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To run Buildbot automatically on a Linux VPS, create a Buildbot master or worker instance, install the matching systemd template, then enable the instance with systemctl enable --now. Buildbot already ships templates for both roles, so adapting those files is safer than inventing a unit from scratch.
The important details are the instance name, the service account, the working directory, the executable path, and a deterministic environment—especially PATH. The procedure below covers upstream installations and Debian package-managed services, including logging and the failure modes that most often prevent a daemon from starting.
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Understand what you are running
Buildbot is split into two daemon roles:
- Buildbot master: coordinates builders, schedules work, stores configuration, and communicates with workers.
- Buildbot worker: connects to a master and executes assigned jobs. It is lighter and can run in more environments than a master.
These roles have different commands, directories, and unit templates. A VPS that only contributes build capacity normally needs a worker. A VPS hosting the orchestration service needs a master, and may also host one or more workers if that is appropriate for the build workload.
Both roles use systemd template units. The @ in a unit name means one file can represent multiple named instances: buildbot@alpha.service and buildbot@release.service can use the same master template while pointing at different instance directories.
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Prerequisites and planning
Choose the component deliberately
| Need | Install | Create command | Typical unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Build coordinator | pip install buildbot |
buildbot create-master NAME |
buildbot@NAME.service |
| Build executor | pip install buildbot-worker |
buildbot-worker create-worker NAME MASTER-HOSTNAME NAME PASSWORD |
buildbot-worker@NAME.service |
Choose a Buildbot version intentionally. Distribution packages can lag the versions published on PyPI, while a Python virtual environment can make the selected version and executable path explicit. Whichever installation method you use, record where the commands are installed; systemd does not necessarily inherit the interactive shell’s PATH.
Prepare the VPS
- Use a supported Linux distribution with systemd as PID 1.
- Have root or
sudoaccess for package installation and writing under/etc/systemd/system. - Reserve a dedicated account for the daemon rather than running Buildbot as root.
- Decide the permanent location of each instance directory before creating it.
- Ensure the VPS can resolve and reach the master hostname and required network ports for a worker.
A simple dedicated account can be created with your distribution’s account tools, for example sudo useradd --system --create-home --shell /usr/sbin/nologin buildbot. If your distribution already creates a buildbot account through its package, use that account instead of creating a duplicate.
Install Buildbot and verify the executable
Install only the role needed by the VPS. For an upstream Python installation, the documented package commands are:
python3 -m pip install buildbot
python3 -m pip install buildbot-workerRun the second command only when this machine is a worker; run the first when it is a master. If you use a virtual environment, activate it while installing and use its absolute executable path in the unit. Verify the result as the account that will run the service:
command -v buildbot
command -v buildbot-worker
buildbot --version
buildbot-worker --versionSome commands will not exist because you installed only one role. That is expected. The path returned by command -v is the path to compare with ExecStart and ExecStop later. A common mismatch is installing into /usr/local/bin or a virtual environment while writing a unit that points to /usr/bin.
Create a dedicated instance directory
Each master or worker needs its own instance directory. Keep the directory owned by the service account and avoid placing mutable daemon state in a user’s home directory if the account will later be removed or restricted.
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For a Debian worker package, the documented layout uses /var/lib/buildbot/workers/$NAME, owned by the service account:
sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/buildbot/workers/NAME
sudo chown -R buildbot: /var/lib/buildbot/workers/NAMEUse the corresponding master directory supplied by your package or deployment convention. For an upstream installation, you may choose a path such as /var/lib/buildbot/masters/NAME or /srv/buildbot/NAME; the path in the unit must exactly match the path used when the instance is created.
Do not let the directory remain root-owned if systemd will launch the daemon as buildbot. The daemon must be able to read its configuration and write runtime files and logs, including twistd.pid and twistd.log.
Create the Buildbot instance
Create a master
From the parent directory where the instance should live, run:
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After creation, inspect the generated configuration before enabling the service. A master normally contains its configuration files and will create runtime artifacts such as twistd.pid and twistd.log when started.
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Create a worker
Create a worker with the master hostname, worker name, and password:
buildbot-worker create-worker NAME MASTER-HOSTNAME NAME PASSWORDThe first NAME is the local instance directory name in the command’s documented form; the second is the worker identity that must match the worker configured on the master. Use a strong, unique password and protect the directory and any files containing it.
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buildbot-worker create-worker /var/lib/buildbot/workers/linux-x86 master.example.net linux-x86 'replace-with-a-strong-secret'Use the exact syntax accepted by the installed Buildbot version. If the command creates files as root, correct ownership before starting:
sudo chown -R buildbot:buildbot /var/lib/buildbot/workers/linux-x86Use Buildbot’s shipped systemd templates
Buildbot ships systemd template unit files for both master and worker:
master/contrib/systemd/buildbot@.serviceworker/contrib/systemd/buildbot-worker@.service
These files are the authoritative starting point for the Buildbot version you installed. Copy the appropriate template into /etc/systemd/system if your package has not already installed it, or adapt it there when your deployment needs a different account or directory:
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sudo cp master/contrib/systemd/buildbot@.service /etc/systemd/system/buildbot@.service
sudo cp worker/contrib/systemd/buildbot-worker@.service /etc/systemd/system/buildbot-worker@.serviceThe source paths above refer to a Buildbot source tree. A distribution package may install an equivalent unit elsewhere. Locate the packaged file with your package manager or inspect an existing service using systemctl cat before replacing it.
Illustrative unit pattern
The following is an editorial pattern, not a verbatim vendor unit. Verify executable paths, daemon behavior, and options against the installed Buildbot version before deployment:
[Unit]
Description=Buildbot worker instance %i
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
[Service]
Type=forking
User=buildbot
Group=buildbot
WorkingDirectory=/var/lib/buildbot/workers/%i
Environment="PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
ExecStart=/usr/bin/buildbot-worker start /var/lib/buildbot/workers/%i
ExecStop=/usr/bin/buildbot-worker stop /var/lib/buildbot/workers/%i
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target%i is systemd’s instance identifier. Starting buildbot-worker@linux-x86.service substitutes linux-x86 for every %i in the unit. The same mechanism is used by the master template, although its executable and directory are different.
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What each directive must match
| Directive | What to verify | Typical failure when wrong |
|---|---|---|
Type |
Whether the Buildbot command forks into the background. Keep the shipped value unless the installed version documents another mode. | systemd reports a timeout or marks a correctly running daemon as failed. |
User/Group |
The account owning the instance directory and credentials. | Permission denied while reading configuration or writing logs and PID files. |
WorkingDirectory |
The actual master or worker instance directory. | Missing configuration, creation of files in an unexpected directory, or immediate exit. |
Environment |
A deterministic executable search path and, where necessary, HOME or PYTHONPATH. |
Commands found in an interactive shell cannot be found by systemd. |
ExecStart/ExecStop |
Absolute paths and the correct role-specific command. | “No such file or directory,” an unsupported argument, or a daemon that cannot be stopped cleanly. |
After/Wants |
Network readiness requirements for a worker or master that contacts remote services. | Startup races while DNS or networking is still coming up. |
WantedBy |
The boot target used when enabling the unit. | The service starts manually but is not pulled in at boot. |
Set a deterministic environment
Buildbot specifically recommends considering a fixed PATH when systemd launches buildbot-worker. A login shell may set PATH, PYTHONPATH, and HOME; a system service normally does not inherit those values. This is especially important when Buildbot was installed under /usr/local or inside a virtual environment.
Set the actual installation path in the unit, for example:
Environment="PATH=/opt/buildbot-venv/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
Environment="HOME=/var/lib/buildbot"Do not copy that value blindly. Replace /opt/buildbot-venv/bin and HOME with paths that exist on your VPS and are readable by the service account. Add PYTHONPATH only when your installation requires it; an unnecessary value can make Python import the wrong package version.
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Enable and start a master instance
- Confirm the master directory, account, and paths in
buildbot@.service. - Ask systemd to reread unit files:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload. - Enable the named instance for boot and start it immediately:
sudo systemctl enable --now buildbot@NAME.service - Inspect the result:
sudo systemctl status buildbot@NAME.service sudo journalctl -u buildbot@NAME.service -b - Read the instance’s
twistd.logif the journal only shows a generic exit status.
The name after @ must correspond to the instance directory represented by %i. Enabling buildbot@main.service does not start an unrelated directory called release.
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Enable and start a worker instance
- Verify the worker’s master hostname, worker identity, password file, and directory ownership.
- Check that
ExecStartpoints to the installedbuildbot-workerexecutable and thatPATHincludes its directory. - Reload unit definitions:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload - Enable and start the worker instance:
sudo systemctl enable --now buildbot-worker@NAME.service - Check service state and this worker’s logs:
sudo systemctl status buildbot-worker@NAME.service sudo journalctl -u buildbot-worker@NAME.service -b
A running process is not enough to prove that the worker is useful: it must also connect to the configured master and become available there. Check the master-side worker status after startup.
Debian package services and drop-ins
Debian package users can use the templated service names buildbot@$NAME.service and buildbot-worker@$NAME.service. The package may provide its own directories, defaults, and unit files, so prefer those paths over copying an upstream source-tree template unchanged.
To change the account without editing a package-owned unit, create a systemd drop-in. For a master named main:
sudo mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/buildbot@main.service.d
sudoedit /etc/systemd/system/buildbot@main.service.d/user.confPut only the override in that file:
[Service]
User=buildbot
Group=buildbotFor a worker, use the analogous directory:
/etc/systemd/system/buildbot-worker@NAME.service.d/user.confAfter saving either drop-in, reload and restart the exact instance:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart buildbot@main.service
sudo systemctl restart buildbot-worker@NAME.serviceUse systemctl cat buildbot@main.service or systemctl cat buildbot-worker@NAME.service to see the vendor unit and every active drop-in. This catches the common mistake of editing a file that systemd is not actually loading.
Diagnose startup failures methodically
| Symptom | Likely cause | Check or fix |
|---|---|---|
Unit ... could not be found |
The template was not installed, or the instance name is misspelled. | Confirm the file exists in /etc/systemd/system, run daemon-reload, and list units with systemctl list-unit-files | grep buildbot. |
ExecStart=... No such file or directory |
The executable is in /usr/local/bin or a virtual environment rather than the path in the unit. |
Run command -v buildbot or command -v buildbot-worker and update the absolute path. |
| Immediate permission errors | The service account cannot read the instance or write its runtime files. | Check ownership with ls -ld and recursively assign the directory to the configured user and group. |
| The command works in a shell but fails under systemd | Different PATH, HOME, or PYTHONPATH. |
Add only the required values with systemd Environment= and use absolute executable paths. |
| Service times out or reports a fork/type error | The handwritten Type= does not match the daemon’s start behavior. |
Compare with the shipped template and restore its value before changing other settings. |
| Worker starts but never connects | Wrong master hostname, credentials, DNS, firewall, or network startup race. | Read twistd.log and the journal, test name resolution and connectivity as the service account, and keep the network dependency from the template. |
| Old settings persist after editing | systemd has not reloaded the unit, or a drop-in overrides the edited value. | Run daemon-reload, inspect systemctl cat, then restart the instance. |
| PID or log files appear in the wrong place | The working directory or start argument does not point at the created instance. | Align WorkingDirectory, %i, and the path passed to ExecStart. |
Read both systemd and Buildbot logs
systemctl status shows the current state and recent journal lines. journalctl -u UNIT -b limits the journal to one unit during the current boot. Buildbot’s twistd.log contains application-level startup and connection details, while twistd.pid indicates that the daemon created its runtime PID file. A successful systemd start with an unusable worker connection is usually explained in the Buildbot log rather than by systemd itself.
Handwritten unit versus shipped template
When reviewing a custom unit, compare it directly with the supplied template rather than judging it only by whether the process starts.
| Comparison axis | Questions to answer |
|---|---|
| Executable | Does the absolute path point to the installed master or worker command? |
| Working directory | Is it the instance created by Buildbot, not merely its parent directory? |
| Instance naming | Does the @NAME invocation resolve to the directory expected by %i? |
| Account | Can the configured user read configuration and write logs, PID files, and build state? |
| Environment | Are PATH, HOME, and any required Python paths explicit? |
| Start/stop behavior | Do Type, ExecStart, and ExecStop match the installed daemon? |
| Dependencies | Does the service wait for the network when the role needs remote connectivity? |
| Logging | Can you find both the systemd journal and the instance’s twistd.log? |
Operational checklist
- Install only
buildbotfor a master orbuildbot-workerfor a worker, and record the selected version. - Create a stable instance directory and assign it to a dedicated service account.
- Create the instance before enabling its unit.
- Use the matching shipped template:
buildbot@.servicefor masters orbuildbot-worker@.servicefor workers. - Verify every executable path with
command -v. - Set a fixed
PATH; addHOMEorPYTHONPATHonly when required. - Keep
%i, the@NAMEservice invocation, and the instance directory consistent. - Run
systemctl daemon-reloadafter unit or drop-in changes. - Enable and start the exact instance with
systemctl enable --now. - Check status, the boot journal, and
twistd.logafter every deployment change.
Final configuration principle
A reliable Buildbot systemd service is mostly an exercise in consistency: the role-specific package, created instance, service account, filesystem ownership, executable path, environment, and templated instance name must all describe the same deployment. Start from Buildbot’s supplied template, make only the necessary path and account changes, then validate the service and Buildbot logs independently.
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