on a model instruction. | Inspects agent-native events or supported network paths. The cited documentation lists Claude Code, Codex CLI, GitHub Copilot CLI and GitHub Copilot app as supported integrations at its last update. |
| VS Code agent sandboxing | Preventive sandbox | Before and during execution through OS enforcement | Filesystem and network restrictions are inherited by child processes. | Useful for keeping scripts and grandchildren inside the same restricted boundary. |
| Apache RFC-AI-0004 guidance | Architecture requirement | Design-time and runtime isolation | Requires the executing agent process to remain inside an OS-level sandbox. | Supports default-deny filesystem, network and binary-invocation policies. |
| OWASP Agent Control Standard | Tool-policy middleware | Pre-execution hooks at the tool boundary | Does not replace OS isolation; it supplies inspectable, enforceable action policy. | Declarative rules, approvals, audit records and controlled overrides. |
These controls are complementary. Process telemetry tells you what happened; middleware can reject a request before execution; an OS sandbox limits what a successful request can reach; endpoint or cloud isolation contains the host when those layers fail.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Operational runbook for a confirmed unauthorized process
- Identify: confirm the parent tree, executable, arguments, identity, files and network activity.
- Preserve: export agent events, process snapshots, relevant files and network records; hash and time-stamp them.
- Contain: pause the agent, revoke tools and credentials, and isolate the host or workspace.
- Eradicate: terminate descendants, remove persistence, replace modified images or binaries, and rotate secrets again if exposure is uncertain.
- Recover: restore from a known-good revision, run offline validation, and re-enable only the minimum tools required for the task.
- Improve: add a regression test for the observed process tree, update allowlists and prompt-injection handling, and verify that the new policy works in audit mode before enforcement.
Troubleshooting common investigation results
A process has no matching tool call
Check for a shared worker, delayed logging or clock skew before declaring an escape. Compare the process’s parent identity, environment and start time with every agent session on the host. If no approved event explains it, keep the process quarantined and treat the event as unauthorized.
The command was approved, but the arguments changed
Compare the exact tool request with the command line observed by the operating system. A shell may expand variables, aliases or scripts, so capture both the requested command and the final executable and arguments. Require policy evaluation after expansion when possible.
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A child process outlives the agent
Inspect process-group and service-manager behavior. Configure the runtime to reap descendants at session end, then verify with a post-session process scan. An orphaned child is a containment failure even if its original command was legitimate.
The sandbox blocks routine work
Use audit records to identify the smallest missing permission, add a narrowly scoped allowlist entry, and retest. Do not respond by granting broad filesystem or network access. Separate build dependencies that need network access from test steps that can run offline.
There are many permission-denied alerts
Some denials are expected under default-deny controls. Group them by agent, path, destination and tool-call ID. Repeated attempts to reach secrets, host mounts or unapproved destinations are more concerning than a single denied lookup in a dependency cache.
Verification checklist after remediation
- No unauthorized descendant remains, including processes launched through services, schedulers or detached sessions.
- All exposed credentials are revoked, replaced and absent from the new environment.
- Modified files, binaries, libraries, startup entries and network rules match a known-good state.
- Agent, host, file and network logs cover the complete incident window and are access-controlled.
- The policy records the tool request, decision, reason, operator approval and final process outcome.
- A test task confirms that filesystem, network and binary restrictions apply to grandchildren as well as the top-level agent.
- Alerts join process events to agent tool-call IDs and identify missing or mismatched approvals.
What these controls can and cannot prove
A clean process tree does not prove that no data was read or copied; review file and network telemetry as well. Conversely, an unexpected process is not automatically malicious: compilers, package managers and test runners often create legitimate grandchildren. The defensible conclusion comes from the complete context of command, identity, ancestry, policy decision and observed impact.
The cited platform documents do not establish a reliable prevalence statistic for unauthorized AI-agent processes. Focus on measurable controls—coverage of process telemetry, accuracy of tool-call correlation, sandbox inheritance, credential scope and response time—rather than an unsupported incident rate.
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