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Use one wildcard DNS record—such as *.example.com—to send every tenant hostname to the same load balancer or web server. When a request arrives, your edge server accepts the hostname and your application extracts the tenant slug, looks it up in its database, and applies that tenant’s permissions. You do not add a DNS record for every user: you add the user record in your application and let wildcard DNS handle resolution for the hostname.
What wildcard DNS does—and what it does not do
A wildcard record matches otherwise-unconfigured names beneath a DNS zone. If your zone is example.com, a record named *.example.com can answer for names such as alice.example.com and team-42.example.com when no more-specific record exists. The value normally points to the public IP address of your load balancer or reverse proxy (an A record), an IPv6 address (AAAA), or another hostname (CNAME).
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- The browser resolves
tenant-slug.example.com. - The wildcard record returns the ingress address when no explicit record overrides it.
- The TLS endpoint and web server accept the requested hostname.
- The application validates the hostname, identifies the tenant, and enforces authentication and authorization.
Keeping those responsibilities separate is the key to a reliable multi-tenant design. DNS is shared infrastructure; tenant ownership remains an application concern.
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Choose a safe hostname and tenant identifier
Decide the public hostname format before creating the DNS record. A common pattern is tenant-slug.example.com, where the left-most label is a stable, normalized identifier rather than a display name.
Use a unique slug, not a user’s full name
Store the slug in a database column with a uniqueness constraint. Keep it stable even if the organization changes its display name. If you allow renaming, treat the old hostname as a redirect or an explicit alias and define how long that alias remains valid.
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Normalize and validate at creation time
- Convert letters to a consistent case; DNS names are case-insensitive.
- Allow only labels that comply with DNS syntax, normally letters, digits, and hyphens, with a length that your application and provider accept.
- Reject dots, slashes, backslashes, control characters, whitespace, and encoded separators. A dot would create another DNS label rather than a single tenant slug.
- Keep the identifier separate from a display name that may contain spaces, punctuation, or non-ASCII characters.
Reserve infrastructure names
Block names used by your platform before users can claim them. Typical reservations include www, api, admin, app, status, mail, and _acme-challenge. Add any future service names to the same denylist and make the check case-insensitive.
Create the wildcard DNS record
At the authoritative DNS provider for example.com, create a wildcard record with an asterisk in the name field. Cloud DNS interfaces may display the name as *, *.example.com, or append the zone automatically; use the provider’s documented form and verify the resulting fully qualified name.
| Record | Name | Value | When to use it |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | * |
IPv4 address of the load balancer or ingress | Use when the ingress has a stable public IPv4 address. |
| AAAA | * |
IPv6 address of the load balancer or ingress | Use when clients should reach the service over IPv6. |
| CNAME | * |
Provider hostname for the load balancer or edge | Use when the destination is another DNS name and your provider permits wildcard CNAME records. |
Do not add a record for every new user. When your application inserts a new tenant with slug northwind, the corresponding URL can be northwind.example.com immediately after DNS caches and the application deployment are consistent.
Handle the apex separately
*.example.com does not match the zone apex example.com. Create an explicit A, AAAA, or provider-supported apex alias for the main site, or redirect the apex to a chosen hostname. Test both addresses independently.
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Understand wildcard precedence
An explicit record such as api.example.com takes precedence over the wildcard. This lets you reserve service subdomains while all other first-level labels go to the tenant ingress. A wildcard also does not automatically cover deeper names such as region.northwind.example.com; create the appropriate record or wildcard at that level if you need nested labels.
Configure the edge server to accept tenant hostnames
After DNS points to your ingress, configure the web server or reverse proxy to recognize the wildcard host. DNS can direct traffic to an IP, but the server still needs a matching virtual host and must pass the original host to the application.
NGINX configuration
NGINX supports exact names, wildcard names, and regular expressions. Exact names take precedence over wildcard and regular-expression matches according to its documented server-name selection order. A basic TLS reverse-proxy shape is:
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name *.example.com;
# Supply a certificate that covers the names you serve.
ssl_certificate /path/to/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private-key.pem;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_pass http://tenant_app;
}
}The wildcard syntax is constrained: NGINX documents that an asterisk may appear only at the start or end of a name and only on a dot boundary. Do not use an unrestricted regular expression to capture arbitrary host text. If you need a named capture for routing, constrain the label to the characters your slug validator permits and still validate it again in the application.
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Configure an explicit default server that rejects unknown hosts rather than serving whichever tenant happened to be configured first. Return a neutral error (often a 400 or 404) for requests whose host does not match the expected domain or a known service name. This prevents a typo or malicious Host header from exposing another tenant.
Apache name-based virtual hosting
Apache selects content with name-based virtual hosts. A virtual host can define a primary ServerName, a wildcard ServerAlias, and the directory or proxy target that serves the request:
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<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName example.com
ServerAlias *.example.com
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /path/to/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/private-key.pem
ProxyPreserveHost On
ProxyPass / http://tenant_app/
ProxyPassReverse / http://tenant_app/
</VirtualHost>Apache’s rewrite documentation also demonstrates capturing a site name and mapping it into a directory such as /home/%1/www. That pattern is suitable only when the captured value has been tightly constrained and mapped to a known tenant; never concatenate an unchecked Host header into a filesystem path. Apache does not perform DNS resolution for you, so the wildcard or equivalent DNS records must exist independently.
Resolve the tenant in the application
The application should be the authority for tenant existence and access. A safe request flow is:
- Read the host value supplied by the trusted proxy framework, not an arbitrary header supplied by an untrusted client.
- Require the expected suffix, such as
.example.com, and ensure there is exactly one tenant label before it. - Normalize the label and reject malformed, reserved, inactive, or unknown slugs.
- Look up the slug through a unique indexed column.
- Authenticate the user and verify that the account is a member of the resolved tenant.
- Attach the tenant identifier to the request context used by every database query, cache key, file operation, and background job.
- Return a controlled error for an unknown tenant; never fall through to a default tenant.
Do not turn the hostname directly into a backend URL, SQL fragment, shell argument, or filesystem path. A tenant slug is input, even after it has passed a superficial DNS check. Use parameterized queries, allowlisted routing, and a mapping layer when a tenant must select a separate service.
Separate display, routing, and security identifiers
A company might display “Northwind Traders” while routing with northwind and storing an internal immutable tenant ID. This separation avoids broken links when branding changes and prevents punctuation or Unicode normalization differences from producing ambiguous hostnames.
Provision a new user or tenant without a DNS API call
With wildcard DNS in place, onboarding can be an application transaction rather than an infrastructure change.
- Validate the requested slug and check the reserved-name list.
- Insert the tenant with a unique slug and an active or pending status.
- Associate the initial user and apply the tenant’s authorization roles.
- Provision tenant data, queues, storage prefixes, and default settings using the internal tenant ID.
- Publish the hostname to the user only after the application can resolve it.
- Record an audit event containing the tenant ID, slug, creator, and provisioning result.
If provisioning fails after the database insert, mark the tenant incomplete and retry idempotently. Do not delete and recreate slugs casually: DNS caches and bookmarks can make a reassigned hostname point to the wrong organization.
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Set up HTTPS for the apex and wildcard
Every hostname must be covered by the certificate presented at the edge. If you serve both example.com and *.example.com, obtain a certificate containing both names; a wildcard name alone does not cover the apex. The certificate authority, DNS provider, and proxy arrangement determine the exact issuance and renewal process.
Wildcard certificates commonly use DNS-01 validation. In the documented CNAME-based setup, the certificate provider requires separate domain-control-validation tokens when the certificate covers both the apex and wildcard names. Automate token publication with a narrowly scoped DNS credential, protect that secret, and test renewal before the first certificate nears expiration.
Check the proxy’s TLS behavior
If a DNS provider proxies traffic, TLS may terminate at that edge rather than on your origin. Confirm that the edge has the wildcard certificate, that it forwards the original Host value, and that the origin certificate and hostname checks match the edge-to-origin connection. A successful DNS lookup does not prove that HTTPS is configured correctly.
Wildcard DNS versus per-tenant records
| Approach | Operational model | Advantages | Trade-offs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wildcard DNS with shared ingress | One wildcard record sends unlisted tenant names to the same edge. | No DNS API call for each signup; simple provisioning and consistent routing. | Application validation and a safe default virtual host are essential; all tenants initially share the same edge path. |
| Per-tenant DNS records | Create and remove an explicit record for every account. | Granular destination control and straightforward visibility of individual records. | Provisioning, cleanup, permissions, retries, and DNS API failures become part of every signup and deletion. |
Choose explicit records when tenants genuinely require different networks, destinations, or ownership boundaries. For a large group of tenants using one application ingress, the wildcard pattern usually minimizes operational work.
NGINX or Apache: which edge fits?
| Question | NGINX | Apache |
|---|---|---|
| Hostname matching | server_name supports exact, wildcard, and regular-expression matching, including named captures. |
Name-based virtual hosts use ServerName and ServerAlias. |
| Typical routing style | Reverse proxy to a shared upstream, with the Host header forwarded. | Proxying or rewrite-based mapping inside a virtual host. |
| Best fit | Teams already operating NGINX as a centralized ingress and comfortable with its match order. | Teams using Apache modules, per-site virtual-host configuration, or existing rewrite rules. |
| Main caution | Do not let a broad regex or default server route unknown hosts to a tenant. | Do not map an unchecked capture directly into a filesystem path; DNS remains a separate task. |
Host-based tenancy versus path-based tenancy
Host-based tenancy gives each customer a distinct origin-style URL and keeps tenant context visible in the address. It requires wildcard certificate coverage and careful Host validation. Path-based tenancy uses URLs such as example.com/t/northwind; it can simplify certificate management and sometimes local development, but every link, cookie, cache key, and authorization rule must preserve the tenant path. Neither model removes the need for an application-side tenant lookup.
Security controls you should enforce
- Host allowlisting: accept only your expected domain and explicitly configured service names.
- Tenant authorization: resolve the tenant first, then verify the authenticated user’s membership and role.
- Reserved labels: prevent collisions with operational endpoints and certificate-validation names.
- Input normalization: reject dots, slashes, control characters, malformed hyphens, and unexpected Unicode forms.
- Isolation in data access: include the tenant context in every query and background task; do not rely on a UI filter.
- Safe errors: unknown hosts should receive a generic response that reveals neither another tenant nor internal routing details.
- Cookie scope: avoid setting sensitive cookies for the parent domain unless sharing across tenants is deliberate and safe.
- Auditability: log the resolved tenant ID, normalized slug, request ID, and authorization result without logging secrets.
Testing checklist before launch
- Query DNS for a real tenant slug and an unassigned random slug; both should resolve to the ingress while the application distinguishes active from unknown tenants.
- Query the apex separately and confirm its explicit record or redirect.
- Request HTTPS for a tenant hostname and verify the certificate names, chain, and renewal configuration.
- Send an unknown Host header to the edge and confirm it cannot display a tenant.
- Test reserved labels such as
api.example.comand ensure they reach their dedicated service. - Attempt uppercase, encoded, dotted, slashed, and overlong slugs; confirm consistent rejection.
- Sign in as users from two tenants and verify that changing only the hostname cannot cross the authorization boundary.
- Disable a tenant and confirm that its hostname returns the intended inactive response without exposing cached data.
- Inspect proxy logs and application logs to ensure the original host, normalized slug, tenant ID, and request outcome are observable.
Common failures and fixes
| Symptom | Likely cause | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Tenant hostname does not resolve | Wildcard record is in the wrong zone, has an invalid name, or is overridden by another record. | Inspect the authoritative nameservers and the exact record name; check for a more-specific record. |
| DNS resolves but HTTPS shows a certificate error | The edge certificate lacks the wildcard or apex name, or TLS is terminating at a different proxy. | Install a certificate containing the served names and verify which layer terminates TLS. |
| Every tenant sees the same account | The application uses a default tenant or ignores the forwarded Host value. | Validate the host, perform a database lookup, and fail closed when the slug is unknown. |
| Apache serves the wrong virtual host | The request does not match the intended ServerName/ServerAlias, or the default virtual host is permissive. |
Review virtual-host order and add a rejecting default host. |
| NGINX routes a service name as a tenant | The wildcard server block catches a name that should have an exact match. | Add an exact server_name block for the service and verify match precedence. |
| New signup intermittently fails | DNS caching, application deployment lag, or a non-idempotent provisioning job. | Make provisioning retryable, publish only after the tenant is ready, and account for cached DNS responses. |
| Origin receives an unexpected host | A proxy rewrites or strips the original Host header. | Configure the edge to preserve the host intentionally and trust only headers from that controlled proxy. |
Operate the system as it grows
DNS caches mean that record changes are not instantaneous. A wildcard reduces the number of changes, but it does not eliminate caching of the wildcard itself or explicit overrides. Choose a TTL that fits your migration and incident-response needs, and document the expected behavior for newly created, renamed, suspended, and deleted tenants.
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Monitor DNS failures, TLS renewal, unknown-host responses, tenant-lookup failures, and authorization denials separately. A spike in unknown slugs can indicate a broken client, a stale bookmark, or an attempted host-header attack. Keep configuration for reserved names and service aliases under version control so a future platform change cannot silently take a tenant’s slug.
Recommended implementation sequence
- Define the hostname format, slug rules, reserved names, and tenant lifecycle states.
- Create and verify the wildcard DNS record, plus explicit records for the apex and infrastructure services.
- Configure a rejecting default virtual host and a wildcard host block on the ingress.
- Provision a certificate covering every hostname class you serve and automate DNS-01 renewal where appropriate.
- Implement strict host parsing, tenant lookup, authorization, and tenant-scoped data access.
- Run the DNS, TLS, routing, isolation, and failure tests before enabling self-service signup.
- Instrument provisioning and request logs so support staff can trace a hostname to an internal tenant ID without guessing.
Once these layers are in place, adding a tenant is a database and application operation, not a DNS-record operation. The wildcard handles discovery of the ingress; your application remains responsible for deciding whether the requested tenant exists and what the signed-in user may do there.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Will a wildcard record match the root domain itself?
No. *.example.com covers labels beneath the zone, not example.com. Configure the apex explicitly or redirect it.
Can one wildcard record handle several levels such as region.tenant.example.com?
Not automatically. A first-level wildcard covers one label. Create a record or wildcard at the deeper level if your hostname design requires nested labels.
What happens if a tenant slug is deleted and later requested?
Keep the slug unavailable or map it to an explicit inactive response; do not immediately reassign it to a different organization, because cached links and bookmarks may still refer to the old tenant.
Do I need a DNS provider API in the signup flow?
Not when all tenants use the same wildcard ingress. The signup flow needs to create and activate the tenant in your application; use a DNS API only when a tenant requires an explicit, different destination.
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