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Deploying with Kamal means running the deployment command on your laptop or CI runner, not on the VPS. Kamal connects to the server over SSH, builds your application image, pushes it to a container registry, starts the new container, waits for GET /up to return 200 OK, and asks kamal-proxy to move traffic from the old container to the new one.
The practical sequence is: install Kamal locally, add a Dockerfile and config/deploy.yml, point DNS at the VPS, store credentials in .kamal/secrets, run kamal setup once, then use kamal deploy for subsequent releases. With ssl: true, kamal-proxy can obtain a Let’s Encrypt certificate on a single host, provided public DNS and port 443 are ready.
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Kamal is a command-line deployment tool for containerized web applications. Your computer (or a CI runner) is the control plane. The VPS supplies Docker and runs the application containers, while Kamal performs the remote work through SSH. You do not normally install Kamal on the VPS.
Each release is built from the checked-out source revision. Kamal pushes the resulting image to a registry, pulls it on the server, starts a new container, and uses kamal-proxy as the traffic switch. The proxy keeps the old container serving requests until the new one passes its health check. This avoids the brief outage caused by stopping the old process before the replacement is ready.
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Read the current command and configuration reference at kamal-deploy.org before production use. Kamal and kamal-proxy defaults can change between releases.
Prerequisites and a preflight checklist
Deployment machine
- A laptop, build host, or CI runner with Ruby and SSH available.
- Kamal installed with
gem install kamal. Confirm the installation withkamal version. - A checked-out application repository containing a working Dockerfile.
- SSH key authentication to the VPS. Use a dedicated non-root deployment user where possible, with the permissions needed to run Docker and manage the application.
One third-party setup guide lists Ruby 2.7 or newer for the deployment machine. Treat that as a guide-specific requirement and verify the Ruby version supported by the Kamal release you install.
VPS and network
- A publicly reachable VPS with a supported Linux distribution and Docker installed, or an account that allows Kamal to install Docker during setup.
- An SSH-reachable public IPv4 address. Open TCP port 22 for administration, TCP port 80 for HTTP, and TCP port 443 for HTTPS.
- Enough disk space for the current image and at least one previous image during a rolling replacement. Kamal prunes old images as part of setup and deployment, but it cannot compensate for an undersized disk.
- A DNS A record such as
app.example.compointing to the VPS public IPv4 address. Add an AAAA record only when IPv6 is correctly configured and reachable. - A container registry that the deployment machine and VPS can authenticate to. Public or private registries work; credentials belong in secrets, not in the repository.
Application requirements
- The application must listen on the container interface, not only on
127.0.0.1. Bind to0.0.0.0on the port exposed by the image. - Provide a lightweight health endpoint at
/upthat returns HTTP 200 when the process is ready to receive traffic. If your framework uses another endpoint, configure the proxy to use that path and test it directly. - Make startup deterministic. Database migrations, asset compilation, and other release tasks should either run during image build or be an explicit, repeatable deployment step.
How the pieces fit together
| Piece | Where it runs | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Kamal CLI | Your laptop or CI runner | Builds, authenticates, connects over SSH, and orchestrates the release. |
| Container registry | Registry service | Stores the image that the VPS pulls. |
| Docker | VPS | Runs the application and proxy containers. |
| kamal-proxy | VPS | Listens on ports 80 and 443, performs health checks, terminates TLS when enabled, and routes requests to the active container. |
| Application container | VPS | Serves your web application on the configured internal port. |
For a normal release, Kamal starts the new container beside the old one. kamal-proxy checks the configured health path, then switches requests when the new container is healthy. After the switch, the old container is stopped and unused images are pruned according to Kamal’s deployment behavior.
Step 1: make the application container-ready
Create and test a Dockerfile
The Dockerfile must produce a self-contained production image. Install dependencies, copy the application, build static assets if needed, expose the listening port, and define a command that stays in the foreground. Test the exact image locally before involving the VPS:
docker build -t example-app:local .
docker run --rm -p 3000:3000 example-app:localReplace the port and start command with those used by your framework. From another terminal, verify the health route:
curl -i http://127.0.0.1:3000/upDo not proceed until the response is HTTP 200 and the process remains healthy after the container starts with production settings.
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Choose the internal application port
Kamal’s proxy uses port 80 as the application-port default when no value is set. Explicitly declaring your real port is safer, especially when the image listens on 3000, 8000, or another framework-specific port. The proxy connects to that internal container port; users still reach the VPS through ports 80 and 443.
Step 2: install Kamal and create its files
- Install Kamal on the deployment machine:
gem install kamal. - Check that the executable is available:
kamal version. - From the application repository, scaffold the deployment files:
kamal init. - Review the generated
config/deploy.ymland.kamal/secrets. Add.kamal/secretsto version-control ignores if the scaffold has not already done so.
The command creates the configuration and a secrets file; it does not make an application reachable by itself. You still need to set the server address, image name, registry credentials, DNS, and application settings.
Step 3: configure config/deploy.yml
The following is a minimal single-VPS shape. Replace every example value with your own service name, registry namespace, hostname, address, and port.
service: example-app
image: registry.example.com/team/example-app
servers:
web:
- 203.0.113.10
proxy:
host: app.example.com
app_port: 3000
ssl: true
registry:
server: registry.example.com
username: deploy-user
password:
- KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD
env:
clear:
APP_ENV: production
secret:
- SECRET_KEY_BASE
- DATABASE_URLService and image
service is the deployment’s logical name. image is the complete registry path Kamal builds and pushes. Keep the name stable between releases so the server can identify the current service and its previous image.
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Servers and roles
The web role lists the VPS address that will run the web container. If you later define separate roles for workers or scheduled jobs, deploy only the role you intend to change with the --roles flag. The --hosts flag is useful when narrowing a command to particular machines during maintenance.
Proxy settings
proxy.host is the public hostname used for routing and certificate issuance. app_port must match the port on which the container listens. Set ssl: true only after the hostname resolves publicly to this server and port 443 is reachable.
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kamal-proxy checks GET /up by default. Its documented response-timeout default is 30 seconds. When SSL is enabled, HTTP-to-HTTPS redirection is on by default. Forwarded headers are off by default in that mode unless you enable them explicitly, so applications that need the original protocol or client address must be configured accordingly. Path prefixes are stripped by default; set strip_path_prefix: false when your application must receive the original prefix.
Registry and environment values
Put the registry server and username in the deploy file, but reference the password by a secret name. Values under env.clear are ordinary configuration that can appear in deployment metadata; values under env.secret are read from .kamal/secrets and passed securely to the deployment. Never commit registry passwords, database URLs, signing keys, or encryption keys.
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Step 4: populate .kamal/secrets
Use one NAME=value entry per secret. The names must match the references in deploy.yml. A typical file might contain:
KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=replace-with-registry-token
SECRET_KEY_BASE=replace-with-application-secret
DATABASE_URL=replace-with-production-database-urlProtect the file with restrictive permissions and supply equivalent values through your CI secret store when deployments run automatically. If a secret changes, push the environment explicitly with kamal env push and then redeploy if the running process must be restarted with the new value.
Step 5: verify DNS, SSH, and firewall access
- Resolve the hostname from a public network and confirm that its A record returns the VPS IPv4 address. Do not rely only on a local hosts-file override.
- Test SSH using the same user and key Kamal will use:
ssh deploy-user@203.0.113.10. - Confirm that the deployment user can run Docker, either directly or through the host’s configured privilege mechanism.
- Open ports 80 and 443 in both the VPS firewall and any cloud security group. Keep port 22 restricted to trusted source addresses when practical.
- Check that no other web server is already binding ports 80 or 443. kamal-proxy needs those ports on the host.
Public DNS is required before automatic HTTPS can work. Certificate validation cannot complete against a hostname that still points to an old server, a private address, or nowhere.
Step 6: run the first bootstrap with kamal setup
Run this from the repository root, using the configuration and secrets you just prepared:
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kamal setupThe first-time bootstrap performs the following sequence:
- Connects to the configured VPS over SSH.
- Installs Docker when the host does not already have it.
- Logs in to the configured container registry.
- Builds the checked-out application image and pushes it.
- Pulls the image onto the VPS.
- Starts kamal-proxy and the application container.
- Waits for
GET /upto return200 OK. - Switches traffic to the healthy container.
- Stops the old container, when one exists, and prunes unused images.
Watch the command output for the first failing stage. A registry error is different from a health-check failure, and fixing the wrong layer can hide the actual problem.
Step 7: enable HTTPS with kamal-proxy
With a single host, proxy.ssl: true tells kamal-proxy to obtain a certificate from Let’s Encrypt and terminate TLS on port 443. The certificate challenge requires the public hostname to resolve to the VPS and inbound port 443 to be open. Port 80 should also be available so the proxy can serve HTTP and redirect visitors to HTTPS.
After setup, test both the certificate and application routing:
curl -I http://app.example.com
curl -I https://app.example.com
curl -i https://app.example.com/upIf your application needs custom certificates rather than automatic issuance, kamal-proxy can load certificate and private-key material from secrets using its certificate and private-key settings. Treat private keys like any other production secret.
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Commit the Dockerfile, application changes, and deployment configuration, check out the exact revision you intend to release, and run:
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kamal deployKamal builds that checked-out version, pushes the image, starts a replacement container, waits for the health check, and asks kamal-proxy to move traffic without taking the service offline. The command supports useful scoping and configuration flags:
--skip-pushskips the image push when the required image is already available to the server.--roleslimits the operation to selected roles.--hostslimits the operation to selected hosts.--destinationselects a deployment destination when your configuration defines one.--config-fileselects another configuration file; the default isconfig/deploy.yml.
Use kamal redeploy when the servers are already bootstrapped and you need to redeploy without repeating server bootstrap, proxy startup, image pruning, or registry-login steps.
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Setup stopped partway through
Read the last completed operation before retrying. If a proxy or accessory was created but is unhealthy, reboot that component and then run a deployment:
kamal proxy reboot
kamal accessory reboot
kamal deployRun only the reboot command that applies to the component named in the error. A reboot does not fix an incorrect image, missing secret, blocked port, or application crash.
The health check never returns 200
- Confirm the process is listening on
0.0.0.0, not only localhost. - Verify
proxy.app_portmatches the container’s listening port. - Request the endpoint from inside the container and inspect application logs.
- Ensure
/updoes not require authentication, a browser cookie, or a database operation that is unavailable during startup. - If the real endpoint differs, change the proxy health-check path in the configuration and test that path directly.
HTTPS does not issue a certificate
- Check that the A record has propagated to this VPS.
- Remove or correct an AAAA record that points to an unconfigured IPv6 address.
- Open TCP 443 in every firewall layer.
- Make sure another service is not occupying ports 80 or 443.
- Temporarily validate plain HTTP routing so you can separate DNS or challenge failures from application failures.
The registry login or pull fails
Recheck the registry hostname, username, token scope, and the exact secret name referenced by deploy.yml. The VPS must be able to reach the registry, and a private image requires a successful login on the server even when the build and push worked locally.
Operational practices for a reliable VPS deployment
Keep releases reproducible
Build from committed revisions, pin operating-system and language dependencies where practical, and avoid “latest” image tags in application configuration. A reproducible image makes a failed release diagnosable and allows you to redeploy the previous commit.
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Do not put a long-running worker in the web process unless that is intentional. Define separate roles or accessories for workers, schedulers, and supporting services, and deploy them deliberately rather than restarting everything for every web change.
Plan database changes for overlap
Because the old and new containers can coexist during a release, schema changes should be backward-compatible with both application versions. Add columns before using them, deploy code that tolerates the old schema, and remove obsolete fields only after the old code is gone.
Observe before declaring success
A green health check proves that the endpoint returned 200; it does not prove that every user flow works. After each release, inspect application and proxy logs, exercise a representative authenticated request, verify background jobs, and watch error rates before pruning your rollback option.
Quick Recap
Useful command reference
| Command | When to use it | Important behavior |
|---|---|---|
gem install kamal |
Install or update the CLI locally | Run on the deployment machine, not the VPS. |
kamal version |
Confirm the installed CLI | Useful when comparing behavior across machines. |
kamal init |
Create deployment scaffolding | Generates config/deploy.yml and .kamal/secrets. |
kamal setup |
First deployment to a host | Bootstraps Docker, registry access, kamal-proxy, and the initial container. |
kamal deploy |
Routine release | Builds, pushes, starts, health-checks, and switches traffic. |
kamal redeploy |
Redeploy an already prepared host | Skips bootstrap, proxy startup, pruning, and registry login. |
kamal env push |
Update deployed environment values | Pushes environment data to the server; restart or redeploy processes that must read new values. |
kamal proxy reboot |
Recover a failed proxy component | Use after inspecting the failure, then deploy again. |
Final pre-release checklist
- The Docker image starts locally and serves
/upwith HTTP 200. - The deployment machine has the intended Kamal version and SSH key.
- The VPS user can run Docker and has adequate disk space.
- The registry credentials are valid and stored outside version control.
- The hostname’s A record points to the VPS; IPv6 records are correct or absent.
- Ports 22, 80, and 443 are allowed as required.
app_portmatches the application’s listening port.- Secrets in
.kamal/secretsmatch the names indeploy.yml. - You have tested HTTP and HTTPS routing before announcing the release.
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