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To deploy a Rails application with Apache and Passenger on a VPS, install Passenger’s Apache integration, keep the application in a persistent directory owned by a non-root deployment user, point the Apache virtual host’s DocumentRoot to the app’s public directory, select the correct Ruby with PassengerRuby, and restart and validate Apache. A production deployment also needs the database, credentials, DNS, and operational safeguards required by that particular application.
The procedure below uses a conventional layout such as /var/www/myapp/code. Replace the hostname, paths, Ruby executable, repository, and branch with values for your server and application.
What the finished deployment looks like
Apache accepts the HTTP request for your hostname. Its virtual host serves static files from the Rails application’s public directory and passes dynamic Rails requests to Passenger. Passenger starts the application with the Ruby interpreter you specify and manages its application processes.
The repository itself should not be Apache’s document root. If the code is stored in /var/www/myapp/code, the public web root is:
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/var/www/myapp/code/publicThat distinction is the most important configuration detail. Passenger’s Apache reference states: “The virtual host’s document root must point to your application’s public subdirectory.”
Prerequisites on the VPS
Connect to a supported Linux distribution over SSH with an account that can use sudo. The server needs the software and services required by both Passenger and the Rails application.
Infrastructure checklist
- Apache HTTP Server.
- Ruby and the build tools required by the selected Passenger installation method.
- Rake, as required by Passenger’s Debian/Ubuntu installation documentation.
- Git, if the application will be obtained from a Git repository.
- The database service required by the Rails application.
- A public hostname whose DNS record resolves to the VPS when the site is ready for public traffic.
Ubuntu’s server guidance identifies a web server and a database service as prerequisites for Rails. The exact package names and Passenger repository distribution identifiers change over time, so select the current installation instructions for the distribution and release running on your VPS rather than copying an old repository line.
Information to collect before installing
- The production repository URL and branch or tag.
- The Ruby version required by the application’s lockfile and deployment policy.
- The database name, user, password, host, and port expected by the application.
- The production secrets and environment variables needed by Rails credentials, storage, mail, and third-party integrations.
- The hostname that will be placed in
ServerName.
Passenger’s deployment pages describe the application layout and Apache integration, but they do not define one universal secrets, database-migration, HTTPS, firewall, backup, or release-management procedure. Those parts must follow the application’s requirements and your VPS operating practices.
Choose how to install Passenger
Passenger’s Apache integration can be installed in two broad ways. Decide before provisioning so that the Ruby and package choices are consistent.
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| Route | What you do | Best fit | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
| Passenger gem and Apache module build | Install the Passenger gem, run passenger-install-apache2-module, then add the generated Apache configuration, including LoadModule and PassengerRoot. |
When you need control over the Passenger build or cannot use the packaged repository. | You must preserve and maintain the generated Apache directives yourself. |
| Packaged Apache module | Install the Passenger Apache package from Passenger’s repository and integrate it with the distribution’s Apache configuration. | When package management and distribution integration are the priority. | Repository instructions and distribution identifiers must match the current operating-system release. |
Neither route changes the required virtual-host concepts: Apache still needs the correct DocumentRoot, directory permissions, disabled MultiViews, and an explicit Ruby interpreter when more than one Ruby is installed.
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Provision Apache, Ruby, Git, and the database
- Update the VPS according to your distribution’s normal procedure. Use a supported release and keep administrative work in the
sudoaccount rather than running the application as root. - Install Apache and Git. Use the package manager for the distribution. Confirm that Apache’s service can start before adding Passenger.
- Install Ruby and Rake. If the application uses a version manager or a separately installed Ruby, record the absolute path to the interpreter that should run this application.
- Install the build prerequisites required by your chosen Passenger route. The current Passenger installation selector lists the Debian/Ubuntu prerequisites; use the equivalent instructions for another distribution.
- Install and configure the database service required by the application. A Rails app may require a database server even when Apache and Passenger are working correctly.
Do not treat a successful Apache page as proof that Rails is ready. Database connectivity, application dependencies, credentials, and migrations are separate deployment conditions.
Install Passenger and validate the Apache integration
Using the gem and module-build route
- Install the Passenger gem using the Ruby environment selected for the server.
- Run
passenger-install-apache2-module. - Allow the installer to check prerequisites and build the Apache module.
- At the end, copy the generated Apache configuration into the appropriate Apache configuration file. The generated snippet contains directives such as
LoadModuleandPassengerRoot; copy the complete snippet rather than only one line.
Using the packaged-module route
- Follow Passenger’s current repository instructions for the exact VPS distribution and release.
- Install the packaged Passenger Apache module and any listed dependencies.
- Use the distribution’s Apache integration mechanism to load the module.
Restart and validate
Restart Apache after Passenger is installed. Then run Passenger’s official validation command:
sudo /usr/bin/passenger-config validate-installThe validation step is required after the Apache restart. If it reports a missing module, an invalid configuration, or an unavailable Ruby, fix that issue before creating the application virtual host. A clean validation confirms the integration, not the health of your particular Rails application.
Create a dedicated deployment user and persistent application directory
Keep application code outside a temporary SSH session directory and avoid running the Rails process as root. Passenger’s own-server example uses a non-root application user and /var/www/myapp.
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- Create a dedicated deployment user using your distribution’s user-management command.
- Create the application directory:
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/myapp- Assign ownership to the deployment user:
sudo chown myappuser: /var/www/myapp- Change into that directory and clone the application as the deployment user:
cd /var/www/myapp
sudo -u myappuser -H git clone https://github.com/username/myapp.git codeUse your actual repository and the branch or tag selected for production. The -H option gives the command the deployment user’s home environment, which is important when Git credentials or a Ruby version manager are configured for that user.
Prepare the Rails release
Passenger can only boot an application that is complete from Rails’ perspective. The exact release workflow belongs to the application, but the following items must be resolved before testing the hostname.
Install Ruby dependencies
From the application directory, install the bundle with the deployment user’s Ruby and the options appropriate for production. Verify that the resulting Ruby executable is the same one you will place in PassengerRuby; installing gems under one Ruby and configuring Passenger to use another is a common cause of boot failures.
Compile assets when required
Rails versions and application configurations differ. Compile assets when the application release process requires it, and confirm that the generated assets are available under the deployed public tree.
Configure credentials and environment variables
Provide the production secrets, database settings, storage configuration, mail settings, and other environment variables expected by the application. Do not put secrets into the public directory or commit them to the repository.
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Prepare the database
Create the production database account and run the application’s approved schema or migration procedure. Passenger and Apache do not create the database, supply credentials, or decide whether a migration is safe.
Select the Ruby interpreter with PassengerRuby
A VPS may contain a distribution Ruby, an rbenv Ruby, an RVM Ruby, or several versions at once. Passenger needs an explicit executable when the default command is not the one your app requires.
- Use Passenger’s tooling and your Ruby installation method to determine the full path of the interpreter that can run the application.
- Run that Ruby as the deployment user and confirm it can load the application’s bundle.
- Place the absolute path in the virtual host’s
PassengerRubydirective.
PassengerRuby selects the Ruby command for a specific application or virtual host. It is not a request to Passenger to choose the newest Ruby on the server. Pin the path deliberately, especially when the system Ruby and a version-managed Ruby coexist.
Configure an Apache virtual host for a root deployment
Create a site configuration using the Apache layout appropriate for your distribution. This is the minimal pattern for an application served at the hostname root:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName yourserver.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/myapp/code/public
PassengerRuby /path-to-ruby
<Directory /var/www/myapp/code/public>
Allow from all
Options -MultiViews
# Apache 2.4+: Require all granted
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>Replace yourserver.com, /var/www/myapp/code/public, and /path-to-ruby. On Apache 2.4 and later, use Require all granted for authorization. The older Allow from all form is shown in Passenger’s pattern for older Apache configurations; do not rely on it instead of the 2.4 authorization directive.
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What each directive does
| Directive | Purpose | Value to check |
|---|---|---|
ServerName |
Associates requests for a hostname with this virtual host. | The public DNS name you intend to use. |
DocumentRoot |
Sets the web root Apache exposes and the location Passenger treats as the application entry point. | The Rails app’s public directory, not the repository root. |
PassengerRuby |
Selects the Ruby executable for this app or virtual host. | The full path to the Ruby that has the app’s bundle. |
<Directory> |
Applies access and option rules to the public directory. | Exactly the same public path as DocumentRoot. |
Options -MultiViews |
Disables Apache content negotiation that can interfere with Rails route handling. | Keep it in the public-directory block. |
Require all granted |
Allows Apache 2.4 to serve the directory. | Use it for Apache 2.4 or newer. |
Serve a Rails app below a sub-URI
A sub-URI deployment, such as serving an app below /myapp on an existing hostname, requires more than changing DocumentRoot. Passenger’s Apache reference uses an Alias, PassengerBaseURI, and PassengerAppRoot in a Location block, plus a matching Directory block for the app’s public directory.
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<Location /myapp>
PassengerBaseURI /myapp
PassengerAppRoot /var/www/myapp/code
</Location>
<Directory /var/www/myapp/code/public>
Options -MultiViews
Require all granted
</Directory>Adapt the URI and filesystem paths to your application, and follow the Passenger reference for the complete sub-URI arrangement. The application itself may also need a matching asset and URL configuration; Apache cannot correct Rails-generated links that assume the app is mounted at the hostname root.
Enable the site, check syntax, and restart Apache
- Place the virtual-host file in the distribution’s Apache sites or configuration directory.
- Enable the site with the distribution’s Apache tooling when that tooling is available.
- Check the Apache configuration before restarting. Use the configuration-test command provided by your distribution, such as the appropriate
apachectlorapache2ctlsyntax-test operation. - Correct every reported error, including an incorrect Ruby path, missing Passenger module, duplicate virtual host, or malformed directory block.
- Restart Apache with the service manager or Apache command used by the distribution.
The Passenger deployment guide calls for an Apache restart after adding the virtual host. A restart that fails is a configuration problem; do not continue to application debugging until Apache starts cleanly.
Verify DNS, Apache, Passenger, and Rails separately
Test in layers so that a failure points to the right component.
- Check name resolution. Confirm that the hostname resolves to the VPS address. If DNS still points elsewhere, the correct virtual host will not receive the request.
- Request the hostname. Confirm that you see the Rails application rather than Apache’s default page. A default page usually means the intended virtual host is not enabled, the hostname does not match
ServerName, or the request reached another server. - Check Apache’s startup result. A clean restart establishes that the configuration parses and the Passenger module can load.
- Check Passenger’s status and troubleshooting tools. Use the Passenger commands appropriate to the installed version when the app fails to boot or remains unavailable.
- Read Apache and application logs. Look for bundle errors, missing environment variables, database connection failures, permission errors, and exceptions raised during Rails boot.
- Test a Rails route and a static asset. This distinguishes an application boot problem from an asset or routing problem.
The installation validation command proves that Passenger is integrated with Apache. It does not prove that this application’s Ruby, gems, secrets, database, and assets are correct.
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Troubleshoot the common failure branches
| Symptom | Likely area | Checks and corrective action |
|---|---|---|
| Apache will not restart | Syntax or module configuration | Run the distribution’s Apache configuration test, inspect the exact error, and verify the generated Passenger LoadModule and PassengerRoot directives. |
| Passenger validation fails | Passenger installation or prerequisites | Confirm the selected installation route completed, required packages are present, and Apache was restarted before running sudo /usr/bin/passenger-config validate-install. |
| Apache shows its default page | Virtual-host selection | Check that the site is enabled, ServerName matches the request, DNS points to this VPS, and another enabled site is not taking precedence. |
| 403 Forbidden for public files | Directory authorization or filesystem access | Verify the <Directory> path matches DocumentRoot, use Require all granted on Apache 2.4+, and check that Apache can traverse the parent directories. |
| Routes return unexpected file or redirect behavior | Apache content negotiation | Ensure Options -MultiViews is present in the public-directory block. |
| Application cannot boot or gems are missing | Ruby selection or bundle | Compare the Ruby used to install the bundle with the absolute path in PassengerRuby; then inspect the Rails and Apache logs. |
| Database errors during boot or requests | Database service or environment | Confirm the required database service is running, credentials are available to the deployment user, and the release’s migration procedure has been completed. |
| Assets are missing | Release preparation | Run the application’s required asset compilation step and confirm the files are under the deployed public tree. |
Root deployment versus sub-URI deployment
| Decision | Root virtual host | Sub-URI |
|---|---|---|
| URL shape | The app owns the hostname, such as yourserver.com. |
The app is mounted below a path such as yourserver.com/myapp. |
| Apache setup | A VirtualHost with DocumentRoot ending in public. |
An Alias, PassengerBaseURI, PassengerAppRoot, and matching directory rules. |
| Complexity | Simpler routing and fewer URL assumptions. | Useful for multiple apps on one hostname but requires matching Rails and asset configuration. |
System Ruby versus a version-managed Ruby
Using the distribution Ruby can simplify package integration, while rbenv or RVM can pin the interpreter required by an application. The operational requirement is the same in either case: Passenger must be pointed at the Ruby that owns the production bundle.
- Choose the system Ruby when the application’s supported version matches the distribution and simplicity is more important than independent Ruby version control.
- Choose a version-managed Ruby when the application requires a specific interpreter or several applications need different versions.
- In both cases, record the full executable path and test it as the deployment user before editing
PassengerRuby.
What this procedure does not provide
This deployment sequence gets Apache and Passenger serving a Rails application, but a public production service still needs operational decisions that are outside the cited installation and deployment examples:
- HTTPS certificates and HTTP-to-HTTPS policy.
- Firewall and SSH hardening.
- Database backups and restore testing.
- Application and server monitoring.
- Log rotation and retention.
- A repeatable release, rollback, and migration policy.
- File-upload, secret-storage, and least-privilege decisions appropriate to the application.
Do not infer that Passenger validation or an Apache restart supplies any of these controls. Add them before treating the VPS as a finished production service.
Quick Recap
Repeatable deployment checklist
- Provision a supported VPS and connect over SSH.
- Install Apache, Ruby, Rake, Git, build prerequisites, and the application’s database service.
- Install Passenger through the gem/module-build route or the current packaged repository route.
- Restart Apache and run
sudo /usr/bin/passenger-config validate-install. - Create a non-root deployment user and a persistent directory such as
/var/www/myapp. - Clone the application into a subdirectory such as
/var/www/myapp/codeusing that user. - Install the bundle, compile assets when required, configure secrets and environment variables, and prepare the database.
- Determine the exact Ruby executable Passenger must use.
- Set
DocumentRootto/var/www/myapp/code/public, setPassengerRuby, grant directory access, and disableMultiViews. - Enable the virtual host, test Apache syntax, and restart Apache.
- Verify DNS, the hostname response, Passenger status, Apache logs, Rails logs, routes, and assets.
- Complete HTTPS, hardening, backups, monitoring, and release-management work before exposing the application as a production service.
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