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The dependable production pattern is a Phoenix release running under systemd, MySQL on the same VPS or a private managed service, and nginx handling the public HTTP(S) connection. Build the release with the same Elixir, Erlang/OTP, operating-system family, and CPU architecture as the target machine; inject DATABASE_URL, SECRET_KEY_BASE, PHX_HOST, and PORT at runtime; run the release migration before starting the web process; then put nginx and automated TLS in front of Phoenix.
What you are building
A production deployment has four separate responsibilities:
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- Phoenix release: a self-contained directory containing the Erlang VM, Elixir runtime, application code, and dependencies. It is the artifact you copy to the server.
- MySQL: the data service, installed locally or reached over a private network. Phoenix connects through Ecto and the MyXQL adapter.
- systemd: starts the release at boot, restarts it after a failure, and provides a consistent place to inspect service logs.
- nginx: listens on public ports 80 and 443, forwards requests to Phoenix on a private loopback port, and preserves the proxy headers Phoenix needs.
Phoenix should not be exposed directly on the public interface. Bind the application to a private address and allow only SSH, HTTP, and HTTPS through the firewall. A single VPS is straightforward to operate, but you remain responsible for operating-system updates, database backups, restore tests, capacity planning, and rollback.
Decide where MySQL runs
| Topology | Operational ownership | Network path | Backup and restore | Upgrade and rollback | When it fits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phoenix and MySQL on one VPS | You patch and monitor both services. | Local connection with minimal network latency. | You schedule backups and store copies away from the VPS; restoration is your responsibility. | One machine makes coordinated changes simple, but a host failure affects both tiers. | Small applications and teams that want the fewest moving parts. |
| Phoenix VPS plus managed MySQL | The provider operates the database platform; you still manage schema changes and credentials. | Private-network latency and firewall rules must be verified. | Provider features may help, but you still need an independent restore test. | Database maintenance is separated from application releases, while network and credential changes add coordination. | Applications that need database separation or managed backups. |
| Containerized Phoenix release | You operate images, runtime orchestration, logs, and persistent-data boundaries. | Depends on the container network and placement. | Database storage and backup policy must be designed separately from ephemeral containers. | Immutable image rollouts can simplify rollback, but the platform adds complexity. | Teams already operating containers and needing a repeatable deployment platform. |
Official Phoenix and Ubuntu documentation does not prescribe a universal VPS size, traffic limit, uptime figure, or zero-downtime method. Choose CPU, memory, storage, and topology from your workload, connection pool, asset-processing needs, and database growth, then measure the running system.
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Prerequisites and variables
You need:
- A Linux VPS with console or SSH access and a DNS name such as
example.com. - A non-root account for deploying and running Phoenix.
- Administrative access for package installation, firewall rules, nginx, and systemd.
- Elixir and Erlang/OTP versions pinned to the versions used by the application and build artifact.
- A build host whose operating-system family and CPU architecture are compatible with the VPS.
- A Phoenix project configured for MySQL, with its release name and OTP application name known.
The examples use an application named my_app, an Ecto repository named MyApp.Repo, Phoenix on port 4000, and the domain example.com. Replace every example value before production use.
1. Prepare and harden the VPS
Create a deployment account
sudo adduser --disabled-password --gecos "" deploy
sudo usermod -aG sudo deployInstall security updates with the package manager supplied by your distribution, then log in as deploy for application work. Keep root access for administration only. Configure SSH keys, disable password authentication after confirming key login, and retain a tested administrative access path before changing SSH settings.
Set the firewall policy
On an Ubuntu-style system, allow SSH, HTTP, and HTTPS and deny unsolicited inbound traffic. If SSH uses a nonstandard port, allow that port instead of blindly copying the example.
sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw status verboseDo not open Phoenix’s private port or MySQL’s port to the internet. If MySQL is managed elsewhere, permit its private address and required TLS connection rather than enabling broad public access.
Point DNS at the server
Create an address record for the hostname you will place in PHX_HOST. Wait until it resolves to the VPS before requesting a certificate. Keep the DNS name, release name, service name, and filesystem path consistent; mismatches are a common cause of an apparently healthy service that cannot be reached through nginx.
2. Install and secure MySQL
Install the distribution package
sudo apt update
sudo apt install mysql-serverUbuntu package installations use systemd for MySQL startup and shutdown. Confirm that it is running before configuring the application:
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sudo systemctl enable --now mysql
sudo systemctl status mysqlRun the security hardening procedure supplied by your distribution, remove anonymous or test accounts you do not need, and keep MySQL bound to localhost or a private interface unless a remote application connection is intentional.
Create a dedicated database and account
Use a separate database user with only the privileges required by the application. Replace the example password with a long, unique value and protect it as a secret.
sudo mysqlCREATE DATABASE my_app_prod CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
CREATE USER 'my_app'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'replace-with-a-unique-password';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON my_app_prod.* TO 'my_app'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;If Phoenix and MySQL are on different hosts, create the account for the application host or private subnet, enforce MySQL TLS as required by your policy, and restrict the database firewall to that source. Never use the MySQL administrative account in DATABASE_URL.
Verify connectivity before deployment
mysql -u my_app -p -h 127.0.0.1 my_app_prodUse the same hostname, port, database name, and credentials that will appear in the Phoenix connection URL. A successful interactive login isolates database, network, and credential problems before Phoenix is involved.
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Generate or adapt the project
Phoenix’s generator supports MySQL directly:
mix phx.new my_app --database mysqlThis selects the MyXQL adapter through Ecto. For an existing project, inspect its repository configuration and dependencies to confirm that the MyXQL adapter is present and that migrations target the intended repository.
Keep environment-specific values out of source control. The checked-in configuration can describe how values are read; production values belong in the service environment or a protected environment file.
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4. Put runtime configuration in a protected environment
Release configuration is evaluated on the production machine, so the artifact can be identical across environments while credentials differ. Create a root-owned file readable only by the service account:
sudo install -d -m 750 /etc/my_app
sudo touch /etc/my_app/my_app.env
sudo chown root:deploy /etc/my_app/my_app.env
sudo chmod 640 /etc/my_app/my_app.envPlace values like these in that file:
DATABASE_URL=mysql://my_app:URL_ENCODED_PASSWORD@127.0.0.1/my_app_prod
SECRET_KEY_BASE=your-generated-production-secret
PHX_HOST=example.com
PORT=4000
PHX_SERVER=trueDATABASE_URLidentifies the MySQL user, password, host, port if nonstandard, and database. URL-encode characters that have a special meaning in a URL.SECRET_KEY_BASEmust be a strong production secret and must not be committed to the repository. Generate it using the Phoenix-supported secret-generation command or another cryptographically secure process.PHX_HOSTis the public hostname used when Phoenix builds URLs and validates host-related settings.PORTis the private listener nginx will proxy to. The firewall should not expose it publicly.PHX_SERVER=trueensures the release starts the Phoenix endpoint when using a generic release start command; follow the generated release’s runtime configuration if it uses a dedicated server helper instead.
Review the generated config/runtime.exs rather than assuming these variable names are wired automatically. Confirm the release name, repository module, pool size, SSL requirements, and any additional application-specific settings.
5. Build a production release
Use a compatible build host
Build on a machine compatible with the VPS operating-system family and architecture. Pin the Elixir and Erlang/OTP versions used by the project; a release built for an incompatible architecture or runtime can fail before Phoenix starts. Keep dependency and asset tooling available on the build host, not on the minimal production machine.
Compile and package
From the project directory, run the production dependency, compilation, asset, and release steps:
MIX_ENV=prod mix deps.get --only prod
MIX_ENV=prod mix compile
MIX_ENV=prod mix assets.deploy
mix phx.gen.release
MIX_ENV=prod mix releaseRun mix phx.gen.release once when setting up the release scripts, then commit the generated release files. The resulting directory under _build/prod/rel/my_app contains the VM, Elixir, application code, and dependencies. It does not contain Mix, so production operations must use the generated release scripts rather than commands such as mix ecto.migrate.
Keep the release immutable: build it once, record the source revision and runtime versions, and copy that exact directory to the VPS. Do not compile ad hoc on the production server unless your recovery procedure explicitly requires it.
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6. Copy the release and run migrations
Install the artifact
Create an application directory owned by the deployment account and upload the release and its runtime environment file. A versioned directory makes rollback safer than overwriting a running tree:
sudo install -d -o deploy -g deploy /opt/my_app/releases/20261015-1200
rsync -a _build/prod/rel/my_app/ deploy@server:/opt/my_app/releases/20261015-1200/Use your own timestamp or build identifier. After validation, point /opt/my_app/current at the selected release, or use a fixed directory if your procedure stops the service before replacing files. Ensure the service account can read the entire release.
Run the release-native migration
Start MySQL, confirm DATABASE_URL is available to the command, and migrate before starting the web process:
sudo systemctl start mysql
sudo -u deploy env $(sudo cat /etc/my_app/my_app.env | xargs)
/opt/my_app/current/bin/my_app eval "MyApp.Release.migrate"Prefer a generated bin/migrate helper when your release provides one. The important distinction is that migration code runs through the release’s runtime and application module; Mix is not shipped in the production release. Review every migration in a staging environment and take a verified database backup before destructive or long-running changes.
If the command fails, do not start Phoenix and hope the service will recover. Check the database hostname, credentials, grants, schema permissions, TLS mode, and the release’s runtime configuration, then rerun the migration deliberately.
7. Supervise Phoenix with systemd
Create the unit
Create /etc/systemd/system/my_app.service:
[Unit]
Description=My Phoenix application
Wants=network-online.target
After=network-online.target mysql.service
[Service]
Type=simple
User=deploy
Group=deploy
WorkingDirectory=/opt/my_app/current
EnvironmentFile=/etc/my_app/my_app.env
ExecStart=/opt/my_app/current/bin/server
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetThe generated release normally includes a server helper. If your project generated a different executable, use that exact path and test it manually as the deploy user. The After relationship orders startup after networking and the package-managed MySQL service; it does not replace connection retries or health checks inside the application.
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Enable, start, and inspect it
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now my_app
sudo systemctl status my_app
sudo journalctl -u my_app -n 100 --no-pagerTest Phoenix locally before exposing it through nginx:
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curl -i http://127.0.0.1:4000/A failed start usually means an absent environment variable, an incorrect release path, an incompatible runtime, a migration failure, or a port already in use. The journal shows the release’s standard output and error; use it before changing multiple settings at once.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.8. Put nginx in front of Phoenix
Create a reverse-proxy server block
Install nginx and create a site configuration for the real hostname. The proxy preserves the original host, client address, and connection protocol:
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:4000;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
}
}Enable the site according to your distribution’s nginx layout, remove or disable an unwanted default site, then validate and reload:
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginx
curl -i http://example.com/Keep Phoenix listening on loopback (or another private interface) so clients cannot bypass nginx’s headers, TLS policy, and access controls. Check nginx’s access and error logs separately from the Phoenix journal when a request reaches the proxy but not the application.
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9. Enable HTTPS with Certbot
After DNS resolves to the VPS and port 80 is reachable, install Certbot and its nginx integration using your distribution’s packages. Request the certificate for the exact hostname:
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.comThe nginx plugin edits the matching server block. Let’s Encrypt certificates are valid for 90 days, and Certbot installs a systemd renewal timer that attempts renewal twice a day. Verify the complete renewal path instead of waiting for expiration:
sudo certbot renew --dry-runInspect the resulting nginx configuration and test both HTTP and HTTPS. If validation fails, confirm DNS, port 80 reachability, the hostname in the server block, and any external firewall or load balancer. Keep Phoenix’s private port unchanged; TLS terminates at nginx unless your architecture explicitly requires end-to-end encryption to the application.
10. Operate, update, and roll back
Use a repeatable release procedure
- Build a new immutable release on the compatible build host and record its source revision and runtime versions.
- Upload it beside the currently running release; do not delete the known-good artifact.
- Review migrations and take a current MySQL backup before applying changes that cannot be reversed.
- Run the release-native migration command with the production environment loaded.
- Switch the service to the new release path, reload systemd if the unit changed, and restart the Phoenix service.
- Check the systemd status, recent journal entries, nginx response, application health endpoint, and representative database-backed request.
- If validation fails, stop the service, restore the previous release path, restart, and follow the database rollback plan. Reverting application files cannot undo an already-applied schema change.
Monitor the right logs and checks
systemctl status my_appandjournalctl -u my_appfor release startup, crashes, and environment errors.- Nginx access and error logs for proxy status codes, upstream connection failures, and client request details.
systemctl status mysqland MySQL logs for startup, authentication, storage, and connection problems.- A Phoenix health endpoint that does not expose secrets and, where appropriate, verifies a lightweight database query.
- Disk, memory, CPU, connection-pool, and database-storage trends so capacity decisions are based on your workload rather than a generic VPS recommendation.
Back up MySQL independently of the application artifact, store copies away from the VPS, and periodically perform a restoration test on an isolated system. A backup that has never been restored is not a tested recovery procedure.
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Troubleshooting by symptom
| Symptom | Where to look first | Likely correction |
|---|---|---|
| Release exits immediately | journalctl -u my_app |
Confirm ExecStart, executable permissions, compatible Elixir/Erlang/OTP build, required environment variables, and the release’s runtime configuration. |
| Connection refused on port 4000 | systemctl status my_app and local curl |
Verify Phoenix is listening on the configured PORT, that PHX_SERVER or the generated server helper is active, and that no other process owns the port. |
| MySQL access denied | MySQL authentication log and the exact DATABASE_URL |
Correct the username, password, host-specific grant, database name, URL encoding, or TLS options. Do not switch to the administrative account. |
| Migration cannot connect | Run the release eval command manually as deploy |
Load the same environment file used by systemd, start MySQL, verify private-network reachability, and confirm the repository’s runtime configuration. |
| nginx returns 502 | Nginx error log and local Phoenix request | Check that Phoenix is running on the address and port in proxy_pass, then inspect service logs for a crash loop. |
| HTTPS issuance fails | DNS lookup, port 80, and nginx server-name matching | Point the hostname to the VPS, allow inbound port 80, remove conflicting server blocks, and rerun Certbot after the HTTP challenge is reachable. |
| Requests generate the wrong URL or scheme | Phoenix endpoint configuration and nginx headers | Set PHX_HOST correctly and preserve Host and X-Forwarded-Proto in the proxy configuration. |
Production cutover checklist
- DNS resolves to the intended VPS and SSH key access works for the non-root deploy account.
- Operating-system updates are applied; the firewall exposes only required ports.
- MySQL starts through systemd, uses a dedicated least-privilege account, and is not publicly exposed.
- The release was built for a compatible OS and architecture with pinned Elixir and Erlang/OTP versions.
DATABASE_URL,SECRET_KEY_BASE,PHX_HOST, andPORTare supplied at runtime through a protected file or service environment.- The release-native migration completed successfully before Phoenix started.
- systemd starts the correct release as
deployand restarts it on failure. - nginx passes the host and forwarded headers, and
nginx -tsucceeds. - Certbot issued the certificate and
certbot renew --dry-runsucceeds. - A database backup, restoration test, health check, monitoring view, and previous release artifact are available before the first update.
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