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Deploy a Bottle application on a VPS as a WSGI app behind Gunicorn or Waitress, with Nginx handling public HTTP and HTTPS traffic and systemd keeping the process running after reboots. Bottle’s built-in server is suitable for development and smoke tests, but its simple single-threaded server is not a production front end for a growing or public application.
What a production Bottle deployment looks like
A reliable deployment separates the application from the public web edge. Bottle creates the WSGI application object; a production WSGI server loads that object and manages application workers or threads; Nginx accepts connections on ports 80 and 443, serves suitable static files, and forwards dynamic requests; systemd starts, stops, restarts, and logs the application service.
A typical request travels through this chain:
- A browser resolves your domain to the VPS public IP address.
- Nginx receives the HTTP or HTTPS request.
- Nginx serves a static asset directly when configured to do so, or proxies the request to a private address such as
127.0.0.1:8000or a Unix socket. - Gunicorn, Waitress, or another WSGI adapter invokes the importable Bottle application.
- The response returns through Nginx to the client.
Keep the WSGI server bound to localhost or a Unix socket unless you have a specific reason to expose it. The public interface should be Nginx, not the application worker.
Prerequisites and design decisions
VPS and DNS
Use a Linux VPS with a public IPv4 address, or IPv6 if your intended clients and firewall policy support it. Create an A record for the application domain that points to the server’s public IPv4 address; add an AAAA record only when IPv6 is configured end to end. DNS changes can take time to appear at different resolvers, so verify resolution from an external network before diagnosing the web server.
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Operating-system access
You need an administrative account capable of installing packages and creating system services. Perform those administrative actions with sudo, but run the Bottle process as a dedicated unprivileged account. Bottle’s tutorial explicitly warns against running a web application with root or administrator rights. A compromised application should not automatically have permission to modify the operating system.
Public and private ports
Allow inbound TCP port 80 for HTTP and TCP port 443 for HTTPS at the VPS firewall and any provider-level firewall. Do not open the Gunicorn or Waitress port to the Internet when Nginx is on the same machine. If you use a Unix socket, there is no application TCP port to expose.
Choose a process layout
For most Linux VPS deployments, use Gunicorn behind Nginx and systemd. Bottle’s deployment documentation calls Gunicorn a very good production choice, and Gunicorn’s documentation includes service, socket, and Nginx examples. Waitress is a sound alternative when its multi-threaded model or cross-platform operation better fits your environment. Nginx Unit is another documented runtime option, but it uses its own application configuration model rather than the conventional Gunicorn-plus-systemd layout.
Create the application account and directory
Replace mybottleapp and myapp.example with your own names. The following example creates a system account with no interactive login and stores the deployment under /srv/mybottleapp.
sudo useradd --system --home /srv/mybottleapp --create-home --shell /usr/sbin/nologin mybottleapp
sudo mkdir -p /srv/mybottleapp
sudo chown -R mybottleapp:mybottleapp /srv/mybottleappOn distributions that do not provide /usr/sbin/nologin, use the equivalent non-login shell supplied by that distribution. Keep source code, the virtual environment, logs managed by systemd, and any private configuration under controlled ownership. Give the service write access only to directories that genuinely need it, such as an upload or cache directory.
Create a virtual environment and lock dependencies
Install Python and the distribution’s virtual-environment package first. The exact package names vary by Linux distribution; use its supported package manager. Then create an isolated environment owned by the application account.
sudo -u mybottleapp python3 -m venv /srv/mybottleapp/venv
sudo -u mybottleapp /srv/mybottleapp/venv/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip
sudo -u mybottleapp /srv/mybottleapp/venv/bin/pip install bottle gunicornIf you choose Waitress instead, install it in the same environment:
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sudo -u mybottleapp /srv/mybottleapp/venv/bin/pip install bottle waitressRecord exact versions after validating the deployment. A simple locked file can be generated with:
sudo -u mybottleapp /srv/mybottleapp/venv/bin/pip freeze > /srv/mybottleapp/requirements.txtFor repeatable rebuilds, review that file, keep it with your deployment source, and install it with pip install -r requirements.txt during later releases. Do not copy a virtual environment from another operating system or Python installation; recreate it from the locked dependencies instead.
Make the Bottle application importable
Gunicorn and Waitress need a module path and an application object. For example, /srv/mybottleapp/myapp.py can contain:
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app = Bottle()
@app.get('/')
def index():
return 'Hello from Bottle'
@app.get('/health')
def health():
return 'ok'The expression myapp:app means “import the app object from the myapp module.” If your object is named application, use myapp:application instead. Bottle also supports an application created with default_app(); expose that object under a stable name and point the server at it.
Do not call Bottle’s run() function when Gunicorn or Waitress imports the module. Put development-only startup code behind a main guard:
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host='127.0.0.1', port=8080, debug=True, reloader=True)Without the guard, importing the module can start a second development server, block the WSGI worker, or fail because the port is already in use. Keep debug mode disabled in production because it can reveal implementation details and sensitive data.
Smoke-test Bottle before adding Nginx
Run a local test as the application account. First test Bottle’s development server if you need to verify routing, then test the production WSGI adapter.
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sudo -u mybottleapp sh -c 'cd /srv/mybottleapp && /srv/mybottleapp/venv/bin/python myapp.py'That command should bind only to a local development port if your main guard specifies one. Stop it before continuing. A Gunicorn smoke test using the private port from the deployment plan is:
sudo -u mybottleapp sh -c 'cd /srv/mybottleapp && /srv/mybottleapp/venv/bin/gunicorn --workers 4 --bind 127.0.0.1:8000 myapp:app'From a second shell on the VPS, request the endpoint:
curl --fail http://127.0.0.1:8000/healthThe four-worker command is the form shown in Bottle’s deployment documentation, not a universal capacity rule. Confirm that the endpoint responds, then stop Gunicorn with Ctrl+C before creating the permanent service.
Gunicorn, Waitress, or Nginx Unit?
All three can serve a Bottle WSGI application, but they solve operational problems differently. The official Bottle and Gunicorn documentation does not establish a universal performance winner, and no numeric capacity claim should be inferred from the following comparison.
| Option | Concurrency model and deployment fit | When it is attractive | Trade-offs to evaluate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gunicorn | Pre-fork worker model; supports multiple worker processes and documented systemd, Unix-socket, and Nginx arrangements. | Linux VPS deployments that need a familiar process manager, independent worker processes, and extensive deployment controls. | Each process has its own memory footprint; worker count must be sized for the VPS and application workload. |
| Waitress | Multi-threaded WSGI adapter supported by Bottle and usable across common operating systems. | Teams that prefer a threaded server or need the same adapter on Linux and other supported operating systems. | Install it separately and validate thread safety, blocking I/O behavior, logging, and systemd integration for your application. |
| Nginx Unit | Application server and runtime managed through Unit configuration, with a Bottle-specific deployment guide. | Deployments that want Unit to manage the application runtime rather than assembling a separate Gunicorn service. | It is a different operational model, so existing Gunicorn/systemd procedures and tooling do not transfer unchanged. |
Consider operational familiarity, the worker or thread model, TLS termination, static-file handling, observability, package availability, and the VPS’s CPU and memory limits. Measure your own application under representative load before changing worker counts or selecting a different adapter.
Run Gunicorn under systemd
Create a service unit such as /etc/systemd/system/mybottleapp.service:
[Unit]
Description=Gunicorn service for my Bottle application
After=network.target
[Service]
User=mybottleapp
Group=mybottleapp
WorkingDirectory=/srv/mybottleapp
EnvironmentFile=-/etc/mybottleapp.env
ExecStart=/srv/mybottleapp/venv/bin/gunicorn --workers 4 --bind 127.0.0.1:8000 myapp:app
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetUser, Group, and WorkingDirectory prevent accidental execution from the wrong account or directory. The executable path points into the virtual environment, so the service does not depend on an administrator’s shell configuration. The optional environment file is useful for non-public settings; protect it with restrictive ownership and permissions.
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Load and start the unit:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now mybottleapp.service
sudo systemctl status mybottleapp.service
sudo journalctl -u mybottleapp.service -eenable --now both enables startup at boot and starts the service immediately. Use journalctl -u mybottleapp.service -f while sending a request to watch live logs. After a code or dependency release, restart deliberately and verify the status:
sudo systemctl restart mybottleapp.service
sudo systemctl is-active mybottleapp.serviceUse a Unix socket when you prefer filesystem permissions
A Unix socket avoids a local TCP listener and lets Nginx connect through a filesystem path. Create a dedicated runtime directory, then use a service command such as:
ExecStart=/srv/mybottleapp/venv/bin/gunicorn --workers 4 --bind unix:/run/mybottleapp/gunicorn.sock myapp:appThe service must create /run/mybottleapp at boot and give Nginx permission to access the socket. A systemd-managed runtime directory can be declared with:
RuntimeDirectory=mybottleapp
RuntimeDirectoryMode=0750Set the socket group to the Nginx account using Gunicorn’s supported socket options or an appropriate systemd configuration. If Nginx reports “permission denied,” inspect both the directory and socket permissions; granting access to the socket alone is not enough if Nginx cannot traverse the parent directory.
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Install Nginx using your distribution’s supported packages and create a server block for the domain. This TCP example proxies to the service above:
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name myapp.example www.myapp.example;
location /static/ {
alias /srv/mybottleapp/static/;
try_files $uri =404;
}
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
}
}Adjust the static directory to match your project. The trailing slash behavior of alias matters: the URL prefix and filesystem path should correspond exactly. If the application does not have a static directory, remove that location instead of pointing it at an arbitrary path.
For a Unix socket, replace the proxy target with a socket URL:
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proxy_pass http://unix:/run/mybottleapp/gunicorn.sock;On distributions that use a sites-enabled directory, link the configuration into that directory according to the distribution’s convention. Test and reload safely:
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sudo systemctl enable --now nginx
sudo systemctl reload nginxThe standard proxy headers preserve the original host, client address chain, and HTTP-versus-HTTPS scheme. Your application should treat forwarded headers as trustworthy only because requests reach it through your controlled Nginx proxy; do not expose the backend directly while relying on those headers.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Add HTTPS and verify the public path
First confirm that the domain resolves to the VPS and that Nginx answers on port 80. Then use the certificate and renewal process supported by your Linux distribution or VPS environment. Configure the certificate for the domain, redirect plain HTTP to HTTPS after validating the secure virtual host, and enable automatic renewal. Test renewal before the certificate’s expiration window rather than assuming it is configured.
Use local and external checks that isolate each layer:
- On the VPS, run
curl --fail http://127.0.0.1:8000/healthto test Gunicorn and Bottle. - On the VPS, run
curl --fail -H 'Host: myapp.example' http://127.0.0.1/healthto test Nginx routing without relying on public DNS. - From another network, request
https://myapp.example/healthto test DNS, firewall rules, TLS, Nginx, and the application together.
Use a simple health endpoint that does not expose credentials, stack traces, or database contents. If your application depends on a database or another service, decide whether the health check should report only process availability or also dependency readiness.
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Environment-specific settings
Keep development and production settings separate. Put the production secret key, database URL, and other private values in a root-owned environment file readable by the service account, or use the secret-management facility provided by your VPS platform. Never commit credentials to the application repository or place them in a public static directory.
Static assets and uploads
Serve immutable CSS, JavaScript, and image assets from Nginx when practical. This removes static traffic from the Bottle workers. Store user uploads outside the source tree, validate filenames and content, and grant the application write permission only to the upload directory. Back up uploads separately from code because a redeployment should not delete user data.
Logs and observability
Let systemd collect service output in the journal or configure a deliberate log destination. Include enough request and application context to diagnose failures, but redact passwords, tokens, session cookies, and personal data. Watch Nginx access and error logs alongside the Gunicorn journal; a 502 response often means the proxy cannot connect to the backend, while a 500 response usually means the backend application raised an error.
Deploy updates without losing control
- Build or fetch the new release in a separate directory when possible.
- Install the locked dependencies into the release’s virtual environment, or update the existing environment during a controlled maintenance window.
- Run import and endpoint smoke tests as the unprivileged account.
- Check ownership and permissions for code, templates, static files, uploads, and environment files.
- Restart the systemd service and inspect its status and recent journal entries.
- Run the local health check, then the Nginx host-header check, then an external HTTPS check.
- Keep the previous release available until the new process has passed those checks, so you can roll back code and dependencies if needed.
Use systemctl reload nginx for Nginx configuration changes when a graceful reload is sufficient. Use systemctl restart mybottleapp.service when the Python code or virtual environment changed. A restart is not a substitute for a migration plan if your application changes database schemas.
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Quick Recap
Troubleshoot by layer
The service will not start
- Run
sudo systemctl status mybottleapp.serviceandsudo journalctl -u mybottleapp.service -b. - Copy the
ExecStartcommand and run it as the configured user from the configured working directory. - Check that the virtual-environment binary exists and is executable.
- Verify the module path, object name, and Python import dependencies. A message such as “failed to find attribute” usually indicates that
myapp:appdoes not match the code. - Confirm that another process is not already using port 8000 or the Unix socket path.
Gunicorn reports an import or application error
- Ensure
WorkingDirectoryis the directory containing the module, or use the correct Python package path. - Check that files are readable by
mybottleapp. - Install every dependency into the same virtual environment referenced by
ExecStart. - Remove top-level code that starts a development server, opens an interactive prompt, or assumes a developer-only environment variable.
Nginx returns 502 Bad Gateway
- Check that the systemd service is active.
- Confirm that Nginx’s
proxy_passtarget exactly matches Gunicorn’s bind address or socket path. - For a socket, inspect parent-directory traversal and socket group permissions.
- Read the Nginx error log and the Gunicorn journal at the same timestamp.
The domain cannot be reached
- Use a DNS lookup from outside the VPS and verify the returned address.
- Check both the VPS provider firewall and the operating-system firewall for ports 80 and 443.
- Confirm that Nginx is listening on the expected IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
- Test the site by IP and Host header locally to separate DNS problems from Nginx configuration errors.
HTTPS or redirects behave unexpectedly
- Verify that the certificate covers the exact hostname users request.
- Check the
X-Forwarded-Protohandling when the application generates absolute URLs or secure redirects. - Make sure the HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect does not create a loop between Nginx and application middleware.
- Confirm that renewal is enabled and that the renewed certificate is loaded after a successful Nginx reload.
Production readiness checklist
- The application exposes an importable WSGI object and does not call
run()during import. - Bottle, the chosen WSGI server, and all application dependencies are installed in a virtual environment.
- Dependencies are recorded in a reviewed, repeatable requirements file.
- The service runs under a dedicated unprivileged user, never root.
- Gunicorn or Waitress listens only on localhost or a protected Unix socket.
- systemd starts the service at boot, restarts it after failure, and provides usable logs.
- Nginx proxies dynamic requests, serves configured static files, and passes the standard proxy headers.
- Only the necessary public ports are open in both provider and operating-system firewalls.
- DNS points to the correct VPS address, and HTTPS certificates renew automatically.
- Secrets, uploads, backups, and logs have deliberate ownership, retention, and recovery procedures.
- You have tested a local health endpoint, an Nginx-local request, an external HTTPS request, and a rollback.
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