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DNSControl lets you manage DNS as infrastructure as code: you describe the desired zones and records in dnsconfig.js, keep provider credentials separate, inspect the generated change set, and apply it from a Linux VPS. The safe operating pattern is export or back up the live zone, generate a draft, run repeated previews, and push only an reviewed diff. A VPS can run DNSControl from an official binary or package, Docker, Homebrew on Linux, or a Go build; pin or document the version you deploy.
This guide covers installation, project layout, importing an existing zone, provider selection, preview versus push, credential protection, concurrency, VPS hardening, and automation. DNSControl’s project describes itself as “Infrastructure as Code for DNS” and states that it runs anywhere Go runs, including Linux. DNSControl repository
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Traditional DNS administration stores the desired state in a provider dashboard. DNSControl moves that state into a reviewable configuration file. The file declares registrars, DNS service providers, domains, and records; a separate credentials file tells DNSControl how to authenticate. DNSControl compares that desired state with the provider’s current state and produces a plan.
- Desired state:
dnsconfig.jsis readable, versionable, and reviewable. - Provider access:
creds.json(or injected secret values) supplies API connection details without putting them in the zone declaration. - Plan:
previewcalculates additions, changes, deletions, and delegation operations without modifying live DNS. - Apply:
pushexecutes the same calculated changes against the configured providers.
The VPS is only the execution host. Authoritative DNS remains at the providers named in your configuration, so a VPS outage does not automatically take a zone offline. The host does need outbound network access to provider APIs and a controlled identity that can read the project and its secrets.
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Choose an installation method and record the version
The official getting-started documentation lists four routes: Homebrew on Linux, Docker, downloadable Linux binaries or packages, and building from source with Go. The releases page currently displays version 5.1.0, but release data changes; verify the release page immediately before pinning a production version. Overview | DNSControl · DNSControl releases
| Method | When it fits | Operational consideration |
|---|---|---|
| Linux package or binary | A small, dedicated VPS with a host-level service or scheduled job | Record the downloaded version and verify the binary using the release instructions before placing it in the service account’s PATH. |
| Docker image | A host already standardized on containers or an isolated CI-style run | Mount the project directory read-only for previews where possible, and inject credentials through a protected mechanism rather than baking them into an image. |
| Homebrew on Linux | Teams already managing command-line tools with Homebrew | Document the formula version and upgrade procedure; an unplanned upgrade can change generated diffs. |
| Go build | Organizations that build and attest their own Go toolchain artifacts | Pin the source revision and Go toolchain, and retain the build metadata so another operator can reproduce the executable. |
Whichever route you choose, create a project directory and verify that the executable responds before writing production configuration:
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# Install DNSControl with one of the official methods above
dnscontrol versionKeep the version output in deployment documentation or a lock file. If a future release changes provider behavior, you can reproduce the last known-good run instead of debugging an unrecorded upgrade.
Run the official container on a VPS
A container run is useful for an isolated preview or a scheduled job. From the directory containing your DNSControl files:
docker run --rm -it -v "$PWD:/dns" ghcr.io/DNSControl/dnscontrol previewThe mount makes the current project available at /dns inside the container. Add explicit configuration and credentials paths when your files are not at the defaults. For unattended runs, replace interactive terminal options with the service’s normal non-interactive invocation and provide secrets through the host’s secret facility.
Create the project files
dnsconfig.js defines the state you want. creds.json defines how DNSControl reaches each provider. Provider names, credential keys, and record functions vary, so treat this as a shape example and consult the provider documentation and support matrix before production use.
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var REG_NONE = NewRegistrar('none');
var DSP_PROVIDER = NewDnsProvider('provider_main');
D('example.com', REG_NONE, DnsProvider(DSP_PROVIDER),
A('@', '203.0.113.10'),
CNAME('www', '@'),
MX('@', 10, 'mail.example.net.')
);{
"provider_main": {
"TYPE": "CLOUDFLAREAPI",
"apitoken": "$DNS_API_TOKEN"
}
}The example uses an environment-variable reference for the token rather than embedding a secret. The API token must exist in the process environment or secret injection system used by the VPS job. Never commit a populated credentials file to a public repository.
Protect credentials before the first test
The official walkthrough explicitly says: “Do not store your creds.json file in Git unencrypted.” Getting-started guide Store the file outside the Git working tree, add any local copy to .gitignore, or create it at run time from a secret manager. Restrict ownership and permissions to the deployment identity:
chmod 700 ~/dnscontrol
chmod 600 ~/dnscontrol/creds.jsonUse a dedicated Unix account rather than an administrator account. Give each provider token only the zones and operations it needs. A read-only token is preferable for scheduled drift checks; a separate, tightly controlled token can be used for approved pushes when the provider supports that distinction.
Initialize a new project or import an existing zone
Use the interactive initializer
dnscontrol init starts an interactive wizard. It asks for the DNS provider and registrar, verifies credentials, and writes starter creds.json and dnsconfig.js files. Run it as the deployment user so the resulting files have the correct owner and permissions.
cd ~/dnscontrol
dnscontrol initRead the generated files before adding records. Confirm that the provider identifier, registrar choice, and domain names match your intended environment; a typo in a provider name can direct a later push to the wrong account.
Use get-zones for an existing domain
For a migration, dnscontrol get-zones queries a provider and emits a first-draft configuration. It is an import aid, not a guarantee that the resulting file is ready to publish. Export or save the current zone from the provider first so you have an independent recovery copy.
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dnscontrol get-zonesReview every imported item before accepting it:
- Apex records and the way the provider represents
@. - Trailing dots on fully qualified names, especially MX, NS, and CNAME targets.
- TTL values and whether the provider rounds or imposes a minimum.
- Mail records, including all MX priorities and any SPF, DKIM, or DMARC records.
- Provider-specific records, aliases, health checks, flattening, geo rules, or synthetic records that may not map one-to-one.
- DNSSEC state and delegation records, which can require provider-side procedures beyond ordinary record updates.
Do not delete records merely because an import looks unfamiliar. Compare the generated draft with the provider export and with application owners’ inventories. Normalize names and formatting only after you can explain each resulting diff.
Check credentials, preview changes, then push
DNSControl’s safety model is deliberately two-stage: “preview reads the dnsconfig.js file (or equivalent), determines what changes are to be made, and prints them.” push performs the same calculation and executes it. Preview and push command reference
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dnscontrol check-credsFix provider authentication errors before inspecting a change plan.
- Generate a complete plan.
dnscontrol preview --full --config dnsconfig.js --creds creds.json--fullgives a detailed view suitable for a migration review. - Inspect every operation. Look for unexpected deletions, apex changes, delegation changes, provider names, TTL changes, and records that were normalized by the provider.
- Repeat the edit-and-preview loop. Continue until the plan is empty or contains only the changes approved for the maintenance window.
- Apply the reviewed plan.
dnscontrol push --full --config dnsconfig.js --creds creds.jsonRun this only from the approved account and environment.
For continuous drift detection, use --expect-no-changes:
dnscontrol preview --expect-no-changes --config dnsconfig.js --creds creds.jsonThe command exits as a failure when differences exist, allowing a scheduler or CI system to alert without changing DNS. During a staged rollout, narrow the scope with --domains or --providers. If you do not want DNSControl to create a missing zone automatically, add --no-populate and provision the zone through an explicitly approved process.
What to review in a migration diff
| Diff category | Review question | Typical risk |
|---|---|---|
| Add | Is this record present in the export or required by an application? | Accidental validation, routing, or mail exposure. |
| Modify | Did the name, target, priority, or TTL change intentionally? | Broken web traffic, mail delivery, or certificate validation. |
| Delete | Has the owner confirmed that the old record is retired? | Immediate loss of a service or verification record. |
| Delegation | Are NS and DS changes scheduled and coordinated with the registrar? | Loss of authoritative resolution or DNSSEC validation failures. |
| Provider normalization | Is the displayed difference only syntax, or does it alter behavior? | Repeated non-clean previews and misunderstood drift. |
Lower TTLs before a planned migration only when the existing provider and your change plan support that strategy, and remember that recursive resolvers can retain cached data until the old TTL expires. DNSControl does not replace registrar change controls or an application rollback plan.
Understand provider capability differences
DNSControl’s provider matrix records support for operations such as zone retrieval, domain creation, dual-host operation, DNSSEC, and concurrency. It also distinguishes official support from community support. Official support means releases block on integration tests and maintainers prioritize fixes; community support can be useful but may have different maintenance expectations. Check the matrix before designing a migration or automation workflow. Supported providers
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| Capability | Why it matters | How to verify |
|---|---|---|
| get-zones | Determines whether DNSControl can bootstrap a draft from the existing provider. | Check the provider row in the support matrix; otherwise export through the provider and model records manually. |
| Zone or domain creation | Controls whether a push can create a missing zone or must use a separate provisioning step. | Confirm support and decide whether to pass --no-populate. |
| DNSSEC | Keys, DS records, and signing state can involve operations beyond ordinary record CRUD. | Verify the provider’s documented DNSSEC behavior and schedule delegation changes separately. |
| Dual-host operation | Useful when two authoritative systems must be coordinated during a transition. | Confirm that the provider and your registrar workflow support the required arrangement. |
| Concurrency verification | Determines whether parallel updates have been tested for that provider. | Use the matrix status and DNSControl’s documented concurrency modes. |
The project also supports variables, macros, transforms, multi-provider uploads, Git history, and CI/CD review. Those features are useful for keeping repeated records consistent across domains, but they increase the importance of code review: a shared macro can change many zones in one push. DNSControl project overview
Choose a safe concurrency mode
The preview and push command reference documents --cmode concurrent, none, and all. none is sequential and is the safest fallback when a concurrency problem is suspected. all is unsafe and intended for reproducing bugs, not routine production deployment. Use the provider’s verified status and the command’s default behavior instead of forcing all. Concurrency options
- Normal operation: retain the default mode unless provider documentation says otherwise.
- Investigation: rerun with
--cmode noneto determine whether serialized operations avoid a provider race. - Bug reproduction only: use
--cmode allin a controlled, non-production test and capture the output for maintainers.
Harden the Linux VPS
A DNS deployment host should be treated as a production control plane, even though it is not authoritative DNS itself.
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- Create a dedicated Unix account with no interactive administrative privileges required for normal runs.
- Use SSH keys, disable password authentication where your operating policy permits, and restrict administrative access to known operators or a bastion.
- Patch the operating system, container runtime, and DNSControl according to a documented maintenance schedule.
- Keep
dnsconfig.jsin a private Git repository, but keepcreds.json, environment files, generated reports, and shell history containing tokens out of public repositories and logs. - Use provider tokens scoped to the target zones and minimum required operations. Rotate them after staff changes, suspected exposure, or provider-side policy changes.
- Limit outbound and inbound firewall rules to what the job needs. The host normally needs outbound HTTPS to provider APIs and source-control or secret services, not a public web interface.
- Back up the configuration repository and retain provider exports before major migrations.
Never print credentials with shell tracing enabled. Review CI logs and process listings for accidental token exposure, and revoke a token immediately if it appears in a log, commit, ticket, or chat transcript.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Automate previews and approved pushes
Read-only drift checks
Schedule a job under the dedicated account that checks credentials and runs a preview with --expect-no-changes. Send the exit status and sanitized diff to your alerting system. A drift alert means the live provider differs from the declared state; it does not authorize an automatic correction.
dnscontrol check-creds
dnscontrol preview --expect-no-changes --full
--config /srv/dnscontrol/dnsconfig.js
--creds /run/secrets/dnscontrol-creds.jsonStore the generated output where operators can inspect it, but redact provider responses that might contain sensitive metadata. Keep the schedule frequent enough to catch unauthorized changes while avoiding provider API rate limits.
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Review-gated pushes
Use version control for proposed edits. A pull request should show the JavaScript change and a preview generated with the same DNSControl version used for production. Require an approval from someone who owns the affected domain or service, then run the push in a protected CI environment or from the controlled VPS account. Restrict who can access the push credential; the account used for previews should not automatically have write permission.
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Troubleshoot common failures
Credentials fail during check-creds
- Confirm the credential key in
creds.jsonexactly matches the name passed toNewDnsProvider. - Check that the environment variable exists for the same Unix user or container that runs DNSControl.
- Verify token scope, account, and target zone at the provider.
- Inspect file ownership and mode if the process cannot read the credentials file; do not solve the problem by making it world-readable.
Preview proposes many unexpected deletions
Stop before push. Compare the imported file with a fresh provider export, check apex notation and trailing dots, and confirm that the selected provider and account are correct. Imported data may omit provider-specific constructs or represent them differently. Add or model each required record deliberately, then preview again.
Preview never becomes clean
A provider may normalize TTLs, names, or record ordering. Determine whether the repeated diff is cosmetic or behavioral, verify the provider adapter’s documented behavior, and avoid masking a real change with broad exclusions. Keep the normalized form that DNSControl expects when it accurately represents the live state.
Push creates a zone unexpectedly
Use --no-populate when zone creation is not part of the run, and provision the zone through the registrar or provider’s controlled workflow. Check the provider capability matrix before relying on automatic creation.
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Concurrent operations behave unpredictably
Check the provider’s concurrency verification status and rerun with --cmode none. Capture the preview and push output, provider response, DNSControl version, and affected domain. Do not use --cmode all as a workaround in production.
DNSSEC or delegation breaks after a change
Pause further pushes, verify which nameservers are authoritative, and compare NS and DS records with the registrar and provider. DNSSEC changes may require coordinated key and delegation operations that are not equivalent to ordinary record updates. Restore the last known-good delegation or follow the provider’s recovery procedure, then rerun a narrowly scoped preview.
Operational checklist
- Record the exact DNSControl version and installation method.
- Keep
dnsconfig.jsunder reviewable version control. - Keep credentials outside public Git and readable only by the deployment identity.
- Export or back up each live zone before migration.
- Confirm provider capabilities for import, creation, DNSSEC, dual-host operation, and concurrency.
- Run
check-creds, then a full preview. - Review additions, modifications, deletions, delegation, TTLs, mail records, and provider names.
- Use
--expect-no-changesfor read-only drift monitoring. - Use domain or provider scoping for staged rollouts.
- Push only from a protected account after human approval.
- Record the commit, version, command, operator, and result for every production push.
When DNSControl is the right fit
DNSControl is a strong fit when you need repeatable DNS changes, peer review, a history of who changed declarations, or consistent records across many domains and providers. It is less suitable as a casual dashboard replacement when a team cannot maintain a credentials process, review diffs, or preserve provider exports. The tool makes changes explicit; it does not remove the need for registrar controls, provider-specific knowledge, DNSSEC planning, or application-owner approval.
For a Linux VPS deployment, the durable design is simple: pin a known DNSControl version, keep declarations and secrets separate, import and normalize existing zones carefully, make preview the mandatory review gate, and reserve push for an authenticated, logged, approved execution path.
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