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The dependable way to deploy Coreflux on a Linux VPS is to choose one supported path—Coreflux Hub, the official Docker image, or a provider one-click image—then expose only the listener ports your clients need, replace the documented root/coreflux password, enable authentication and TLS, and verify the installation with a publish/subscribe test.
This guide covers each path, the port differences between templates, certificate handling, firewall rules, persistence responsibilities, and a practical reachability test. Coreflux advertises Linux, Docker, Raspberry Pi, and cloud deployments, so the exact files and service names depend on the path you select.
Plan the deployment before opening a port
A VPS deployment has two separate jobs: getting the broker process running and making a secure, reachable endpoint for clients. Decide both before installing anything.
Choose an administration model
- Coreflux Hub: Hub downloads and manages a Linux broker and creates a system service. It is convenient when you want Coreflux’s own lifecycle tooling and a broker identified by a Hub broker ID.
- Docker: The official
coreflux/coreflux-mqtt-brokerimage is the most repeatable option when your team already operates containers. You select an image tag and keep the compose configuration under version control. - DigitalOcean 1-Click App: The broker is running when the Droplet is created. This is the shortest path to a working VPS, but you inherit the provider’s template, service layout, certificate locations, and upgrade procedure.
Record the details you will need later
- VPS public IP address or DNS name.
- Chosen deployment path and, for Docker, the exact image tag rather than an unpinned
latesttag. - Broker ID and identification string if you use Hub.
- Which client protocols you actually need: native MQTT, MQTT over TLS, WebSocket, or secure WebSocket.
- Where broker data and certificates are stored, and who is responsible for backing them up.
- A maintenance account with SSH access and
sudo; do not plan to administer the broker with the default application password.
Use both firewall layers
Most VPS providers have a cloud firewall in addition to the Linux host firewall. A listener must be permitted in both places. Start with no inbound broker ports, install the service, and then allow only the ports required by your clients. Keep SSH restricted to your administration addresses whenever the provider permits it.
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Compare the three practical deployment paths
| Path | What is established | Version and file control | Operational responsibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coreflux Hub | Downloads the Linux broker to /home/<Username>/.config/corefluxhub/<BrokerID>/CorefluxCentral and creates CorefluxHub_<BrokerIdentification>.service. |
Hub manages the broker identified by its broker ID; record that ID for later administration. | You operate the VPS firewall, credentials, certificates, data protection, and service lifecycle. |
| Official Docker image | Image name is coreflux/coreflux-mqtt-broker. Docker Hub lists latest, versioned tags such as 2.14.3, and distroless variants for Linux amd64 and arm64. |
You choose and pin the image tag and keep the compose definition that maps the listeners. | You are responsible for container restarts, persistent storage, backups, firewall rules, and upgrades. |
| DigitalOcean 1-Click App | The broker is already running after Droplet creation. Documentation supplies SSH access details, endpoint ports, TLS certificate locations, a systemd restart command, and Mosquitto validation commands. | The provider template determines the initial layout; confirm its Coreflux version and change process before production use. | You still control credentials, firewall exposure, certificates, data protection, and operational testing. |
None of these choices automatically supplies a universal backup, rollback, or support policy. Confirm those procedures for the exact Coreflux version and template you deploy.
Understand Coreflux listener ports
Port numbers differ between published examples, so do not copy a firewall rule from one template to another without checking the listener configuration actually running on your VPS.
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|---|---|---|---|
1883 |
MQTT without TLS | Docker quick-start and DigitalOcean 1-Click examples | Open only when a trusted network requires unencrypted MQTT; otherwise prefer the TLS listener. |
1884 |
MQTT over TLS in the Docker and DigitalOcean examples | Docker quick-start and DigitalOcean 1-Click examples | Open when clients are configured for that template’s encrypted MQTT endpoint. |
5000 |
WebSocket | Docker quick-start and DigitalOcean 1-Click examples | Open only if browser or WebSocket clients use it. |
443 |
Secure WebSocket | Docker quick-start and DigitalOcean 1-Click examples | Open for secure WebSocket clients; it may also be used by other HTTPS-facing components in a template. |
8883 |
MQTT over TLS on Coreflux’s public broker listing | Coreflux public broker page | Verify your selected image or one-click template before using this port; it is not interchangeable with 1884 without configuration changes. |
Do not expose every listed port by default. A native MQTT client does not need WebSocket listeners, and a WebSocket-only application does not need native MQTT access.
Deploy with Coreflux Hub
Hub is appropriate when you want Coreflux’s Linux download and service-management workflow rather than maintaining a container definition yourself.
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- Prepare the VPS. Create a supported Linux VPS, connect over SSH, apply operating-system updates, and ensure the account that will run Hub has a writable home directory and permission to create a system service.
- Install and open Coreflux Hub. Obtain the Hub package from Coreflux’s current Linux documentation, run it on the VPS, and create a broker with a unique broker ID. The exact installer command can change with the Hub release, so use the command for the release you selected.
- Confirm the downloaded broker. Hub places the executable at
/home/<Username>/.config/corefluxhub/<BrokerID>/CorefluxCentral. Check that the path belongs to the intended service account and that the file exists before troubleshooting networking. - Check the system service. Hub creates
CorefluxHub_<BrokerIdentification>.service. Use the exact identification string shown by Hub when checking status, for example:sudo systemctl status CorefluxHub_<BrokerIdentification>.service - Read the endpoint settings. Identify which MQTT, TLS, WebSocket, and secure WebSocket listeners this broker instance enabled. Open only those listeners in the VPS and cloud firewalls.
- Secure the first login. The Hub documentation gives the initial credentials
rootandcoreflux. Change the password immediately, before exposing the broker to the public internet. - Test from outside the VPS. Use the Mosquitto client procedure later in this guide from an administration workstation or another host, not only from localhost. An external test catches cloud-firewall and routing mistakes that a local test cannot.
Deploy the official Docker image
Docker gives you a repeatable deployment, but repeatability depends on keeping the image tag, port mappings, configuration, and storage definition together.
Pin a tested image
The image is coreflux/coreflux-mqtt-broker. Available tags include latest, versioned releases such as 2.14.3, and distroless variants for Linux amd64 and arm64. Use a version tag that you have validated instead of silently following latest. Record the tag in your deployment notes so a later restart does not unexpectedly change the broker version.
Use the official compose layout
- Install Docker Engine and the Compose implementation supported by your Linux distribution.
- Create a dedicated directory for the broker’s compose file and configuration. Keep that directory under your normal change-control or backup process.
- Start from Coreflux’s Docker quick-start definition. Its documented port mappings are
1883,1884,5000, and443. Retain only the mappings needed by your clients. - Replace an unpinned
latestimage reference with your tested version tag, such as2.14.3, if that is the version you approved. - Start the stack with the documented command:
docker-compose up -d - Confirm that the container is running and inspect its startup output with your Docker commands. A running container does not prove that a listener is reachable through both firewalls, so perform the external publish/subscribe test.
Do not lose broker data when recreating the container
The image documentation and your chosen compose definition determine how broker data is persisted. Preserve the documented data location or volume mapping, and test restoring it before treating the deployment as production-ready. Do not assume that deleting and recreating a container preserves state unless the storage configuration explicitly does so. The same caution applies to certificates and any custom configuration mounted into the container.
Plan upgrades and rollback
Before changing the image tag, capture the current tag, configuration, certificates, and persistent data. Test the new tag in a separate environment when possible. Keep the previous image tag available so you can return to it if clients cannot connect or message behavior changes. Coreflux’s published material does not define one universal upgrade or rollback runbook for every Docker installation, so follow the instructions for the exact release and compose template.
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Deploy the DigitalOcean 1-Click App
The 1-Click option is useful when you want a prebuilt VPS rather than assembling the broker installation yourself.
- Create the Droplet from the Coreflux 1-Click image. Select the VPS size and authentication method appropriate for your workload, then wait for provisioning to finish.
- Connect over SSH. The broker should already be running after Droplet creation. Confirm the assigned public IP and the endpoint ports shown by the template.
- Review the firewall. Permit only the listeners your clients need. The documented example uses MQTT
1883, MQTT TLS1884, WebSocket5000, and secure WebSocket443. - Install your certificates. DigitalOcean’s Coreflux instructions use
/opt/coreflux/tls/server.crtand/opt/coreflux/tls/server.key. Protect the private key from non-administrative users and verify its ownership and permissions. - Restart after certificate changes. The documented service command is:
sudo systemctl restart coreflux-broker - Validate externally. Install
mosquitto-clientson an administration workstation or another VPS and run the test procedure below against the Droplet’s public address.
Before production, record the Coreflux version in the image, where the template stores broker data, and how the provider expects upgrades to be performed. A one-click image reduces installation work; it does not remove the need for backups and change control.
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Enable authentication and TLS
Change the default password first
Coreflux Hub documents root / coreflux as initial credentials. Treat those credentials as a bootstrap secret only: sign in over a protected administrative path, set a unique password, and remove the original value from notes, scripts, and shell history. If your selected template supplies a different initial credential process, follow that template instead of assuming the Hub defaults apply.
Turn on both controls in the broker configuration
The Coreflux MQTT Bridge configuration exposes username and password fields together with EnableTLS and EnableAuthentication controls. For a client-facing deployment, configure the intended credentials, enable authentication, and enable TLS. Then restart or reload the broker using the procedure for your path and verify that an unauthenticated connection is rejected while a correctly authenticated TLS connection succeeds.
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Install and validate certificates
For the DigitalOcean template, place the server certificate at /opt/coreflux/tls/server.crt and the private key at /opt/coreflux/tls/server.key, then run sudo systemctl restart coreflux-broker. Docker and Hub installations may use different configuration or mount paths; use the selected release’s certificate instructions rather than copying the one-click paths into another deployment.
Clients must trust the certificate authority that issued the server certificate and connect to a hostname covered by the certificate. If you test by IP address while the certificate was issued for a DNS name, certificate validation can fail even though the TCP port is open. Correct the client hostname or use a certificate that includes the address you intend to publish.
Keep encrypted and unencrypted access intentional
Do not leave port 1883 publicly reachable merely because it is convenient for an initial test. Once TLS is working, close the unencrypted listener unless a controlled internal client still requires it. The public Coreflux test broker is unsuitable for sensitive data because messages are visible to all connected clients.
Test reachability and message routing
Install the command-line client
On an administration workstation or a separate Linux host, install the Mosquitto command-line tools:
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sudo apt install -y mosquitto-clientsRun the subscriber first in one terminal so it is waiting when the publisher sends its message. Replace YOUR_VPS_IP with the address of your VPS and use the port that your template actually enabled.
mosquitto_sub -h YOUR_VPS_IP -p 1883 -t 'coreflux/test'In a second terminal, publish a message:
mosquitto_pub -h YOUR_VPS_IP -p 1883 -t 'coreflux/test' -m 'Hello from Coreflux'The subscriber should print Hello from Coreflux. That single round trip confirms TCP reachability, broker acceptance, topic routing, and subscription delivery. It does not prove that authentication, TLS, persistence, or every listener is correctly configured.
Repeat the test over TLS
Run the same publish and subscribe test against the encrypted listener selected by your template—1884 in the documented Docker and DigitalOcean examples, or 8883 where that listener is configured. Supply the client certificate-authority file required by your certificate setup and use the certificate’s DNS name as the host when validation depends on hostname matching. Do not disable certificate verification merely to make a test pass; fix the trust chain, hostname, or certificate path instead.
Interpret common failures
- Connection times out: Check the VPS firewall, cloud firewall, public IP, routing, and whether the service is listening on the expected port. A timeout usually indicates filtering or an incorrect address rather than a password problem.
- Connection refused: Confirm the Coreflux service or container is running and that the listener is bound to the expected interface and port. Review Hub service status, container logs, or the one-click service status.
- Authentication failure: Verify the username and password, confirm that the client is connecting to the intended listener, and check that authentication is enabled in the selected configuration.
- TLS handshake or certificate error: Check the certificate and key paths, private-key permissions, certificate expiration, issuing CA trust, hostname matching, and whether the client is using the correct TLS port. Restart the service after replacing certificates when the template requires it.
- Publisher succeeds but subscriber receives nothing: Confirm that both commands use the same host, port, topic, and credentials. Start the subscriber before publishing and check that topic filters are identical.
- Works on the VPS but not remotely: A local test can bypass the cloud firewall and public routing. Repeat from an external network and inspect both firewall layers.
Production operating checklist
- Pin and record the Coreflux release or Docker image tag.
- Document the enabled listeners and remove unused firewall rules.
- Store certificates, private keys, broker configuration, and persistent data under a controlled ownership and backup process.
- Test restoration of broker data rather than assuming a volume or Hub directory is backed up.
- Keep a rollback path for image or package upgrades, including the previous version and configuration.
- Retest authenticated MQTT and TLS access after every firewall, certificate, or broker change.
- Monitor disk space, memory, service restarts, and connection errors on the VPS.
- Confirm the support and maintenance terms for the exact Coreflux edition and deployment template; the published material does not define one universal policy for every Linux VPS installation.
How to interpret Coreflux capacity claims
Coreflux’s current product material publishes the following figures:
| Claim | Qualification |
|---|---|
| 35,000+ clients on a single broker | Vendor claim from Coreflux product material; no independent benchmark methodology is supplied in the cited material. |
| Over 800,000 messages per second | Vendor claim; throughput depends on message size, QoS, persistence, network, client behavior, and VPS resources, and no independent test method is supplied. |
| As little as 256 MB RAM while managing 2,500 connections | Vendor claim; treat it as a lower-bound sizing example rather than a guarantee for your workload. |
Use those figures as orientation, not as a capacity plan. Your own connection count, message rate, payload size, QoS level, retained data, TLS overhead, and persistence requirements determine the VPS size you need. Load-test the exact broker version and configuration before committing a production workload.
Which path should you use?
Choose Hub when Coreflux’s broker-download and system-service workflow is the best fit for your administrators. Choose Docker when you need an auditable image tag and repeatable compose deployment. Choose the DigitalOcean 1-Click App when a preconfigured Droplet and documented certificate locations are more valuable than controlling every installation detail. Whichever path you select, the security and validation sequence is the same: restrict listeners, replace the bootstrap credential, enable authenticated TLS, protect persistent data, and prove the endpoint with an external publish/subscribe test.
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